Inyoni enhle yenyamazane ehamba phezu kwehlathi kanye nama-steppe expanses ivame ukudideka nabamele abafanayo bemindeni yokhokho. Ukhozi olumabala yinyoni hhayi ngaphansi kwezinhlobo ezihlobene nanoma yini.
Ubungcweti, ubuhlakani obusheshayo buvumela izinyoni ukuthi zivakashele imigwaqo yasemadolobheni, zenze amafilimu - abantu abathobekile baqeqeshiwe kahle, bakhombisa ukubekezela nothando olumangalisayo ngabantu.
Incazelo nezici
Le nyoni ingokhozi olumaphakathi naphakathi - ubude bomzimba obungu-65 -74 cm, isisindo somuntu ngamunye ongu-1.6 -3.2 kg. Lapho indiza, amaphiko okhozi anombala afinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-180. Kunzima ukuhlukanisa phakathi kowesifazane nowesilisa - zifana ngombala. Kepha uma izinyoni zobulili obuhlukile ziseduze, lapho-ke ungabona ukuthi umzimba oqinile wowesifazane mkhulu, mkhulu kakhulu kunowesilisa. Azikho ezinye izibonakaliso ze-dimorphism yezocansi.
Ngokubukeka ukhozi olunamabala eduze kokhozi olusemaqeleni, kepha ihlukile ngesimo somsila - ububanzi, bufinyeziwe, ngomphetho oyindilinga. Izimpiko, ngokungafani nabahlala emathafeni, azihambi emgodini we-carpal. Lapho indiza, ikhuphuka, umugqa wamaphiko uvundlile, izimpaphe zokuphela zingancishiswa kancane noma ziphakanyiswe, zenze "iminwe" echazwe kahle.
Enyoni ehleli phansi, zifinyelela kubude bokusikwa komsila, kwesinye isikhathi ziyivelele. Imilenze yomzingeli iphakeme ngokwanele. Imilenze eqinile yathuthuka kahle, izimpaphe ezifika ezinzwaneni zabanikeza ukubonakala "kwamabhulukwe" aluhlaza. Izipikili zimnyama, zibukhali.
Ukubhoboza nokubamba okuqinile kwale nyoni kukhombisa umhlaseli wangempela, obonakala ngokusabela okusheshayo komzingeli onezimpaphe. Umbala wezinyoni uncike eminyakeni yobudala. Abasakhulayo abaze bafike eminyakeni emithathu banombala onsundu ngokuhlakazeka kwamabala amise okweenyembezi ngemuva, amaphiko.
I-brace emhlophe ihlobisa umsila ongaphezulu, isisekelo sezimpaphe zokundiza ezansi kwamaphiko. Umbala ophakathi nendawo wezinyoni ezingakakhuli ngokwanele uhlanganisa imisebe embalwa yokukhanya - ukwahluka kombala nephethini kuyavela.
Isici esihlukile lapho kungenzeka khona ukunquma ngokunembile lokho okuboniswa ngqo ukhozi olubonwe esithombeni, - lokhu kuyikhala eliyindilinga, ngokungafani nokuqhekeka, njengakwezinye izinkozi. Amakhona omlomo obanzi ahlukaniswe, eduze kwamehlo.
Ukuqala kokuthomba kuguqula isembatho sibe umbala onsundu onemonochromatic, kuphela i-nape ne-undertail enombala okhanyayo ngokusobala kunomzimba wenyoni. Kunabantu abanombala omkhulu we-straw-buffy, obomvu ngokubomvu. I-wax iphuzi. Amehlo avame ukuba nsundu.
Igama lesibili lale nyoni ngokhozi olukhalayo ngenxa yomsindo ocacile, impempe ephezulu engozini yokuqala. Impempe engahlaliseki iba yanda kakhulu futhi ikhala kakhulu - iyashesha - iyashesha, kuk - kuk, njll.
Lalela izwi lokhozi olukhulu olunamabala
Lalela izwi lokhozi olunamabala amancane
Izwi Likakhozi Elichashisiwe ifaka nemisindo yokuhaya. Ukuphakama kwesimo sokuqapha kwale nyoni, kulapho ukukhamuluka nomlozi kukhanya ngokwengeziwe. Amasignali wokushaya ikakhulukazi azwakala phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa: kiyik, kiyyik, kiyyik.
Isimo senyoni sinokuthula, sinengqondo. Akuyona ingozi ukuthi isikhathi eside abantu baye bathambisa abantu abasha ababengenaso isikhathi sokuhlangana nomhlambi, ukuzakhela umbhangqwana. Kwakunezimo lapho inyoni eyayilimele ifika kumuntu, okuthi ngemuva kokululama kungandizi, kepha yahlala nomnikazi wayo. Ezihlakaniphile, ezikwazi ukuqeqesha, izinkozi ezinamabala zisasebenza ekuzingeleni phakathi kwamaMongol.
Izinhlobo
Ucwaningo lwesayensi lukhombisile ukuthi okhokho abavamile bokhozi olunamachashaza kungenzeka babehlala endaweni yase-Afghanistan yanamuhla. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amabanga ezinyoni ahlukana abe amagatsha asentshonalanga nasempumalanga. Izazi ze-ornithologists zirekhoda umehluko endaweni yokuhlala nezindawo zokwakha izidleke, imvelo, nokuziphatha kwezinkozi. Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo ezilandelayo ezihlukile:
Ukhozi olunamabala amakhulu. Igama lidlulisa isici esihlukile – inyoni inkulu kunezihlobo zayo. Ubude obukhulu bomzimba bufinyelela kuma-75 cm, isisindo size sifike ku-4 kg. Lezi zinhlobo zivamile emazweni aseYurophu - ePoland, eHungary, eFinland, eRomania.
Enye indawo yokuhlala ise-Asia - endaweni yaseMongolia, ePakistan naseChina. Ezweni lethu, ungahlangana nokhozi olukhulu olunamabala e-Primorye, esifundeni saseKaliningrad, esifundeni saseWest Siberian. Le nyoni ayivamile kuyo yonke indawo, inyamalala ezindaweni. Ngesikhathi sasebusika undizela eNdiya, e-Indochina, e-Iran.
Umbala unombala onsundu kakhulu, abantu abakhanyayo abanezimpaphe zegolide abavamile ngokweqile. Njengezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni, izinyoni ezincane zoKhozi Olukhulu Olunamabala zihlukaniswa ngamachashaza amise okwehla ngemuva nasemaphikweni, anyamalala lapho evuthwa.
Ukhozi olunamabala amancane. Kunzima ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinkozi ezinkulu nezincane, kunomehluko phakathi kwazo, kodwa hhayi ezinkulu. Ubude bomzimba wezinhlobo ezincane bufinyelela kuma-65 cm, isisindo sowesifazane, esikhudlwana kunesesilisa, singaphezu kuka-2 kg. Usayizi omncane uhlinzeka ngomzingeli onamaphiko ngokuhamba okukhulu. Ekuzingeleni, inyoni enekhono futhi esheshayo ngeke iphuthe inyamazane ehlathini noma endaweni evulekile.
Indawo yokusabalalisa yale nyoni ihlukaniswe ngemibandela yaba izifunda ezimbili. Ezweni lethu, ukhozi olunamabala amancane luhlala emahlathini axubekile azungeze iNovgorod, iSt. Petersburg, eTula. EYurophu, le nyoni itholakala maphakathi nendawo, ezindaweni ezisempumalanga. Ukuvela okungajwayelekile kohlobo lwe-Asia Minor kwaphawulwa. Le nyoni ibhalwe kuRed Book.
Ukhozi olunamabala aseNdiya. Kwehluka ekwakhiweni okunamandla, ngosayizi omncane. Ubude bomzimba abudluli amasentimitha angama-65. Amaphiko abanzi, umsila omfishane, umbala onsundu azalwa inyoni encane kodwa eshesha. Ukhozi olunamabala aseNdiya luhlala eNepal, eCambodia, eNdiya, eBangladesh.
Izinyoni ezihlobene nezinkozi ezinamabala zihlanganisa nendawo yokungcwaba yaseSpain, ukhozi olungu-steppe. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi ukuwela ama-Lesser Spotted Eagles namaGreater Spotted Eagles kuzokwakha inzalo esebenzayo. Izindawo zokuhlala zezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyoni zinqamula eMpumalanga Yurophu, enyakatho yeHindustan.
Ezikhathini zasendulo kwakukhona ukhozi olunamabala amhlophe, eyayithathwa njengenyoni engcwele ethwele intando yonkulunkulu. Izincazelo zangeNkathi Ephakathi zazikhombisa uhambo lokuzingela lwamakhosi ngezinyoni eziluhlaza, okwakuthathwa njengophawu lokunethezeka, ukuhlonishwa komnikazi. Izinyoni ezinombala okhanyayo zaba ngamaqhawe ezinganekwaneni nasezinganekwaneni zabantu baseChina. Ukhozi olunamabala luphathiswe umsebenzi womvikeli wabantu, inyoni yomlindi oDongeni lwaseChina.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Ukundiza amahora amaningi emoyeni ngezikhala zemvelo kuyisimo sokhozi olubonisiwe. Izinyoni ezingandile ezibonakala esibhakabhakeni zivame ukudideka ngabathandi bemvelo abangenalwazi ngezinyoni ezidla inyama ze-steppe.
Izinkozi ezinamabala zithanda indawo enezikhukhula, amahlathi asesiqhingini futhi zitholakala ezifundeni ze-taiga ezinezihlahla ezinamakhaza neziningi. Umzingeli uhlala ezindaweni ezinamahlathi asemaqeleni, izigodi zemifula, ngakho-ke, le nyoni engavamile ingatholakala ezindaweni ezigudle iVolga, Ob, Yenisei, Amur.
Emizimbeni yamanzi, amachibi, amaxhaphozi, imifula, ukhozi olunamabala luthola izindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokuzingela. Ukuhlala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziyizicaba, kepha kungavela emagqumeni ebangeni elingafika ku-1000 m.
Inyoni efudukayo ifika ivela ezifundeni zase-Afrika iye ezifundeni eziseningizimu ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari, nasezindaweni ezisenyakatho - ngo-Ephreli. Ekwindla, ukufuduka kuqala ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti kuze kube maphakathi no-Septhemba. Ubusika bokhozi obunamabala benzeka ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Asia, ezifundazweni ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika.
Esikhathini esedlule, inyoni ejwayelekile yama-steppes namahlathi axubekile sekuyivelakancane namuhla. Kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule, leli nani lehle kakhulu. Isizathu sisemsebenzini womuntu onamandla. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukugeleza kwezindawo ezinamanzi, ukulima amadlelo ezikhukhula, ukuhlaselwa kwezilwane zasendle kunomthelela omubi ekwehleni kwabantu, ikakhulukazi abaseYurophu naseMpumalanga Ekude.
Kunezindawo ezimbalwa zokwakha izidleke. Kubalulekile ukuthi izinkozi ezinamabala zithole ukudla okwanele eduze kwesidleke. Ukucindezelwa kwezinyoni kuzenza zilahlekelwe yimizi yazo, zishiye izindawo zokwakha izidleke esezihlale iminyaka eminingi. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinyoni, cishe amabhangqa ayi-120, lisasele eBelarus.
Izinyoni zibonisa umsebenzi emini, zilandelela njalo inyamazane. Ukhozi olunamabala luguqula amaqhinga wokuzingela kuye ngezici zendawo yokuzingela. Umbani uphonsa usuka endaweni ephakeme ungaphuthelwa uma ilitshe elihambayo libonakala lindiza phezulu.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkozi ezinkulu, izinkozi ezinamachashazi zindiza ziphansi, kepha ukushesha kwazo, isivinini sokuphendula akusikho ngaphansi kwezifo ezinkulu. Enye indlela yokuzingela isemhlabathini. Isidlakudla esinezimpaphe singabamba igundane elifana negundane lapho lihamba, selibonile isilwane emahlathini otshani.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Akukho okukhethekile ekudleni kokhozi olunamabala. Ekudleni kwesilwane esidlayo, ukudla okuyinhloko ukudla kwezilwane ngendlela yama-voles amanzi, amagundane amaningi, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini nezinyoni ezincane. Ogwini, izinkozi ezinamabala zidla amaxoxo nezinhlanzi ezinamanzi angajulile. I-Carrion ayinandaba nezinyoni, kepha uma kwenzeka ilamba kakhulu kufanele babheke ngalokhu kudla.
Abazingeli abanekhono kuyaqabukela bahlala bengenazo izisulu uma behlala ezindaweni ezicebile ngotshani nasezilwaneni zasendle. Ukubamba isilwane esincelisayo esincane, njenge-gopher, inyoni encane (izigwaca, i-black grouse) akuyona ibhizinisi elikhohlisayo lokhozi olunamabala. Into yokuzingela imvamisa yizilwane ezinkulu ngokwedlulele - ama-hares, onogwaja, ama-turkeys, izingulube ezincane.
Ukuntuleka kokudla kwemvelo kwenza izinkozi ezinamabala zivakashele emapulazini - ukweba izinkukhu, amadada nezinye izilwane. Amabhungane amaningi, amacimbi, izibankwa, nezinyoka ziba ukuphatha okuncane kwezilwane ezihamba emigwaqeni.
Izinyoni zidinga amanzi amaningi ukuqeda ukoma nokubhukuda kwazo. Izinkozi ezinamabala zinobudlelwano obukhethekile namanzi. Kuzo zonke izinkozi, nguyena kuphela ummeleli ongakwazi ukuzulazula emanzini angajulile, afake izidladla zakhe emanzini, futhi afafaze.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Izinkozi ezinamachashaza yizinyoni ezizodwa ezizwana kanye. Isikhathi sokuzalisa sivula ngemuva kokufika kwentwasahlobo, ukuvuselelwa kwendawo yokuhlala. Isidleke Sokhozi Esonakele ihlala iminyaka eminingana, kepha unyaka nonyaka izinyoni ziyaqeda ukuyakha futhi ziyibuyisele ngamahlumela aluhlaza, izingcezu zamagxolo. Phansi kugcwele utshani, amanikiniki, phansi, izimpaphe.
Imibhangqwana esencane imvamisa ihlala ezindlini ezingenalutho zonogolantethe noKlebe. Kuyinto engavamile kakhulu ukuthi kunesidingo sokwakha isidleke esisha. Isizathu kumele kube ukungena ngemvume ezindaweni zakudala, imiphumela emibi yesiphepho.
I-Clutch ivela kaningi ngoMeyi, iqukethe iqanda elilodwa noma amabili amhlophe anezindawo ezinsundu. Amaqanda amathathu ayivelakancane ngokweqile. Owesifazane ubandakanyeka ekufukameleni kusuka eqandeni lokuqala, umlingani umnikeza ukudla. Isikhathi sokufukamela yizinsuku ezingama-40.
Ngoba i- amaphuphu okhozi abonwe avele ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, omncane uvame ukushushiswa yichwane elidala, elinamandla, uyafa phakathi namasonto okuqala okuphila.
Ukwakheka kwezilwane ezincane ephikweni kwenzeka cishe maphakathi no-Agasti, i.e. ngemuva kwamasonto ama-7-9. Kancane kancane kukhona ukuqeqeshwa ezindizeni nasekuzingeleni. Labo abafuna ukuthambisa inyoni bazithathela bona ngalesi sikhathi, kuze kuthi abasha, kanye nezinyoni ezindala, bandizele ebusika.
Isikhathi sokuphila sezinyoni emvelweni cishe siyiminyaka engama-25. Ekuthunjweni, lapho kungekho lutho olusongela ukuphepha kwezinkozi ezinamachashaza, abantu abaneminyaka eyikhulu bangagubha iminyaka yabo engama-30.
Izinyoni ezinhle zinomlando wasendulo, ezinganekwaneni zinikezwa indima yamaqhawe-abavikeli bomuntu. Ezweni lanamuhla, kwenzeka okuphambene nalokho - inani elinciphile lezinkozi ezinamachashaza lidinga ukusekelwa ngabantu - ikusasa lezinyoni ezihlakaniphile nezihloniphekile lincike kuzo.
