I-Tatarstan itholakala e-East European Plain, ezigodini zemifula iVolga neKama. Ukukhululwa kweRiphabhulikhi kuphakeme futhi kuyisicaba. Ingxenye eyinhloko ihlala ama-steppes namahlathi asemahlathini, ama-20% wensimu ayindawo yamahlathi aqinile.
E-Tatarstan, isimo sezulu sijwayelekile ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo: ihlobo elifudumele elinemvula emaphakathi neqhwa, ubusika obubanda ngokwanele. Izinga lokushisa ebusika kuyaqabukela futhi lihle kancane ngaphansi kuka -15 ° C, ehlobo lihlala ku- + 20 ° C. Isimo sezulu esipholile, ukukhululeka ngaphandle kokuhluka kokuphakama, amahlathi namathafa, inqwaba yemifula emikhulu nemincane ivumela izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingama-300 zezinyoni ukuba zidleke.
Izinyoni ezidla inyama zaseTatarstan
Umndeni omningi kakhulu wezinyoni ezidla inyamazane uheshe. Ngaphezu kokhokho, oklebe, izikhova kanye nezidleke ze-ospreys eTatarstan. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezidla ezinye, ngaphezu kwama-vertebrate nezinyoni, zibamba inani elikhulu lezinambuzane.
I-Peregrine falcon
Okhohlisi bajwayelekile izinyoni ezidla inyama zaseTatarstan... I-Peregrine Falcon ingenye yezinhlobo ze-falcon ezivame kakhulu. Isisindo sowesifazane omdala sisuka ku-1 kuye ku-1.5 kg. Izimpiko zifinyelela ku-1.2 m. Eziduna zincane, ziphindwe kabili kunezinsikazi ngesisindo nangosayizi.
Ingubo yale nyoni ingwevu emnyama, icishe ibe mnyama phezulu, ingxenyeni yomgogodla yomzimba futhi mpunga okhanyayo onamaqhuqhuva engezansi. Izilinganiso zihambisana nomqondo wesilwane esifanelekayo. I-aerodynamics ephelele ikuvumela ukuthi uhlasele izisulu ngejubane lama-320 km / h.
Entwasahlobo, ngo-Ephreli, insikazi izalela futhi ifukamele amaqanda ama-3 esidlekeni esihlelwe endaweni ephakeme. Cishe ngemuva kwenyanga, kuvela amaphuphu angasebenzi kahle. Ngemuva kwenyanga, bazama ukusuka, ekuphakameni kwehlobo ekugcineni bahlukane nokunakekelwa kwabazali.
AmaPeregine Falcons akubekezelela ngempumelelo ukuthunjwa. Ngenxa yalokhu nezimfanelo ezindizayo ezingenakuqhathaniswa, ama-peregrine falcons angabahlanganyeli abahlala njalo ku-falconry. Okholeji bamaPeregine abaphila isikhathi eside: iminyaka engu-15-17.
I-Kobchik
Umzingeli omncane ovela ohlakeni lwama-falcons. Ubukhulu abudluli ijuba. Isisindo esisuka ku-130 kuye ku-200 g. Amaphiko ajika avuleke angabi ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-75-78. Abesilisa nabesifazane bangahlukaniswa ngombala wabo. Indoda inomzimba ongenhla wokuhola omnyama, isisu esibomvu sesitini. Insikazi impunga nezindilinga ezinqamulelayo ngemuva; ingaphezulu lekhanda libomvu.
Izidleke zayo emahlathini, zenzeka emapaki wedolobha, lapho zithola khona ukudla kwazo okuyinhloko - izinambuzane. I-kobchik ibabamba ngezidladla zayo endizeni noma ibaqoqe phansi. Ngaphezu konjekamanzi, amabhungane, izintethe, ihlasela ondlunkulu namajuba.
Ama-Kobchiks angavamile ukuzakhela izidleke zawo, ahlala ezakhiweni zama-corvids: ama-rooks, i-crow. Njengoba nje behlala emakoloni amancane. Entwasahlobo, ngemuva kwenyanga yokufukamela, kuzalwa inzalo, imvamisa amachwane ama-2-4. Ukuzalela amaphuphu ngesikhathi kuhambisana nokubonakala okukhulu kwezinambuzane. Ama-Kobchiks, njengawo wonke ama-falcons, ahlali ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-17.
IGoshawk
Izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zomndeni woKlebe. E-Tatarstan, le ndawo iqondana nendawo yokwabiwa kwamahlathi aqothuliwe futhi akhethwe kuqala. Izidleke zayo kanye namafulethi asemahlathini futhi iyabonakala esibhakabhakeni ngaphezu kwamadolobhana namadolobha.
Ubuningi besilisa bufinyelela ku-1 kg, kepha abesifazane badlula abesilisa ngesisindo nobukhulu ngesigamu esisodwa nengxenye. Inyoni lempunga, imibhikisho enqamulelayo ibonakala ngokusobala engxenyeni yesisu yomzimba. Ngaphezulu kwamehlo, "amashiya" aqinile - imivimbo emhlophe, enikeza le nyoni ukubukeka okwesabekayo.
Entwasahlobo, isidleke esidala siyalungiswa noma kudalwe esisha esihlahleni esiphakeme, esizimele. Insikazi izalela futhi ifukamele ama-2-3, kwesinye isikhathi amaqanda ama-4 kungakapheli inyanga. Zombili izinyoni - owesilisa nowesifazane - bondla inzalo. Amachwane anezinyanga ezintathu ubudala aqala ukuqeqesha amaphiko awo futhi ngokushesha andize, azame ukuthola impilo yabantu abadala, engahlala iminyaka eyi-17.
Isikhubekiso
Uhlobo lwalezinyoni luyingxenye yomndeni we-hawk. Ama-loonies aguquke ukuze ajwayele ama-biotopes ahlukile. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa izinhlobo eziningana. Esibhakabhakeni se-East European Plain, bahlala bekhuphuka:
- i-meadow harrier - evame ukubonwa ngaphezulu kwezigodi zemifula, izimfunda ezingagundi;
- i-field harrier - izingela emaphethelweni, phakathi kwamahlathi ahlukene;
- i-steppe harrier - le nyoni yazi kahle izindawo ezisezintabeni zeTatarstan;
- i-marsh harrier - ubheke inyamazane endiza phezu kwamabhange amancane emifula, amachibi, amathafa anamaxhaphozi.
Izinhlobo zezithiyo zifana nemingcele eyisisekelo, amasu wokuzingela kanye nendlela yokuphila. Ubude bezithiyo zingamasentimitha angama-60. Ubunzima bezilwane ezindala ezingama-400-500 g. Izithiyo zesilisa zilula ngokulingana okukodwa nohhafu kuya kokuphindwe kabili kunabesifazane. IMarsh Harrier inkulu kunezihlobo zayo, idlelo iHarrier lincane futhi lilula.
Izithiyo zinamaphiko amade nomsila, okunikela ngendiza ethule yezilwane ezizingelayo. Ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka kancane, izithiyo zibheka isisulu, ngemuva kwalokho zehle kakhulu bese zihlwitha isisulu: amagundane, amaxoxo, amatshwele.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ngezindiza ezinzima zesilisa. Indoda iqinisekisa ukulungela kwayo ngama-airy, izibalo ze-acrobatic. Ngemuva kokudala umbhangqwana, esidlekeni esisemhlabathini, insikazi izalela futhi ifukamele amaqanda ama-2-3. Ezinsukwini ezingama-30-40 ngemuva kokuqeda igobolondo, amaphuphu aqala ukuhlola amaphiko. Ngemuva kwamanye amasonto ama-2 ziyandiza zihambe.
Isikhova esimpunga
Izikhova zivamile izinyoni zaseTatarstan... Isikhova esimpunga singesinye sazo. Inyoni ayinkulu kakhulu, inesisindo esingu-650 g. Inhloko enkulu nomzimba oyindilinga umbozwe izimpaphe ezimpunga emaphethini wokufihla, okuhambisana nephethini yamagxolo esihlahla.
Idiski lobuso, amehlo amnyama, ayindilinga, noqhwaku oluncane oluxhunyiwe kushiya ngaphandle kokungabaza ngohlobo lwenyoni. U-Owl uhlala emahlathini avuthiwe lapho kutholakala khona izihlahla eziyize. Kwesinye isikhathi itholakala emapaki asedolobheni, lapho ibamba khona izilwane ezincane ebusuku, kufaka phakathi izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini nezinambuzane.
Izikhova ezinwabuzelayo zilala kusenesikhathi - ekupheleni kukaMashi. Insikazi ifukamela izikhova eziwu-3-5 izinsuku ezingaba ngu-30. Inyanga emva kokuzalwa, amaphuphu aphuma esidlekeni. Badinga ukunakekelwa ngabazali ihlobo lonke. Isikhathi sokuzalela siphela ngo-Agasti. Izinyoni ziphila iminyaka eyi-15-20. Isikhova esiphila isikhathi eside sibeka irekhodi leminyaka engu-22.5.
Izinyoni ezi-Omnivorous zaseTatarstan
Izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni ezidla omubi zidla endaweni yaseTatarstan. Ukudla kwabo kufaka izinhlamvu, amahlumela, izimpande. Kwengezwe izinambuzane, izibungu ngisho nama-vertebrate amancane. Okudume kakhulu futhi kujwayelekile emndenini wama-corvids yizimpisi namagwababa. Izinhlobo ze-omnivorous nazo zifakiwe emindenini yama-cranes, ama-bustard.
I-Grane crane
Impilo yonke, i-crane ikhetha umhlanga, amanzi aminyene, ugu olungafinyeleleki lwamachibi nemifula. I-crane yabantu abadala ikhula ize ifike ku-110-115 cm.Ithola isisindo esifinyelela ku-6 kg. Izinsikazi ziphansi kancane futhi zilula. Umbala ojwayelekile uyi-grey-lead, onomhlane omnyama, amaphiko akhanyayo nesisu.
Ama-Cranes yizinyoni ezizodwa, imibhangqwana ihlala isikhathi eside. Insikazi ibeka amaqanda ama-1-2, kuyaqabukela ama-3 ngo-Ephreli, ngokuqala kwemfudumalo. Ukufukamela kuhlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga engu-1. Amachwane achanyuselwa angashiya isidleke ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili, ama-cranes wezingane asenengubo egcwele yezimpaphe.
I-pogonysh ejwayelekile
Inyoni encane efana ne-crane evela emndenini wabelusi. Inesisindo esingu-80-130 g kuphela.Ubude bomzimba abudluli amasentimitha angama-25. Umbala ojwayelekile wezimpaphe umnyama ngezinkomba ezincane zokukhanya. Ingemuva kunsundu, izinhlangothi zinemivimbo ensundu, ingxenye engezansi yomzimba iba mpunga.
Isebenza lapho kuhwalala. Uncamela ukuhamba nokubhukuda kunokundiza. It uluma juveniles green, izimpande zezitshalo udaka, izinambuzane, onoshobishobi, izinhlanzi ezincane ngisho izidumbu.
Ivela ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke entwasahlobo. Lo mbhangqwana ufukamela amaphuphu angama-8 kuya ku-12 ngokushintshana. Lokhu kuthatha cishe inyanga. Amachwane alandelanayo athathwa ngomunye wabazali esidlekeni. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20, amachwane aqala ukuzondla ngokwawo. NgoJulayi, bayeka ukunakekelwa ngabazali. Amakalishi ahlala cishe iminyaka engama-20, njengawo wonke ama-cranes.
I-Bustard
Bahlala emathafeni nasezifundeni zezolimo zaseTatarstan. Igama lale nyoni liyashiwo lapho lembulwa yiziphi izinyoni eTatarstan zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. U-bustard wasondela kulesi sifundazwe ngenxa yobukhulu baso nokuhamba kancane.
Indoda endala ingafinyelela isisindo esingu-16 kg, owesifazane abe uhhafu walowo sayizi. Owesilisa nowesifazane bagqoke imotley, izingubo ezinemibala ehlukahlukene. Imilenze ephakeme engenazimpaphe ikhaphela izinyoni ezikhetha ukuhamba ngaphezu kokundiza.
Entwasahlobo, inkathi yokukhwelana iqala ngezenzo zesiko okwamanje. Ngemuva kwalokho, insikazi izalela amaqanda ama-2 ekucindezelekeni kobumba okufaka indawo yesidleke. Ukufukamela kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-20-28. Amachwane asuswa esidlekeni emahoreni ambalwa emva kokuzalwa. Ngemuva kwenyanga engu-1 bazama ukundiza, ekupheleni kwehlobo bayashiya abazali babo. Ama-Bustards ahlala ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-20.
Izinyoni ezingadli
Izinyoni ezinezimpaphe ezizondlayo futhi ondle inzalo yazo ama-arthropods angenamaphiko namaphiko yizinyoni ezidla izinambuzane. Kubandakanya amabele, izigodo, izinkonjane nezinye izinhlobo ezihlala eduze kwabantu.
Ukugwinya
ISwallows imvamisa izinyoni ezidla izinambuzane. Babamba izimvemvane, amabhungane endizeni. Bayingxenye yomndeni wokugwinya, ovamile izinyoni zaseTatarstan. Esithombeni kunzima ukuhlukanisa uhlobo olulodwa lwenkonjane kolunye.
- I-Urban swallow - ihlala emadolobheni noma emadolobhaneni anezindlu zamatshe. Kwakha amakoloni amancane lapho izidleke zitholakala eduze komunye nomunye.
- Inkonjane yedolobhana ayiphikisani nokwakha isidleke ngaphansi kwendlu yamatshe. Izindlu zezwe, izinqolobane, amabhuloho nazo zifanelekile njengezindawo zokwakha.
- Inkonjane yasogwini igubha izimbobo zezidleke emaweni amakhulu emifula, amachibi, izinkwali ezilahliwe. Zingaba kufika ku-1 m ukujula. ISwallows yakha amakoloni; eweni elilodwa kungaba nenqwaba yokungena kuma-nest-tunnels.
Ukuqubuka kwamaqanda ama-5 ngokwesilinganiso kuvela ngoJuni-Julayi. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-15-18, ukufukamela kuyaphela, ukudla kuqala. Lapho inenyanga eyodwa, amaphuphu angandiza. Izinkonjane ziyakwazi ukondla amaphuphu ashiye isidleke sibaleka. Abadobi bezinambuzane ezinamaphiko asheshayo abaphila ngaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu.
I-Oriole ejwayelekile
I-Oriole - izinyoni ezifudukayo zaseTatarstan... Umuntu angakhuluma ngalo mndeni ebunyeni: izidleke zezinhlobo ezilodwa e-republic - i-oriole ejwayelekile. Ubukhulu be-Oriole bukhulu kancane kunenkanyezi, bunesisindo esingaphansi kuka-90 g, kanti amaphiko aso anganwebeka ngamasentimitha angama-45. Izinyoni zikhanya kakhulu. Kwabesilisa, umbala ophuzi womzimba uqhathanisa namaphiko amnyama nomsila. Abesifazane banokuphuzi okuluhlaza okotshani phezulu, phansi okunentuthu, izimpiko eziluhlaza ngokuluhlaza okotshani.
Ama-Orioles akhetha ukuhlala emahlathini avuthiwe avundile. Ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, abesilisa, ngokuqomisana okusebenzayo, bakhuthaza owesifazane ukuba ahlangane. Ngemuva kwalokho, kwakhiwa isidleke, esifana nobhasikidi omisiwe. Ukwakhiwa kwamatshe kwenziwa kuwo. Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili, ukufukamela kuyaphela, futhi ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-15 ama-orioles amancane amane aphuma esidlekeni. Ama-Orioles aphila cishe iminyaka eyishumi.
I-Wagtail
Uhlobo lwezinyoni zomndeni we-wagtail. Izinambuzane ezingenamaphiko ziqoqwa emhlabathini, ojekamanzi nezimvemvane zibanjwa zibaleke. Lapho igijima inqamula phansi, inyakazisa ngomsila omude, indiza iqukethe uchungechunge lwezingcezu.
- I-wagtail imhlophe - ingxenye ephezulu ingwevu, ikhanda nomzimba ongezansi kumhlophe okunothuli.
- I-wagtail iphuzi - ingemuva iluhlaza okotshani, ingaphambili lentamo liphuzi ngokugqamile, umsila ubunsundu ngokumnyama.
- Intaba iWagtail - ngokubukeka iyefana ne-wagtail ephuzi ngokunezelwa kwamacala amhlophe, isifuba esiphuzi kanye nomngcwabo.
- I-wagtail enekhanda eliphuzi - inyoni enombala we-canary inekhanda, umzimba ongezansi ophuzi-mpunga.
- I-wagtail engaphambili ephuzi - izimpaphe eziphuzi ezikhanyayo ebunzini ziphenduka zibe "amashiya" aphuzi.
- I-wagtail enekhanda elimnyama - phezulu kwekhanda nentamo kumnyama, ingxenye yomhlane i-yellow-green, ingxenye engezansi yomzimba iphuzi.
Izinyoni zakha izidleke ezingeyona inkimbinkimbi phansi. Izintaba ezihamba ngezintaba zikhetha ama-niches wezidleke ezinqwabelaneni zamatshe. I-Clutch ibekwa entwasahlobo, izinyoni ezincane ezingama-4-5 ziphuma ngoJuni. Ekupheleni kukaJuni, ama-wagtails avame ukwenza i-clutch yesibili. Ama-Wagtails aphila cishe iminyaka eyi-12.
Ibhungane elinamakhanda aphuzi
Amakhosi mancane kunawo wonke izinhlobo zezinyoni zaseTatarstan kanye neRussia yonke. Ibhungane elivame kakhulu linekhanda eliphuzi. Ibhungane elincane eliyindilinga linento ekhethekile: umugqa ophuzi kalamula phezulu kwekhanda.
Indawo yokwabiwa kwezinyoni iqondana nendawo yamahlathi e-coniferous futhi axubekile. Phambi kwezihlahla ze-coniferous, zihlala emapaki asedolobheni. Amagatsha ezihlahla ezindala zemisayipuresi asebenza njengendawo yokukhosela izidleke zama-kinglets.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ngo-Ephreli. Lezi zithandani zakha isidleke esilenga. I-kinglet yesifazane yenza i-clutch yamaqanda ayi-10-12, iwafukamela izinsuku ezingaba ngu-20. Iduna linakekela ukondleka kwesikhukhukazi.
Ngemuva kokuphela kokufukamela, insikazi ayishiyi amantshontsho isonto lonke - ifudumeza amaphuphu. Ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu, amaphuphu aphumela emagatsheni aseduze kwesidleke futhi ngokushesha aqala ukundiza. Ekudleni kwezinambuzane ezingama-99%, amabhungane aphila iminyaka engu-5-7.
Ama-Granivores, izinyoni ezidla izitshalo
Abekho abadla imifino abayizimpaphe abayi-100% eTatarstan. Izinyoni, ezihlukaniswa njengama-granivores noma ama-herbivores, zondla ukudla okuluhlaza okomjikelezo wazo wokuphila. Inzalo ivame ukukhuliswa ngokudla kwamaprotheni - izinambuzane eziningi ziyabanjwa. Izibonelo: umndeni wabantu abadlulayo, onondweba.
I-linnet ejwayelekile
Lezi yizintaka, ngokwengxenye izinyoni zasebusika zaseTatarstan... Isimo somzimba nosayizi kuyafana nondlunkulu. Imibala icacile. Ingxenye ephezulu yomzimba esesidundwini ingwevu-nsundu, izinhlangothi nengaphansi lomzimba kucishe kube mhlophe. Kwabesilisa, isifuba nebunzi kubomvu ngokubomvu. Abesifazane abanawo amathoni abomvu ezimpapheni zabo. I-Linnet ayinesisindo esingeqile ku-20 g.
Emadolobheni nasemadolobhaneni, iseduze kondlunkulu. Ngokungafani nabo, ucula ngokumnandi. Ukubeka kwenziwa ezindaweni ezilula ezihlelwe ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni. Amachwane ezinwele avele kungakapheli amasonto amabili.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-15, bayashiya abazali babo. NgoJulayi, kwakhiwa isidleke esisha, kwenziwa i-clutch entsha, njengasekuqaleni, kukhona amaqanda ama-5 kuyo. Umjikelezo wokufukamela, ukondla uyaphindwa. Amalayini aphila cishe iminyaka eyi-8.
Isiphambano
Ama-granivores ajwayelekile izinyoni zeRiphabhulikhi yaseTatarstan... Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-crossbill anokudla okukhethekile - bakhetha imbewu yama-conifers. Ngakho-ke, eTatarstan, indawo yama-crossbill ihlangana nendawo yokwabiwa kwamahlathi e-coniferous futhi axubekile.
Izinyoni zinesici esisodwa ngaphezulu - isikhathi sokuzalisa isidleke sincike ekuvuneni kwama-cones. Kunezinhlobo ezi-3 ezweni:
- Isiphambano sondlunkulu - asidluli usayizi kondlunkulu. Ithuthela ekudleni iye ezindaweni lapho umuthi wesihlahla sonwele nophayini uletha khona isivuno esikhulu sama-cones. Ngobuningi bembewu ye-spruce, ingaqala ukuqandula amaphuphu ngaphambi kwentwasahlobo, ngisho nasebusika.
- Isiphambano esinamaphiko amhlophe - sincane kancane kune-spruce. Igxile embewini ye-larch.
- I-Pine crossbill - Ukudla okuyinhloko kwalesi siphambano yizimbewu ezigcinwe kuma-pine cones.
Ubungcweti be-Forage buholele ekushintsheni kokuvela komlomo. Iziphetho zayo ezicijile, ezinjenge-pincer zenza kube lula ukuthi imbewu iphume. I-Crossbones iyisibonelo esicacile sokuguqulwa kokudla kwezinyoni, yize imbewu ye-sunflower, okusanhlamvu kwamakhambi, izinambuzane nazo zingaba khona kwimenyu yazo.
