Incazelo nezici
UMuskrat - Leli yigundane elincane lasendle elinesisindo esingaba yikhilogremu elilodwa kuya kwesigamu noma ngaphezulu. Ngaphezu kwegama eliyinhloko, wathola nesiteketiso segundane le-musk. Isizathu sisentweni ekhethekile efihliwe yizindlala zayo ngephunga elinamandla le-musk. Ngokwemvelo, umaka imingcele yempahla yakhe nabo, ngoba akathandi kakhulu ukungena kwezihlobo endaweni ahlala kuyo futhi akakwazi ukuma angabazi.
Izwe lakubo elingumlando yiNyakatho Melika, lapho abantu bomdabu ababukelayo babembheka njengomfowabo omncane we-beaver, futhi kwesinye isikhathi babizwa ngokuthi "unogwaja wamanzi". Futhi hhayi ngaphandle kwesizathu. Yize izazi zebhayoloji, ngokungafani namaNdiya angama-savvy, zithi lo mmeli wezilwane ezisemhlabeni uvale izihlobo zama-voles futhi azibeke emkhayeni wakwaKhomyakov.
EYurophu, lapho izidalwa ezinjalo zazingakaze zitholakale khona ngaphambi kuka-1905, i-muskrat yalethwa okokuqala ukuzalaniswa kokuzenzela. Isizathu sasinoboya obuhle, obukhulu, obuntofontofo, obukhulu futhi obucwebezelayo, ngaphezu kwalokho, sinezici ezikahle zokugqoka.
Ngakho-ke, osomabhizinisi abasebenzayo bezwekazi bakhangwa kakhulu ithemba lezimayini izikhumba ze-muskrat, kanye nethuba lokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwalezi zinto zokusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izingubo: ukuthunga amajazi agqokekayo nenhle, amakhola, izigqoko nezingubo zoboya.
Ukufeza izinhlelo zethu, eCzech Republic, amakhilomitha ayishumi nane ukusuka ePrague, amagundane ambalwa afanayo, ayetholwe e-Alaska phambilini, avele akhululwa ashiywa endle emachibini, okungukuthi, ezimweni eziwafanele.
Futhi lapho, ngokungabi bikho kwezitha zemvelo ezisobala, zagxila ngempumelelo, zahlala phansi zanda ngokushesha okukhulu ngenxa yokuzala kwazo. Kepha lesi senzo, esenziwe ngesinyathelo sabososayensi, saba yinto yokuqala kuphela yokuhlaliswa kwabantu kabusha, ngoba abanye bayilandela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane zasakazeka ngejubane elifiselekayo kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga Yurophu, hhayi ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwabantu.
Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kwamashumi ambalwa eminyaka, ama-muskrats asevele engamalungu ajwayelekile wezilwane zomhlaba we-Old World futhi ajwayelekile ezindaweni zokuhlala zezwekazi ezintsha kubo. Futhi eRussia, lapho izilwane nazo zingazange zifike ngengozi, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-40s yekhulu elidlule zazithathwa njengezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezohwebo kanye nezikwele kanye nabanye abamele izilwane zasekhaya zokuqala, izikhumba zazo okufanele zibe sesigabeni sezinto ezibalulekile.
Kodwa-ke, ngaphezu kwezinzuzo, "abokufika" baseMelika balimaze kakhulu umnotho womuntu nempilo yakhe. Konke kumayelana nendlela yokuphila yalezi zidalwa nezifo ezizisakazayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane zaqhubeka nokunyakaza kwazo zaya empumalanga futhi ngokushesha zaqala ngempumelelo endaweni yaseMongolia, Korea neChina, lapho zihlala khona, kanye naseJapan, lapho zalethwa futhi zakhishwa ngokohlelo lokuhlala.
Manje ake sichaze i-muskrat ibukeka kanjani... Lona ohlala engxenyeni yezinto zamanzi, aguqulelwe kahle kwimvelo ebekiwe. Futhi lokhu kufakazelwa imininingwane eminingi yokubonakala kwalesi sidalwa.
Zonke izitho zomzimba wakhe, eziqala ngekhanda elincane elinomlomo olengisiwe nentamo ecishe ingabonakali, bese ziphela ngomzimba owelulwe ngokungajwayelekile (umumo olinganiselwe, njenge rokhethi), aklanywe ngokwemvelo ukuze kusatshalaliswe ngempumelelo amanzi.
Izindlebe zezilwane ezingenamagobolondo, ezicashe ngokuphelele ngoboya; amehlo abheke phezulu, amancane, ukuze kuthi lapho kubhukuda, amanzi angangeni kulezi zitho ezibalulekile. Umsila omude, oyisicaba ukusuka emaceleni, onosayizi olingana nobukhulu bomphathi uqobo, unikezwa umqolo wezinwele ezinde ezilukhuni ngezansi, kanti kwezinye izindawo umbozwe izinwele ezincane nezikali ezincane.
Ekuhloleni okusondele, emilenzeni yangemuva, ulwelwesi lokubhukuda lungabonakala kanye nezinzipho. Isakhiwo esikhethekile soboya senza kungangeni manzi. Ebusika, inombala omnyama: mnyama, i-chestnut noma nsundu, kepha ngenkathi efudumele, umthunzi wayo uba mhlophe ngokubonakalayo, ungaba yi-ocher elula noma umbala ofanayo.
Igazi lalezi zidalwa eziphilayo lisakazeka emzimbeni ngendlela ekhethekile, okufaka isandla ekugelezeni kwayo kuya emsileni nasemilenzeni, ngoba kufanele ifudumale njalo ngokuxhumana namanzi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, igcwele i-hemoglobin ngokweqile kunokujwayelekile, futhi lokhu kusiza izilwane isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokulimala kwezempilo ekujuleni kwechibi ngaphandle kokuthola umoya.
AmaNdiya ayeqinisile, ama-muskrats impela ayafana nama-beavers emikhubeni yawo nasezintweni eziningi zangaphandle. Futhi esinye sazo ukwakheka kwama-incisors aphuma ngomlomo, kunjengokungathi ahlukaniswe kabili.
Futhi iyazisiza lezi zidalwa ngaphandle kokuvula imilomo yazo, okusho ukuthi zidla amahlathi angaphansi kwamanzi ngaphandle kokuklinyeka. Imininingwane yesici sokubukeka kwala malungu ombuso wemvelo ingabonakala ngokubheka muskrat esithombeni.
Izinhlobo
Ngokokuqala ngqa, lesi silwane, esibizwa ngokuthi i-rod-large aquant, sachazwa emuva ngo-1612. Kwenzeka, impela, eMelika, ngoba eYurophu izilwane ezinjalo ngalezo zikhathi ezikude azitholakalanga futhi zazingaziwa.
Futhi usosayensi K. Smis wakwenza encwadini yakhe ethi "Imephu yaseVirginia". Kamuva, lezi zidalwa eziphilayo zabelwa umndeni we-voles, futhi zisabhekwa njengabamele bazo abakhulu, ngoba kwezinye izimo ubukhulu bazo bufinyelela kuma-36 cm, yize zincane kakhulu.
Lapho nje bezamile ukuhlukanisa lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo ezintathu, kanye nenani elikhulu lama-subspecies. Kodwa-ke, abamele amaqembu akhethiwe babengenazo izici zomuntu ngamunye. Futhi njengoba bengatholanga umehluko ophawulekayo, ekugcineni babelwa ezinhlotsheni eziningi kuphela, ezathi, njengohlanga, zathola igama elithi: muskrats.
Lezi zilwane, ngaphezu kwalokho, zibukeka zifana kakhulu nama-otter kanye ne-nutria, kangangoba kulula ukuthi i-amateur ibadidanise. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bonke laba bameleli abathathu abashiwo bezilwane zomhlaba bahlala eduze nemizimba yamanzi futhi bachitha ingxenye enkulu yezimpilo zabo kuzo.
Kepha i-nutria inkulu, futhi ama-otter awakhulu nje ngosayizi kunama-muskrats, kepha futhi anomusa, anentamo ende futhi awabukeki nhlobo njengamagundane, kepha kunjengamakati wamanzi angenazindlebe anemilenze emifushane.
ENyakatho Melika, okungukuthi, emazweni okhokho babo, isilwane muskrat kwandile cishe yonke indawo. Izidalwa ezinjalo azivundisi nje kuphela, kepha futhi azithobeki kakhulu futhi zivumelana nejubane lombani ezimweni ezishintshayo zomhlaba ozungezile.
Ngakho-ke, ukuqothulwa kwalolu hlobo lwezinto eziphilayo akusongelwanga nakancane. Kuliqiniso, ososayensi baqaphele ukuthi inani lalezi zidalwa eziphilayo lithambekele ekuphindaphindeni ngezikhathi ezithile, okuphawulekayo nokubukhali.
Zingavela kanye njalo eminyakeni eyishumi noma ngisho nangaphezulu. Kepha kungekudala ukukhula okusha kuqala futhi inani lalezi zilwane emhlabeni liyalulama ngokuphepha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azikacaciswa izizathu zalokhu kuguquka kosayizi wabantu.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Amadamu asemabhange awo umskrat uyaphila kungaba ngezinhlobo ezihluke kakhulu: imifula yamanzi angenasawoti, yomibili enamanzi abalulekile noma avilaphayo, amachibi, ngisho namachibi amile namaxhaphozi, avame ukuba matsha, kepha alungele izilwane futhi anobrashi omncane.
Ubukhona bezimila ezizungezile ezicebile, zombili ngaphansi kwamanzi nasogwini, kubalulekile, kunikeza indawo yokuhlala ethembekile nokudla. Laba bameleli bezilwane abakhathazeki kangako ngamazinga okushisa aphansi, ngoba ama-muskrats agxila ngokuphelele e-Alaska, kodwa into eyinhloko ukuthi amanzi asindisayo awaqandeki ngokuphelele ebusika.
Njenge-beaver, lezi zidalwa zibhekwa njengabakhi abasebenza kanzima. Kuliqiniso, awanamakhono kangako, ngoba ama-muskrats awakhi amadamu, kepha, akha izindlu zasemhlabathini kusuka kohlaza: ama-sedges, umhlanga, umhlanga kanye namanye amakhambi ahlanganiswe ndawonye ngodaka.
Ngaphandle, lokhu kuyindilinga eyindilinga, kwesinye isikhathi enezitezi ezimbili, ezimweni ezikhethekile efinyelela ububanzi bamamitha amathathu phansi futhi ikhuphukele ekuphakameni komuntu omncane. Izindlu zesikhashana zivame ukwakhiwa, zincane ngandlela thile.
Futhi futhi lezi zidalwa zimba emabhange amageja emgodini ngemigudu eyindilinga eyinkimbinkimbi, njalo enokungena okujule kakhulu ngaphansi kwamanzi. Kwesinye isikhathi kuhlotshaniswa nezakhiwo zomhlaba, kepha kwezinye izimo zimelela ukwakheka okuhluke ngokuphelele.
Izidalwa ezichazwe, ezibhukuda kahle kakhulu, ngenkathi zisemhlabeni zingenakuzisiza futhi zingaqinile, ziyasebenza kakhulu empilweni yazo, futhi zinomdlandla ikakhulukazi emahoreni andulela ukuhwalala. Bahlala emaqenjini amakhulu ahlobene, lapho kubusa khona amakhaya nokwakha umfazi oyedwa.
Imindeni enjalo ihlala endaweni ethile (indawo engamamitha ayi-150 ubude) futhi iyigada ngokucophelela, ngentshiseko enkulu. Impilo yalezi zidalwa inakho ukuhlomisa kangangokuthi ihlela amatafula akhethekile wokudla ukuze idle kumaqhubu. Futhi ngenkathi bedla, basebenzisa amaselula, njengezandla zomuntu, izidladla zangaphambili ezineminwe ende ezwelayo.
Ukuzingela i-muskrat kwenziwa hhayi kuphela ngabantu, ngoba lezi zidalwa eziphilayo, ngenxa yokuzala kwazo, ziba yinto ebalulekile yokudla kwenani elikhulu lezilwane. Ukuxakaniseka emhlabeni, okuxakile futhi ngenxa yobukhona bezitho zomzimba ezimfushane nomsila omkhulu ophazamisa ukuhamba, ama-muskrats aba yisisulu esilula samabhere, izingulube zasendle, izimpisi, izinja eziphambukayo nezinye.
Futhi esibhakabhakeni bangahlaselwa nguklebe, i-harrier nezinye izinyoni ezomisa igazi. Kepha emanzini izilwane ezinjalo zinobuciko futhi azisengozini. Kodwa-ke, nakule nto esindisa, ama-mink, ama-otter, ama-pikes amakhulu nama-alligator asabahlalele.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ukudla ekudleni kwalezi zidalwa ngokuyinhloko kuvela kwimifino, futhi izilwane zikhetha ngokuphelele ngokukhethwa kwezitsha. Ngokuqondile, konke kuncike endaweni yokuhlala. Umfula muskrat idla imifino yasemanzini nasogwini nezilimo eziyizigaxa nezimpande zayo ngenjabulo.
I-Cattail, iminduze yamanzi, ama-horsetails, umhlanga, i-elodea, ikhulu, iwashi iba yisibiliboco osithandayo. Ehlobo, nasekwindla, ukukhetha kwezitshalo kuhluka kakhulu futhi kucebile. Ngendlela, izilwane ezinjalo zihlonipha imifino, uma-ke, zingatholakala ezindaweni zokuhlala. Futhi entwasahlobo, izitsha eziyinhloko zivame ukuba yiziqu zomhlanga, ama-sedges, amahlumela amasha ezihlahlana.
Kepha ebusika, kufika isikhathi esinzima ngokungavamile. Lezi zakhamuzi zasemanzini azilali ebusuku, kepha azazi usizi, zinakekela ukudla ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Izindawo zokugcina lezi zinto zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwamanzi eziphikisanayo endaweni ehlala abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-muskrats abheka izimpande zezimbali ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezansi.
Lapho ukudla kwezitshalo sekuphelile, ukudla kwezilwane kuyasetshenziswa: izidumbu zomfula, izinhlanzi ezifile, ama-crustaceans, iminenke yamachibi, ama-molluscs. Kepha uma ukudla kuqina ngokuphelele, udlani umaskrat ezikhathini ezinzima? Bese kuthi ekuqaleni, izilwane ziqale ukuququda izindonga zezindlu zazo ezenziwe ngezinto zokwakha zezitshalo.
Laba bameleli bezilwane nabo banezandulela zabantu, ngoba banolaka futhi banesibindi kakhulu. Esikhathini esiningi, amaqhawe amancane ahlasela ngaphansi kwamanzi, anganqikazi ukusebenzisa izikhali zawo zemvelo: amazinyo amakhulu nezinzipho ezibukhali.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ulaka lwalezi zilwane ludalulwa ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngokuzala. Abesilisa baba ngabaqalisi nabahlanganyeli ezingxabanweni zegazi nezimbangi zabo. Ngakho-ke, bazama ukuhlukanisa abesifazane nendawo ephikisanayo.
Kabili ngesizini ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esingesihle, nasezindaweni ezifudumele kuze kube kane ngonyaka, abazali abambalwa banezinhlayiya zama-muskrats amancane. In ngamunye wabo, inani amawundlu kungaba kuze kube eziyisikhombisa.
Izingane zinesisindo esingaba ngama-25 g kuphela. Azinazo izinwele futhi zondla ngobisi lukamama isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga. Kubathatha inyanga eyodwa ukuthi bakhule, bacishe babe ngokuphelele futhi babe namandla.
Kodwa-ke, abasuki ekhaya labazali ngokushesha. Lokhu kwenzeka kuphela ngemuva kobusika babo bokuqala entwasahlobo. Izilwane zikhula ngokugcwele ezinyangeni eziyi-7, kwezinye izimo ziba neminyaka yonyaka.
Kunzima ukuthi intsha iphile futhi kufanele ilwele impilo echumayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kwakho konke, kuyadingeka ukuthi uphinde ufune icebo lakho, ulithuthukise futhi uqale umndeni. Futhi izilwane ezinjalo zinezitha eziningi, kufaka phakathi izihlobo zazo eziyimbangi. Esinye sezitha eziyinhloko zalezi zidalwa ngumuntu.
Futhi ama-bipedals ahehwa hhayi kuphela ngoboya bezilwane, ngoba inyama yabo nayo inenani. Ingabe i-muskrat idle? Yiqiniso, emazweni amaningi, abathandi bezinto zokupheka babheka izitsha ezenziwe ngawo njengesibiliboco. Unenyama ethambile futhi ethambile, uma kunjalo iphekwe ngendlela eyiyo. Ngendlela, iyanambitheka okufana nonogwaja, yingakho amaNdiya anikeze lezi zilwane igama elithi "onogwaja bamanzi".
Ngenxa yalokho, ikhulu labo alikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi lide; emvelweni, njengomthetho, lihlala isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emithathu. Kodwa-ke, izilwane ezinjalo ezithwala uboya, ukuziphatha kwazo okukuhle ukuzijabulisa, kuvame ukugcinwa ngabafuyi, bazihlalise ezindlini zezinyoni nasemakhejini, bazikhulise emapulazini. Lokhu kwenzelwa izikhumba nenyama. Kepha abalandeli bemvelo bakwenzela ukuzijabulisa nje. Futhi ezimweni zokuthunjwa, izilwane ezifuywayo ezinjalo zingakwazi ukuhlala iminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu.
Ukuzingela i-muskrat
Esikhathini esithile esidlule, uboya bezilwane ezinjalo kwakuyiphupho langempela lama-fashionistas. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukuhweba ngoboya kubo kwaba nesihluku esikhulu. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, intshisekelo yaqala ukwehla, futhi ukukhishwa kwalezi zikhumba kwaba yinzuzo kwezomnotho.
Kwa inyama ye-muskrat kukhiqizwe isitshulu, esibuye sabhekwa njengesikhathi esithile njengokudla okudliwayo okuthandwa kakhulu, okuwusizo kwezempilo futhi kunconyelwe izifo eziningi. Kodwa-ke, intshisekelo kulo mkhiqizo nayo yaphela. Ngakho-ke izinkanuko zokuzingela ezizungeze lezi zinto zokuzingela sezihlile.
Kepha izifundiswa zeqiniso zisaqhubeka nesiko lokuzingela ikakhulu ngenxa yenjabulo nenjabulo. Indlela ejwayelekile yokubamba lezi zilwane ngesicupho. Akunzima ukwenza lo msebenzi ngempumelelo.
AmaMuskrats awela kalula ezingibeni, ngoba ngemvelo yawo athanda ukwazi kakhulu. Amanetha akhethekile asetshenziselwe ukubamba izilwane. Imvamisa bathunyelwa kubo bephethe izibhamu ezinhlobonhlobo, kusuka ezihlokweni ezenziwe ekhaya kuya ekuphefumulweni komzimba, yize manje le ndlela sekuthiwa ayikho emthethweni.
