Phakathi kwenani elincane lezilwane zasendle e-Antarctica, inyoni enkulu ye-skua idinga ukunakwa kakhulu. Abantu bayo bambalwa, futhi zinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela ezifundwe ngama-ornithologists. Inyoni ihola indlela yokuphila ethokozisayo, ihlukaniswa ngokuziphatha okungajwayelekile nomlingiswa.
Ngaphandle, ingahle ididaniswe nenyoni yasolwandle noma idada, kepha empeleni inokufana okuncane okuvela kulezi zinyoni. Noma kunjalo skua, nyoni kungumuntu ngamunye kukho konke. Ngakho-ke angobani ama-skuas futhi ahlala kanjani ezindaweni ezinzima?
Incazelo nezici
Igama le-skua lingahunyushwa ngokuthi lihlala futhi lihlala "ngasolwandle". Futhi lesi yisitatimende esiyiqiniso. Izindawo zokuhlala ezithandwa kakhulu nokusatshalaliswa kwama-skuas yizindawo ezisenyakatho, okuyizilwandle zase-Arctic nase-Antarctic. Le nyoni ingeyomndeni we-plover, ngakho-ke ayihlangene ngalutho neziqu zezinyoni.
Le nyoni idonswa ngamanzi oLwandle i-Arctic, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zithatha indawo yezindawo ezisogwini ezishisayo, eduze kwezilwandle. Izinhlobo eziningana ze-skua zingatholakala e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika, kanye nezwekazi laseYurophu.
USkua ungummeli omkhulu kakhulu wezilwane. Ubude bomzimba wayo kusukela esihlokweni somlomo kuya esicongweni somsila bungaba ngamasentimitha angama-80, enamaphiko angaphezudlwana nje kwemitha, kepha ngasikhathi sinye isisindo sayo asikho ngaphezu kwamakhilogremu amabili.
Isici esihlukile somndeni wakwa-skua uqhwaku olufinyeziwe olumbozwe isikhumba. Ekugcineni, uqhwaku luxhunywe futhi lwagoba. Kukhona ukucindezeleka phansi komlomo. Kuthambekele kancane ngaphezulu. Lesi sakhiwo somlomo sithathwa njengesiphumelela kakhulu i-skua lapho kudotshwa izinhlanzi ezincane nezinye izinto zasolwandle.
Imilenze mincane futhi mide, okuyinto ejwayelekile ezinyonini ezihlala eqhweni, zineminwe emincane kakhulu, emide, enezinzipho ezicijile kakhulu. Le nyoni inamathela kakhulu eqhweni noma eqhweni ngezinzipho zayo. Izimpiko zibanzi, zikhombe emaphethelweni. Umsila mfushane futhi uyindilinga. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kunezimpaphe eziyishumi nambili kuphela emsileni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yimuphi ummeleli wezinhlobo. Yini ebangele leli qiniso, ososayensi abazi.
USkua esithombeni kubukeka buhle kakhulu. Umbala wayo unombala onsundu, izimpaphe zombala okhanyayo ziyabonakala entanyeni, esiswini nasekhanda. Ukusuka ngaphansi komlomo kuya ezansi impela ebeleni, izimpaphe zicishe zibe mhlophe. Endaweni yekhanda, izindawo ezimnyama neziphuzi ziyabonakala. Isikimu sombala wezimpaphe sihlala sigcinwa, ngemuva kokuncibilika futhi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.
Izinhlobo
Izinhlobo eziningi zihlala futhi zihlala emanzini asogwini eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, kanye nasogwini lwamanzi amanzi anosawoti ase-Arctic. Kukholakala ukuthi i-skua iyinyoni efudukayo, njengoba ihlala eduze kwezifunda eziseningizimu ebusika, futhi ngokuqala kwezinyanga zasentwasahlobo ibuyela embusweni weqhwa. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu futhi ezifundwa kakhulu yilezi: umsila omude, umsila omfushane, ophakathi, omkhulu, oseningizimu polar, i-Antarctic kanye nsundu.
USkua onomsila omudeAbamele lolu hlobo bancane ngosayizi, bungaba ngu-55 cm kuphela, ngesisindo esingu-300 gram. USkua onomsila omude unesigqoko esimnyama nentamo. Ngaphambili kwesifuba nentamo, umbala uphuzi, izimpaphe ezisemaphikweni phezulu zipendwe ngokuluhlaza okotshani. Zonke ezinye izimpaphe ziyimpunga noma nsundu ngokukhanyayo.
Isici esivelele salezi zinhlobo umsila omude. Uhlala kuphi ama-skuas yalolu hlobo? Indawo yokwabiwa kwezinyoni amazwe aseNyakatho Melika, osebeni lolwandle lwasePacific nase-Atlantic, lapho zihlala khona ebusika. Ukudla okuyinhloko kuboniswa ngamagundane amancane nezinambuzane. Uhola impilo enokuthula.
I-skua emfushane yomsila... Ifana ngosayizi nesihlobo sayo, i-skua enomsila omude. Kepha kuyamangaza ukuthi ngesisindo esincane nomzimba omfishane, inamaphiko ahloniphekile, afinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.25. Ummeleli onomsila omfishane unombala ongajwayelekile oguqukayo ngesikhathi sokukhwelana nesikhathi sasebusika.
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ikhanda liphenduka licishe libe mnyama. Ngemuva, ngaphansi komsila nasesinqeni, umbala unombala onsundu onsundu. Ngaphambili ngaphansi komlomo, entanyeni nasesifubeni kunamabala aphuzi. Isikweletu nemilenze kumnyama.
Ngesikhathi sasebusika, kuvela amachashazi amnyama ezinhlangothini nasentanyeni, kuthi imivimbo emnyama ibonakale emuva nangemuva. Kuthatha izindawo ezinkulu ze-tundra ne-tundra ye-Eurasia, futhi kwenzeka nasezifundazweni zaseNyakatho Melika. Ubusika buduze nenkabazwe.
Pomarine Skua... Lezi zinhlobo zimelelwa ngabantu abanosayizi omkhulu, ofinyelela ubude bomzimba obufinyelela kuma-80 cm nobunzima obuyikhilogremu. Ihlukile kwezinye izinhlobo ezinomlomo obomvana kanye nezimpaphe zomsila ezisontekile. Ngesikhathi sokundiza, amabala amhlophe angabonakala ngaphakathi kwamaphiko. Kuzo zonke izimpaphe kunamathoni wokukhanya amaningi, kanye nonsundu.
Iningizimu polar skua... Le enezimpiko inomzimba ohlangene kakhulu, cishe u-50 cm ubude, unesisindo esingu-1.5 kg, kodwa enamaphiko abanzi kakhulu, angafika ku-1.4 m. Umsila, kunalokho, mfushane, izimpaphe kuwo zihlelwe ngezinyathelo. Inemilenze neminwe emide, exhunywe ulwelwesi.
I-Antarctic Skua... Ama-Skuas ase-Antarctica angabamele abakhulu bezinhlobo. Anombala onsundu, iziqongo zezimpaphe zilula kancane kunaphansi. Lokhu kwenza izindawo ezizungeze amehlo kanye noqhwaku kubonakale kucishe kube mnyama. Indawo yokuhlala yiziqhingi ezisenyakatho: iNew Zealand, iTierra del Fuego, eningizimu ye-Argentina.
Skua omkhuluNaphezu kwaleli gama, akuyona inyoni enkulu kunazo zonke. Ubude bayo bufinyelela ku-60 cm kanti amaphiko ayo afinyelela ku-120 cm. I-skua inesigqoko esimnyama nemivimbo ebomvu kuzimpaphe zayo, okuyihlukanisa nezinye izinhlobo. Uhlala e-Iceland naseNorway.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
AmaSkuas achitha iningi lempilo yawo endizeni, yingakho enikezwa amaphiko anamandla futhi amakhulu. Zingaba semoyeni isikhathi eside, zindize amakhilomitha ambalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bathole isihloko se-master of aerobatics.
Njengoba zikhuphuka phezulu, ziwela phansi ngokungazelelwe njengetshe bese ziwela ngokushelela emanzini, lapho zizizwa kahle khona, zintweza phezu kwamagagasi. Lapho i-skua ibhukuda, ifana nedada. Yile ndlela abachitha ngayo amaholide abo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banamazipho aqinile, ngakho-ke bahlala ngokukhululeka ezintabeni zeqhwa nasezintabeni zeqhwa.
USkua uhlala eTundra noma ngasogwini lwe-Arctic Ocean. Izakhamizi zaseNyakatho zizingeli ngokwemvelo. Bangathatha inyamazana kwenye inyoni emoyeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, bavika ngisho nokubheka phansi ukuze bafeze inhloso yabo.
I-skua ingabizwa ngokuphepha ngokuthi ithule. Ngijwayele ukumemeza kuphela ngezizathu, kungaba kumzabalazo wendawo nendawo yempango, noma ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Izwi lakhe ligcwele imibala eminingi. Isithombe esithandekayo yilapho owesilisa ehamba ngasogwini, efaka isifuba sakhe futhi akhulume kakhulu ngamakhala.
Bonke abamele ama-skuas bangabantu abanesizungu ngokwemvelo, akuvamile ukuthi bahlangane ngababili ukuthola inzalo. UDaddy skua ukhetha amaqanda e-penguin namachwane ukuthi awondle. Ihlasela indawo yokwakhiwa kwephengwini kule mpukane, ibamba inyamazane futhi ikhuphuke ngokuya phezulu.
Ama-Skuas abusa ama-tern, ama-petrels, ama-penguin nama-puffin. Ukungasho ukuthi iphengwini lincane ngosayizi, kepha umhlaseli uyayiqeda ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi ngamaphuphu kanye namaqanda. Kepha izitha zama-skuas uqobo zingaba yizinyoni ezinkulu kuphela. Ngakho-ke bangahlushwa uqhwaku lwephengwini, kodwa kubukeka njengezimpaphe ezimbalwa ezisikiwe.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Kuvamile ukuthi ubone ama-skuas ephanga izindawo zokuhlala abantu befuna ukudla. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwama-skuas amaphuphu namaqanda ezinyoni ezingomakhelwane. Ungakhathazeki ngokudla amagundane amancane. Ama-lemmings avame ukubonakala.
Amapheshana anamaphiko amakhulu awazi ukuthi angacwila kanjani, kepha awanankinga nokudla izinhlanzi, ngakho-ke azisusa kalula kwezinye izinyoni ezingasheshi ukushesha. Zindizela phezulu embangi, ziqale ukumhlupha, kuthi lapho inyoni ivula uqhwaku lwayo, i-skua ngokushesha ilande inyamazane. Noma imane iklebhule umlomo.
Imvamisa, kugaselwa okukodwa emikhunjini yokudoba, izimboni zokukhiqiza izinhlanzi eziqediwe. Uma bekungenakwenzeka ukweba izinhlanzi, bazulazula befuna imfucuza yezinhlanzi enqwabeni kadoti. Ezikhathini ezinenhlanhla ikakhulukazi, ama-skuas kungenzeka angaphangi ezinye izinyoni, kepha adla kuphela amagundane nezilwane ezincane.
Ukuhamba ngokushesha ngasogwini, ama-skuas adla noma yimaphi ama-mollusk, ama-crustaceans, nezinye izimpilo zasolwandle ezincanyana ngosayizi wazo. Ungakudeleli ukubola. Lapho indlala ihlasela, ama-skuas adla amaqanda awo.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokukhwelana, izinyoni azixhumani. Kunokuhlaselwa okumbalwa kakhulu emikhunjini yokudoba ngenani lamakhophi amabili, okungajwayelekile kube kathathu. Babuthana ngemihlambi ukuzala izinhlobo zabo.
Ngemuva kobusika, abesilisa bafika emakhaya abo angaphambili, lokhu kuba ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi, ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Abesifazane bafika ngemuva kwesikhashana. Imibhangqwana yenzelwe impilo, kepha ikhona ngokwehlukana.
Abantu abasha bayatholana ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwentwasahlobo. Abadala bashada ngaphandle kwemidlalo yokukhwelana. Umbhangqwana ngamunye udala isidleke esisha ngokusibeka ngqo ogwini. Uma, ngesikhathi sokuchanyuselwa, ezinye izinyoni noma izilwane zingena endaweni, i-skua ithatha indawo yayo. Indoda, isakaza kabanzi izinzipho zayo ezibukhali, iwa ukusuka ekuphakameni okuphezulu ngokubhonga okuqinile futhi izama ukushaya isitha.
Ukwakhiwa kwesidleke kwenzeka ndawonye. Isidleke sifana nomgodi omncane, ofinyelela ku-5 cm ububanzi futhi ufike kububanzi obungu-20 cm.Amaceleni afakwe izindwani zotshani ngenhla ukufihla indlu yabo ezitheni.
Amaqanda abekwa ngoDisemba. Isidleke imvamisa siqukethe iqanda elilodwa kuya kwamathathu (angavamile kakhulu). Amaqanda makhulu, anombala oluhlaza okotshani namabala amnyama. Kusukela lapho amaqanda echanyuselwa khona, afukamela izinsuku ezingama-25-28. Bobabili abazali bayabandakanyeka kule nqubo. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, amaphuphu ayavela.
Amajita ambozwe ngokujiyile phansi ukuze afudumale esimweni sezulu esibi esibandayo. Ekuqaleni, owesilisa uletha izinambuzane ezincane ezinganeni. Njengoba ikhula, ukudla kuyakhula futhi kungaba yizinhlanzi ezincane.
Ngemuva kwenyanga, amaphuphu aqala ukufunda ukundiza. Kuvela ukuthi lokhu kuyinkinga kakhulu, ngoba ubukhulu bamachwane bukhulu kakhulu. Emasontweni amabili kamuva, zihlala eduze kwabazali bazo, amaphuphu aqala izindiza ezizimele futhi afune ukudla. Iqala kanjalo-ke impilo yabo entsha ngamunye ngamunye.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi lapho kulahleka abesilisa, ezinye izinsikazi ziyahlangana zikhulise amaphuphu azo. Ungabona isithombe, esidlekeni kunezingane ezine nomama ababili. Bayashintshana ngokundizela ukudla futhi baqaphe ngokucophelela izingane zabo. Izinyoni zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi ngonyaka wesikhombisa wokuphila. Isikhathi esimaphakathi cishe yiminyaka engama-40.
ISkua yindaba ethokozisayo okumele ibhekwe ososayensi. Ikakhulukazi ikhangwa yindlela yokuphila yezinyoni, indlela yazo yokuziphatha, ukudla. AmaSkuas ngabazali abakhathalelayo kakhulu; babelana ngakho konke ukukhathazeka komndeni ngokulinganayo. Kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu, bazama ukuhlala bodwa empilweni, balwa nezitha nokuhlasela omakhelwane.
