Nciphisa - inhlanzi encane yokufunda, omele isigaba esikhanyiswe ngemisebe, umndeni onukayo. Itholakala ezilwandle ezipholile zoLwandlekazi Lomhlaba, emifuleni, emachibini, nasemanzini angaphakathi ezweni eNyakatho Nenkabazwe.
Iholide linikezelwe ukuncibilika. Kwenzeka ngenyanga kaMeyi eSt. Petersburg futhi kukhombisa uthando lwabantu basemadolobheni ngale nhlanzi yesiliva. Iphunga eliqabulayo, lekhukhamba elinuka livumelana nelanga langoMeyi futhi liqinisekisa ukufika kokugcina kwentwasahlobo.
ISmelt ayithandi izakhamuzi zaseRussia kuphela. ENingizimu Korea, esifundazweni saseGangwon, kuneholidi elihlotshaniswa nokuqala kokuzala. EFinland, izakhamuzi zesifunda saseKainuu ziba nomkhosi ofanayo maphakathi noMeyi. Ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, edolobheni laseLewiston, eNew York, inani labantu linikela amaholidi amabili ngezimfanelo zokugcoba.
Incazelo nezici
ISmelt yinhlanzi ezacile, esiliva. Izinhlobo ezindala kakhulu, ezindala zinweba zifike ku-17-21 cm ubude.Kukhona ompetha abakhula baze bafike kuma-30 cm futhi bafinyelele isisindo esingu-300 g. I-Predator. Lokhu kufakazelwa ngumlomo onamazinyo amahle.
Iningi lomjikelezo wempilo ligcinwa ezindaweni ze-pelagic ezincikene nezindawo lapho imifula igelezela olwandle. Idla kakhulu ehlobo nasekwindla. Ebusika, amandla we-zhora ancipha. Inhlanzi idonswa iye emilonyeni yemifula.
I-dimorphism yezocansi ku-smelt cishe ayiphinyiselwa. I-capelin kuphela, inhlanzi efakwe emndenini onukayo, ekhombisa ngokusobala izici zobulili. Abesilisa baseCapelin bakhulu ngo-10% kunabesifazane, nokuyinto engajwayelekile ukuncibilika. Banamaphiko amaningi athuthukile, ahlanganisiwe. Ezinhlangothini kunemivimbo yesikhumba esine-fleecy.
Izinhlobo
Emibhalweni, kunemibono emibili mayelana nesimo se-systemic ukuthi ukunuka. Imuphi umndeni wezinhlanzi limele alichazwanga kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi. Isitatimende esiphelelwe yisikhathi mayelana nama-salmonids singahoxiswa. USmelt uyingxenye yomndeni owenzelwe yena ngokukhethekile: smelt.
Uhlobo lwe-smelt (Latin Osmerus) lubandakanya izinhlobo ezi-4.
- I-Osmerus eperlanus aka European yanuka. Inhlanzi encane etholakala eBaltic naseNyakatho Yezilwandle. Akuvamile emanzini asemaphandleni aseScandinavia, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeRussia. Ihola impilo evaliwe emachibini, yazalwa kabusha yaba uhlobo lwezinhlobo olwaziwa ngokuthi yi-smelt.
- I-Osmerus mordax noma i-Asia smelt. Lezi zinhlobo zifaka ama-subspecies amaningana. Uhlala ezilwandle ezisenyakatho. Isondela ogwini lwezingxenye zaseRussia naseSiberia eRussia. Empumalanga, iya ogwini lweNhlonhlo YaseKorea. Kutholakala emanzini asogwini e-Alaska. Ingena emlonyeni wemifula, ingakhuphuka inyuke futhi ibonakale njenge- umfula unuka.
- I-Osmerus spectrum noma into encane iyanuka. Kuyinto i-analog yaseNyakatho Melika yokuncibilika. Uhlala emachibini asempumalanga yeCanada nase-United States, esifundazweni saseNew England.
- I-Osmerus dentex noma i-toothy smelt. Uhlala ePacific Ocean. Wazi kahle ulwandle lwase-Arctic, amanzi asogwini lwaseSiberia ukusuka oLwandle iBering kuya oLwandle Olumhlophe. Egameni nasendaweni, kuyefana nama-subspecies we-Asian smelt, igama lesistimu lawo yi-Osmerus mordax dentex.
Isihlobo sephunga elivamile yi-smallmouth smelt. Abadobi bavame ukumbiza ngamafuphi: amancane. Igama elihlelekile laleli genus yiHipomesus. Kubandakanya izinhlobo ezinhlanu. Ababili babo bagqama.
- Ulwandle oluncibilikayo i-smallmouth.
- UMfula iSouthmouth unuka.
Igama lenhlanzi likhombisa umehluko walo omkhulu kunomphunga ovamile: unomlomo omncane. Umhlathi ongaphezulu uphela ngaphambi kwaphakathi kwekhanda. Ithambo le-mandibular linekhefu elijulile.
Izwe lakulezi zinhlanzi yiMpumalanga Ekude, amaKurile. USmallmouth wayenuka emanzini asogwini e-Alaska naseCanada, atholakala eningizimu, eGulf of California. Isici esihlukile solwandle oluncane luzala emanzini anosawoti. Isihlobo saso somfula, kunalokho, asishiyi amadamu amanzi angenasawoti.
Umndeni oncibilikayo uhlanganisa inhlanzi yenani elikhulukazi lokuhweba - i-capelin. Kusatshalaliswe engxenyeni esenyakatho yeWorld Ocean. Inokufana kwangaphandle nobukhulu ekunciphiseni okuvamile. Izala ngaphandle kokungena emifuleni, ngasogwini. Unuke esithombeni futhi i-capelin ayihlukaniseki.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Ngokuphathelene nezinqubo zokufuduka ukunuka — inhlanzi ubuso obuningi. Incazelo "yendawo yokuhlola" isho izinhlobo zayo eziningi. Izinhlanzi zenza ukufuduka minyaka yonke zisuka ezilwandle ziye ezindaweni zazo zokuzala: imifula. Lolu shintsho lunenkinga enkulu - izindleko zamandla aphezulu.
Kepha futhi kunikeza izinzuzo ezithile - ukukhululeka kuma-parasites afayo lapho usawoti wamanzi ushintsha. Okubaluleke kakhulu, imvelo yamanzi angenasawoti ithembeke kakhulu kuma-caviar nakubantu abasha. Iphunga linezinhlobo ezihlala zivaliwe emanzini angaphakathi nezwe.
Izindawo zokuzalela zingatholakala emifuleni egelezela emifuleni, kepha zingasondela ezindaweni zokudla. Ngakho-ke kunzima ukusho ukuthi iyiphi inhlanzi enukayo: ezindaweni zokubheka noma zokuhlala phansi, zokuhlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlobo zingabangelwa yizinhlanzi ezinama-semi-anadromous. Zizalela emilanjeni yemifula.
Ekhulwini leminyaka eledlule, eSoviet Union, iphunga laphinde lafakwa kabusha emanzini angaphakathi nezwe. AmaJuvenile aseYurophu anuka futhi anuka angena emifuleni nasemachibini. Ukuhlolwa kuphumelele kakhulu. E-Russian Federation, lezi zivivinyo seziyekile.
Akunasongo ebukhoneni be-smelt njengohlobo oluthile. Kepha ushintsho lwesimo sezulu kanye nele-biospheric luholela ekonakaleni kwenhlanzi. Ukwehla ngosayizi wesilinganiso sokuncibilika kuphawulwa ngabadobi, ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseLeningrad.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ekuqaleni kokuphila kwayo, ukudla, njengakho konke ukuthosa kwezinhlanzi ezidlayo, kuqukethe iplankton. Bese ama-invertebrates, tadpoles, crustaceans afakiwe ekudleni. Izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-smelt zingahlasela izingane nabantu abadala bezinye izinhlobo.
I-cannibalism ayijwayelekile kule nhlanzi eyisiliva. Ngenxa yokuthambekela kokudla i-caviar, yonke indawo, lapho kutholakala khona iphunga, kunosongo lokwehla kwenani labantu bezinhlanzi. Ukuncibilika, ukudla zonke izilwane ezinosayizi omncane, kukodwa kuyisixhumanisi esibalulekile kuhla lokudla jikelele.
I-caviar yayo iwusizo olunomsoco hhayi kuphela kubantu abahlala emanzini, kodwa futhi nezinyoni nezinambuzane. Iphunga labasha lizingelwa izilwane zasolwandle kanye namanzi angenasawoti, kufaka phakathi nephunga uqobo. Izinhlanzi ezindala zinikela kakhulu enhlalakahleni yokudla okunempilo. Idla ngezinga elikhulu: i-cod, ama-sea bass, izilwane zasolwandle, kufaka phakathi imikhomo.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, inkambo yokuthola izinhlanzi iyaqala. Imizila yokufuduka kubantu abathile be-smelt ihluke kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo. E-Yenisei, izinhlanzi zithatha uhambo lwamakhilomitha ayi-1000. Kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-3-4 ukuthi iphunga linqobe leli banga.
Kanye neLena, inhlanzi ibhukuda amakhilomitha angama-190-200 ukuze iqhubeke nenzalo. Kufanele athathe uhambo olufanayo lapho ezalela i-Amur. Inhlanzi inyuka ngamakhilomitha ayikhulu eceleni kwe-Elbe. Indlela eya ezindaweni zokuzalela emifuleni yasePrimorye inwebeka amakhilomitha ayi-1-2 kuphela. I-White Sea smelt ayikhuli emifuleni ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ama-5-10.
Smelt, ulingisa indlela yokuziphatha komfowabo omkhulu. Ngokwentando yenhlanhla, uchitha isikhathi esiningi echibini, futhi ugijimela ukuzala emifuleni ngisho nemifudlana egelezela echibini. Indlela eya esizeni sokuzalela i-smelt imfushane: kulinganiselwa emakhulwini wamamitha. Kwesinye isikhathi izindawo zokuzalela zihambelana nezindawo zokuhlala unomphela nokudla.
Ukuzalela kungaqala ku- + 4 ° C. Kuya esigabeni esisebenzayo ngo- + 8 ... + 10 ° C. Ukushisa kwamanzi ikakhulu kunquma isikhathi sokuzala. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, ukuzala kuqala ngoFebhuwari-Mashi. Ukushintshwa ngenyanga eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngo-Mashi-Ephreli, kwenzeka enkabeni yeRussia. OLwandle Olumhlophe, ukuzala kwenzeka ngoMeyi. Emifuleni yaseSiberia - ngoJuni-Julayi.
Abesifazane bazalela wonke amaqanda ngasikhathi sinye. Lokhu kuthatha amahora amaningana. Abesilisa baxhunywe ochungechungeni nabesifazane abaningana, baphonsa ubisi ezingxenyeni ezithile. Ngenxa yalokhu, bachitha isikhathi esiningi ezindaweni zokuzalela kunabesifazane. Yonke le nqubo ivame ukwenzeka ebusuku.
Inhlanzi isondela lapho kuzala khona ngamaqembu, ngamahlumela. Emifuleni emincane nemifudlana, amanzi aqala "ukubilisa" ngezinhlanzi. Izilwane eziningi ezidlayo, kufaka phakathi amagwababa echobana, zilinde lo mzuzu ukuthi zidle inyamazane elula. Kepha inala yokudla ayihlali isikhathi eside. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, ukuzala kuyaphela.
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, umuntu onukayo uthola impahla ethile. Isembozo se-gill nengxenye ye-dorsal yekhanda iba mnyama. Umhlathi ongezansi ucijile. Amaqhubu avela emzimbeni. Kwabesifazane, lezi zinguquko azisho kakhulu.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi ama-tubercles enza ukuthi kubonakale ubulili lapho inhlanzi ihlangana. Endabeni yokuthinta, abantu bobulili obufanayo, izinhlanzi zijikela ezinhlangothini. Abantu bobulili obuhlukile benza eminye imisebenzi yokuhlangana.
Ukuzalela kwenzeka ekujuleni okungajulile. Ezindaweni lapho kune-algae, amatshe, i-driftwood. Okusho ukuthi, yonke into i-caviar enganamathela kuyo. Kuningi kakhulu. Ibeka phansi ngezingqimba. Lapho amanzi ehla, ingxenye yamaqanda iyoma. Ezinye zidliwa yizilwane ezincane zasemanzini, kufaka phakathi nephunga uqobo.
Inani lamaqanda elizalisiwe lincike ohlotsheni nobudala bezinhlanzi. ISmelt ikhiqiza amaqanda ayi-2 000. Izinhlobo ezinkulu - amashumi ezinkulungwane. Abesifazane bezinhlobo ezifanayo, phezulu ekukhuleni kwabo, bafinyelele usayizi wabo omkhulu - kufika kumaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu.
Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu, iqanda liyachamuselwa. Ziya ezansi nomfula. Baqala impilo ezimele. Ukuncibilika onyakeni wesibili wokuphila kungaqhubeka nomjaho. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ukukhula ngokocansi kuhamba kancane. Muva nje, inani labantu baseSiberia base-European smelt selikulungele ukuzala. Lokhu kumthatha kuze kube yiminyaka engu-7.
Intengo
Ukuphunga okusha kungumkhiqizo wendawo. Ngakho-ke, amanani ayo ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene angahluka. Petersburg, isibonelo, intengo nge-kg ngayinye yokuncibilika, ebanjwe namuhla noma izolo, ifinyelela kuma-ruble angama-700. Okukuhumushela esigabeni semikhiqizo ecishe ibe gourmet. Izinhlanzi ezincane zithengiswa zishibhile: ngama-ruble angama-300-500 ngekhilogremu ngalinye.
Ngaphezu kokuncibilika okusha kwonyaka, ungathenga iphunga elifriziwe, elomisiwe, elibhemayo. Kukhiqizwa ukudla okusemathinini. Ngendlela esetshenzisiwe, eyenziwe ngomumo futhi ekheniwe, i-Far East iyathengiswa, okungukuthi, kunuka umlomo omncane. Ngezinhlanzi ezibandisiwe, ungalindela inani lama-ruble angama-200-300 ngekhilogremu ngalinye. Amathini ayi-gram ayi-150 asemathinini asemathinini angabiza umthengi ama-ruble ayi-100-120.
I-Capelin - inuka inhlanzi nesihlobo sayo esiqondile - imvamisa sidayiswa sifriziwe futhi sibheme. Ukudla okusemathinini kwenziwa ngale nhlanzi. Ubudlelwano ne-smelt abufakazelwa nje kuphela ngokufana kwe-morphological, kepha ngokufaniswa kwentengo. Okusho ukuthi, amanani we-capelin ayalingana nawokuncibilika.
Ukudoba nokuthi upheka kanjani kunuka
Zonke izinhlobo ze-smelt zidonsela ukunaka kwabadobi be-amateur. Lokhu kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuqhamuka kwezinhlanzi. ISmelt ibuthana emihlambini bese isondela osebeni lapho iqhwa lingancibiliki okwamanje.
Idlala ezandleni zabo bonke abathandi bokudoba iqhwa kusukela eScandinavia kuya eMpumalanga Ekude naseJapan. ENyakatho Melika, ngokwesibonelo, esifundazweni saseNew England, kunesiko elifanayo lokudoba ukuze kuncibilikiswe iqhwa.
Lokhu kubanjwa kuyinduku yokudoba ebusika nama-jigs abekwe kuma-leashes. Inani lezingwegwe ngomdobi ngamunye akumele leqe izingcezu eziyi-10. Ngokuya ngalokhu, abadobi abathobela umthetho bavamise ukubeka izinduku ezintathu ezinemikhondo emithathu.
Lapho iqhwa liyancibilika, abadobi bakhohlwa yimigodi kanye nezikebhe zasebusika, bathatha amanetha anezikhala ezinhle, amanetha, amalifti. Balinganisa izinhloso zabo ngokumelene nomthetho: bathola amalayisense adingekayo kulolu hlobo lokudoba. Futhi babamba ukunuka ekushoneni kwelanga, kusuka emabhulohweni nasezimbambeni.
Ukuvunwa kwama-artels amancane kunuka ukuhweba. Ukubamba kwazo kuncane kakhulu. Kepha leli bhizinisi ngeke lishabalale ngoba kunuka inhlanzi emnandi. Kukhona intshisekelo yokwanda kwe-gastronomic kuyo. Kusuka esigabeni sokudla kwabampofu, inhlanzi ihamba kancane kancane ibanga lobumnandi.
Yize bevame ukulungisa isidlo esingeyona inkimbinkimbi kuso. Inhlanzi iyakhanywa, iyaxotshwa, ithelwe ngofulawa bese ithosa. Ukwanda kwesimo se-gastronomic se-smelt kuqinisekiswa ngeqiniso elilula. Kusukela emakhishini omphakathi, ukulungiswa kwale nhlanzi kudluliselwe ezandleni zabapheki bezindawo zokudlela.
I-smelt ingahanjiswa nge-white wine ngama-paprika abhakiwe nama-shallots. Noma inhlanzi izobhenywa, ithosiwe ku-breading, isetshenziswe nge-tkemali sauce. Izitsha eziningi ezifanayo, eziyinkimbinkimbi sezivele. Kubandakanya imiqulu yaseJapan, i-terrine kanye nemfashini yesmorrebrod.
Izinzuzo zezinhlanzi ezincibilikayo hhayi kuphela ekunambithekeni kwayo okuhle nephunga elikhethekile. Lokhu ukudla okunomsoco kakhulu. Kunama-kilocalories ayi-100 kumagremu ayi-100. Iqukethe amaminerali amaningi: i-potassium, i-magnesium, ewusizo kuma-cores, i-calcium, eqinisa amathambo, i-iron, i-phosphorus, njalonjalo. Kunamagremu ayi-13.4 wamaprotheni kumagremu ayi-100 ezinhlanzi. Amafutha - 4.5 amagremu.
