Imnyama Mamba - lowo ongabulala. Yile ndlela abomdabu base-Afrika abayibona ngayo. Bazizwa besaba kakhulu lesi silwane esihuquzelayo, ngakho-ke abazibeki engcupheni yokusho igama laso ngokuzwakalayo, ngoba ngokwenkolelo yabo, imamba izovela futhi ilethe izinkinga eziningi kulowo oshiwo. Ingabe imamba emnyama iyesabeka futhi iyingozi ngempela? Uyini isimo sakhe sobunyoka? Mhlawumbe konke lokhu kuyizindaba zasendulo ezethusayo ezingenazizathu? Ake sizame ukuthola nokuqonda.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Black Mamba
Imamba emnyama iyisilwane esihuquzelayo esinobuthi esesabekayo esivela emndenini we-asp, esivela kuhlobo lwemamba. Igama lohlobo lwesiLatini lithi "Dendroaspis", elihumusha ngokuthi "inyoka yesihlahla". Ngaphansi kwaleli gama lesayensi, lesi silwane esihuquzelayo saqala sachazwa ngusosayensi waseBritish-herpetologist, waseJalimane ngobuzwe, u-Albert Gunther. Lokhu kwenzeka emuva ngo-1864.
Abomdabu base-Afrika impela bayayikhathalela imamba emnyama, ethathwa njengeyinamandla futhi iyingozi. Bambiza ngokuthi "nguyena ophindisela ububi obenziwe." Zonke lezi zinkolelo ezimbi nezingaqondakali mayelana nesirhubuluzi azinasisekelo. Ososayensi bathi imamba emnyama ngokungangabazeki inobuthi futhi inolaka kakhulu.
Ividiyo: Mamba emnyama
Izihlobo eziseduze zesirhubuluzi esiyingozi yizimamba ezinamakhanda amancane neziluhlaza, zingaphansi kwezimnyama ngosayizi. Futhi ubukhulu be-mamba emnyama buyahlaba umxhwele, buphakathi kwezinyoka ezinobuthi kubo endaweni yesibili, emva kwenkosi cobra. Ubude obujwayelekile bomzimba wenyoka kusuka kumamitha amabili nohhafu kuya kwamathathu. Kunamahlebezi okuthi kuhlangatshezwane nabantu abangaphezu kwamamitha amane ubude, kepha lokhu akuzange kufakazelwe ngokwesayensi.
Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ngokungeyikho ukuthi imamba yaqanjwa ngokuthi imnyama ngenxa yombala wesikhumba sayo senyoka, akunjalo. Imamba emnyama ayinaso nhlobo isikhumba, kodwa umlomo wonke ngaphakathi, lapho isilwane esihuquzelayo sesizohlasela noma sithukuthele, sivame ukuvula umlomo waso, obukeka wethusa impela futhi usongela. Abantu baze baqaphela ukuthi umlomo omnyama ovulekile wemamba ufana nesimo sebhokisi. Ngaphezu kolwelwesi lwamafinyila omlomo, imamba inezinye izici nezimpawu zangaphandle.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoka emnyama imamba
Ukwakheka komlomo wemamba kufana nokumkhumbuza ukumamatheka, kuyingozi kakhulu futhi akunamusa. Sesivele sibonile ubukhulu bezilwane ezihuquzelayo, kepha isisindo saso esimaphakathi ngokuvamile asidluli amakhilogremu amabili. Isirhubuluzi sincane khulu, sinomsila onwetshiwe, nomzimba waso ucindezelwe kancane kusuka ezinhlangothini ezingenhla nezingezansi. Umbala wemamba, naphezu kwegama layo, ukude kakhulu nomnyama.
Inyoka ingaba yimibala elandelayo:
- umnqumo ocebile;
- umnqumo oluhlaza okotshani;
- mpofu-nsundu.
- mnyama.
Ngaphezu kwethoni ejwayelekile, isikimu sombala sinokukhanya okuyisici sensimbi. Isisu senyoka si-beige noma simhlophe qwa. Eduze nomsila, amabala womthunzi omnyama angabonakala, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izindawo ezikhanyayo nezimnyama ziyashintshana, kwakheke umphumela wolayini oguqukayo ezinhlangothini. Ezilwaneni ezincane, umbala ulula kakhulu kunabantu abavuthiwe, ungumbala ompunga okhanyayo noma okhanyayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Yize imamba emnyama ingaphansi ngosayizi we-king cobra, inamazinyo anobuthi anobude obukhulu kakhulu, efinyelela ngaphezu kwamasentimitha amabili, ahambayo futhi agoqwe njengoba kudingeka.
Imamba emnyama ineziqu eziningana ngasikhathi sinye, ingabizwa ngokuphepha:
- isirhubuluzi esinobuthi kunazo zonke ezwenikazi lase-Afrika;
- umnikazi wobuhlungu obushesha kakhulu obusebenza;
- inyoka yenyoka ende kunazo zonke endaweni yase-Afrika;
- isilwane esihuquzelayo esisheshayo emhlabeni wonke.
Akusizi ngalutho ukuthi abantu abaningi base-Afrika bayayesaba imamba emnyama, ibukeka inolaka kakhulu futhi iyesabeka, futhi ubukhulu bayo buzobeka noma ngubani ocansini.
Ihlala kuphi imamba emnyama?
Isithombe: Imamba emnyama enobuthi
Imamba emnyama iyisakhamuzi sakwamanye amazwe asezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Afrika. Indawo ezihlala kuyo lezi zilwane ezihlwabusayo ihlanganisa izifunda eziningana ezishisayo ezisuswe komunye nomunye. ENyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika, inyoka yazinza ebunzimeni beDemocratic Republic of the Congo, eningizimu ye-Ethiopia, eSomalia, eSouth Sudan, eKenya, e-Eritrea, empumalanga ye-Uganda, eBurundi, eTanzania, eRwanda.
Engxenyeni eseningizimu yezwe, imamba emnyama yabhaliswa ezindaweni zaseMozambique, iMalawi, iZimbabwe, iSwaziland, iZambia, iBotswana, i-Angola eseningizimu, iNamibia, esifundazweni saseNingizimu Afrika esibizwa ngokuthi iKwaZulu-Natali. Maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kwabikwa ukuthi kuhlangatshezwane nemamba emnyama eduze nenhlokodolobha yaseSenegal, iDakar, futhi lena sekuvele kuyingxenye esentshonalanga ye-Afrika, yize kamuva kungazange kushiwo lutho ngaleyo mihlangano.
Ngokungafani nezinye izimamba, emnyama ayihambelani kahle nokuqwala izihlahla, ngakho-ke, imvamisa, ihola impilo yasemhlabeni esihlahleni sezihlahlana. Ukuze sifudumale elangeni, isirhubuluzi singakhuphuka esihlahleni noma esihlahleni esikhulu, sihlale ebusweni bomhlaba isikhathi esisele.
Isirhubuluzi sihlala ezindaweni:
- i-savannah;
- izigodi zemifula;
- amahlathi;
- imithambeka enamadwala.
Manje amazwe amaningi, lapho i-mamba emnyama isatshalaliswa khona njalo, idlulela kumuntu, ngakho-ke ezinwabuzelayo kufanele zihlale eduze nezindawo zokuhlala kwabantu, okwethusa kakhulu kubahlali bendawo. IMamba ivame ukuthanda izihlahlana zomhlanga, lapho ukuhlaselwa okungazelelwe kwesirhubuluzi somuntu kwenzeka kaningi.
Kwesinye isikhathi umuntu wenyoka uhlala ezigulini ezindala zomuhlwa ezilahliwe, izihlahla ezibolile eziwile, imifantu enamadwala engekho phezulu kakhulu. Ukungaguquguquki kwezimamba ezimnyama kulele ekutheni, imvamisa, zihlala isikhathi eside endaweni efanayo eyimfihlo ekhethiwe. Inyoka igada ikhaya layo ngentshiseko nangolaka olukhulu.
Idlani imamba emnyama?
Isithombe: Black Mamba
Ukuzingelwa kwemamba emnyama akuxhomekile esikhathini sosuku, inyoka ingakwazi, ubusuku nemini, ukuphishekela isisulu sayo, ngoba ibheke ngokuphelele ekukhanyeni nasebumnyameni. Imenyu yezinyoka ingabizwa ngokuhlukahluka, inama-squirrels, cape hyraxes, zonke izinhlobo zamagundane, i-galago, izinyoni namalulwane. Lapho ukuzingela kungaphumeleli kahle, imamba ingadla ezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo, yize ingakwenzi kaningi kangaka. Izilwane ezincane zivame ukudla amaxoxo.
Imamba emnyama izingela kakhulu ihlale iqamekele. Lapho isisulu sitholakala, isilwane esihuquzelayo sikhipha ngejubane lombani, okwenza silume kabi. Ngemuva kwakhe, inyoka ikhasa eceleni, ilinde isenzo sikashevu. Uma isisulu esilunyiwe siqhubeka nokubaleka, imamba iyayilandela, ilume kuze kube sekugcineni okubuhlungu, kuze kufe umuntu ompofu. Ngokumangazayo, imamba emnyama iba nejubane elikhulu ngenkathi ijaha ukudla kwayo kwasemini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngo-1906, kwaqoshwa irekhodi ngokuphathelene nokushesha kokuhamba kwemamba emnyama, eyayifinyelela amakhilomitha ayi-11 ngehora engxenyeni engamamitha angama-43 ubude.
Izinyoka ezihlala ku-terrarium zondliwa kathathu ngesonto. Lokhu kungenxa yesikhathi sokugaya, akusikho isikhathi eside kangako, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye ezihuquzelayo, futhi kubanga kusuka kumahora ayi-8 kuya kwali-10 kuye osukwini olulodwa. Ekuthunjweni, ukudla kuqukethe izinkukhu namagundane amancane. Akufanele uyidlise ngokweqile imamba, ngaphandle kwalokho izophindisela ukudla okweqile. Uma iqhathaniswa nezimbila zithutha, imamba ayingeni esimeni sokuba ndikindiki ngemva kokudla okumnandi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyoka emnyama imamba
Imamba emnyama inekhono kakhulu, iyashesha futhi iyashesha ukushesha. Njengoba sekushiwo, ihamba ngokushesha, ithuthukisa ijubane elikhulu phakathi nomjaho wokubalekela inyamazane. Kwaze kwafakwa eGuinness Book of Records ngenxa yalesi sizathu, yize izibalo zazilinganiswe kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nerekhodi elabhalwa ngo-1906.
Isilwane esihuquzelayo sisebenza ngokwengeziwe ngezikhathi zasemini, okuholela ekuzingeleni kwaso okunoshevu. Intukuthelo kaMamba ikude nokuthula, uvame ukubhekana nolaka. Kubantu, isirhubuluzi siyingozi enkulu, akulona ize abantu base-Afrika besesaba kangaka. Yize kunjalo, imamba ngeke ihlasele ngaphandle kwesizathu kuqala. Ngokubona isitha, izama ukuqandisa ngethemba lokuthi ngeke ibonwe, bese ishelela. Noma ikuphi ukunyakaza okunganaki nokucijile komuntu kungaphanjaniswa imamba ngobudlova ohlangothini lwayo futhi, ngokuzivikela kwayo, yenza ukuhlaselwa kwayo okusheshayo njengombani.
Sizwa usongo, lesi silwanyane sinyuka sime kancane, sincike emsileni waso, sithambise kancane umzimba waso ongaphezulu njengehood, sivule umlomo waso omnyama ngejet, sinikeze isixwayiso sokugcina. Lesi sithombe siyesabeka, ngakho abantu bomdabu bayesaba ngisho nokuphimisa igama lesilwane esihuquzelayo ngokuzwakalayo. Uma, ngemuva kwakho konke ukuxwayisa, imamba isazizwa isengozini, khona-ke ihlasela ngejubane lombani, yenza uchungechunge lonke lokujikijela, lapho iluma khona ongahlakaniphile, ijova ubuthi bayo obunobuthi. Imvamisa inyoka izama ukungena ngqo endaweni yekhanda.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Umthamo wetyhefu emnyama yemamba enobuthi, usayizi ongu-15 ml kuphela, uholela ekufeni kwabalunyiweyo, uma umuthi unganikezwa.
Ubuthi beMamba busebenza ngokushesha okukhulu. Kungathatha impilo esikhathini esisukela emizuzwini engama-20 kuye emahoreni amaningana (cishe amathathu), konke kuncike endaweni lapho kwenziwa khona ukulunywa. Lapho isisulu silunywa ebusweni noma ekhanda, zingafa kungakapheli nemizuzu engama-20. Ubuthi buyingozi enkulu ohlelweni lwenhliziyo; bubanga ukuminyana, kubenze bume. Ubuthi obuyingozi bukhubaza imisipha. Into eyodwa icacile, uma ungafaki i-serum ekhethekile, khona-ke isilinganiso sokufa singamaphesenti ayikhulu. Ngisho nalabo abalunyiwe abajova ngomuthi, amaphesenti ayishumi nanhlanu asengafa.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Minyaka yonke ezwenikazi lase-Afrika kusuka ekulunywa ubuthi kwemamba emnyama, kusuka kubantu abayizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili kuya kweziyishumi bayafa.
Manje wazi konke ngokulunywa ubuthi kwemamba emnyama. Manje ake sithole ukuthi lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zizala kanjani.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Black Mamba e-Afrika
Isikhathi somshado wezimamba ezimnyama siba ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi - ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Abesilisa bayashesha ukuthola intokazi yabo yenhliziyo, kanti abesifazane bayabatshengisa ngokulungela ukuya ocansini, bekhipha i-enzyme ekhethekile enephunga. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka ukuthi ama-cavaliers amaningana afake isicelo senyoka eyodwa yowesifazane ngasikhathi sinye, ngakho-ke kuba nezimpi phakathi kwabo. Belokhu bethanda ukujijisana, ama-duelists ashaya amakhanda abo futhi azame ukubakhuphula baphakeme ngangokunokwenzeka ukukhombisa ukuphakama kwabo. Abesilisa abanqotshiwe bahlehla endaweni yempi.
Ophumelele uthola umklomelo afiselekayo - ukuba nomlingani. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, izinyoka zikhasa ngayinye ziqonde ngakubo, kanti umama ozayo uqala ukulungiselela ukuzalela amaqanda. Owesifazane wakha isidleke ekhefini elithile elithembekile, elilihlomisa ngamagatsha namahlamvu, aliletha ngosizo lomzimba wakhe ojikayo, ngoba akanayo imilenze.
Izimamba ezimnyama zine-oviparous, imvamisa kuba namaqanda angaba yi-17 ku-clutch, okuthi, ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu, kuvele izinyoka. Sonke lesi sikhathi insikazi ngokungakhathali igada i-clutch, kwesinye isikhathi iphazanyiswa ukuqeda ukoma kwayo. Ngaphambi kokuchamisela, uya kozingela ukuze athole ukudla okulula, uma kungenjalo angazidlela amawundlu akhe uqobo. Ukudliwa kwamuntu phakathi kwezimamba ezimnyama kuyenzeka.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Emahoreni ambalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa, izimamba ezimnyama sezivele zikulungele ngokuphelele ukuzingela.
Izinyoka ezisanda kuzalwa zifinyelela kubude obungaphezu kwengxenye yemitha (cishe ama-60 cm). Cishe kusukela ekuzalweni, banenkululeko futhi bakulungele ukuqala ngokushesha ukusebenzisa izikhali zabo ezinobuthi ngezinhloso zokuzingela. Eduze konyaka owodwa, izimamba ezincane sezivele zingamamitha amabili ukuphakama, kancane kancane zithola ulwazi lokuphila.
Izitha zemvelo zemamba emnyama
Isithombe: Black Mamba
Angikholwa nokuthi umuntu onobungozi futhi onoshevu onjengemamba emnyama unezitha emvelweni ezikulungele ukudla kulesi silwane esihuquzelayo esikhulu ngokwazo. Vele, phakathi kwezilwane, azikho kangako izifiso ezimbi ngemamba emnyama. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinkozi ezidla izinyoka, okokuqala nje, izinkozi ezimnyama nezinsundu ezidla izinyoka, ezizingela isirhubuluzi esinoshevu emoyeni.
Inyoka yenaliti nayo ayikuphikisi ukudla imamba emnyama, ngoba cishe akufaki engozini, ngoba une-immune, ngakho-ke ubuthi be-mamba abumlimazi. Ama-mongoose angenalo uvalo aphikisana nezimamba ezimnyama. Banokuzivikela okuncane kobuthi obunoshevu, kepha babhekana nomuntu omkhulu wenyoka ngosizo lobugovu babo, ubuhlakani, ubugovu nesibindi esimangazayo. I-mongoose ihlupha lesi silwanyane ngokugxuma kwayo okusheshayo, esikwenzayo ize ibambe ithuba lokuluma umhlane wekhamba lemamba, lapho ifela khona. Imvamisa, izilwane ezincane ezingenalwazi ziba isisulu salezi zilwane ezingenhla.
Abantu kungabuye kuthiwe bayizitha zemamba emnyama. Yize abantu base-Afrika besaba kakhulu lezi zinyoka futhi bezama ukungazibandakanyi nazo, kancane kancane bazixosha ezindaweni zabo zokuthunyelwa unomphela ngokwakha izindawo zokuhlala ezintsha zabantu. IMamba ayihambeli kude nezindawo eziyithandayo, kufanele ijwayele impilo yendawo yomuntu, okuholela emihlanganweni engadingeki nasekulumweni okubulalayo okuyingozi. Impilo yezimamba ezimnyama ezimweni zemvelo, zasendle akulula, futhi esimweni esihle, zihlala ziphila iminyaka eyishumi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoka enobuthi imamba emnyama
Imamba emnyama isabalale kabanzi ezifundeni ezahlukene zase-Afrika, ikhetha izindawo lapho kunezindawo ezishisayo. Kuze kube manje, abukho ubufakazi bokuthi inani lalesi silwane esinobuthi sehle kakhulu, yize kunezinto ezithile ezingezinhle eziyimpilo yomuntu wale nyoka.
Okokuqala, isici esinjalo sifaka umuntu okuthi, ngenkathi esathuthukisa amazwe amasha, awasebenzisele izidingo zakhe, asuse imamba emnyama ezindaweni zokuhlala. Isilwane esihuquzelayo asijahi ukusuka ezindaweni ezikhethiwe futhi siphoqeleka ukuba sihlale siseduze nalapho kuhlala khona abantu. Ngenxa yalokhu, imihlangano engafuneki yenyoka neyomuntu iya ngokuya yenzeka, okungaba ukuphela kokubi kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi umuntu uphuma enqobile empini enjalo, abulale isilwane esihuquzelayo.
Abathandi beTerrarium abanentshisekelo yezimamba ezimnyama bazimisele ukukhokha imali eningi ukuze babe nesilwane esinjalo, ngakho-ke izimamba ezimnyama zibanjwa ngenhloso yokuqhubeka nokuthengisa, ngoba izindleko zesirhubuluzi sifinyelela kumashumi ezinkulungwane zamadola.
Noma kunjalo, singasho ukuthi lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo eziyingozi azikho ngaphansi kosongo lokuqothulwa, izinombolo zazo azinakho ukweqa okukhulu kuya phansi, ngakho-ke, imamba emnyama ayibhalwanga ohlwini olukhethekile lokuvikelwa.
Sengiphetha, ngithanda ukuqaphela ukuthi yize imamba emnyama inyuse ubudlwangudlwangu, ukuhamba nokuxhamazela, ngeke igijimele kumuntu ngaphandle kwesizathu. Abantu, kaningi, bavusa izinyoka ngokwabo, bahlasele izindawo zabo zokuhlala unomphela, bephoqa izilwane ezihuquzelayo ukuthi zihlale eduze kwabo futhi bahlale beqaphile.
Imnyama MambaYiqiniso, iyingozi ngokweqile, kepha ihlasela kuphela ngenhloso yokuzivikela, ngokungafani nezinkolelo ezahlukahlukene eziyimfihlakalo ezitshela ukuthi inyoka uqobo lwayo iza ukuziphindisela nokulimaza.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 22.09.2019 ngo-23: 38
