Emanzini angajulile we-subtropics, ungabona amagobolondo amancane ama-mollusks, okuvela kuwo izimpondo kanye nemilenze yomuntu ohlala endlini. Umdlavuza ndawonye nendlu ihamba esihlabathini, ishiye imikhondo ngemuva kwayo ezindleleni ezinde. Isidalwa esiqaphileyo asishiyi indawo yokukhosela; lapho izama ukuyihlola, icasha ekujuleni kwegobolondo.
Incazelo nezici
I-hermit crab ibhekwa njengenhlobo ye-decapod crayfish ehlala emanzini olwandle. Igobolondo elingenalutho lembumbulu ngelinye ilanga liba yindlu yalomele, angaze ayishiye ngaphandle kokuxwayisa. Ngemuva komzimba wesilwane kufihlwe ekujuleni kwendawo yokukhosela, kanti ingaphambili lingaphandle kwegobolondo lokuphila impilo esebenzayo.
Inkalankala yeHermit esithombeni ibanjwa njalo endlini, ilungele ukuhamba nomthwalo odlula umthamo wesilwane uqobo. Ubukhulu besakhamuzi esincane bungu-2.5-3 cm ubude. Abamele abakhulu bezinhlobo bakhula bafike ku-10-15 cm, imidondoshiya yezinhlobo ezithile - kufika ku-40 cm.
Igama lesidumbu lesibili yi-pagra. Isisu esinqunu se-crayfish, esingavikelwe yi-chitin, siyisicucu esihlwabusayo sezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye. Umzimba oyisidudla ufakwa egobolondweni elishiyiwe elilingana nenkalankala, lizinze emhubheni ovunguzayo.
Imilenze yangemuva ibamba isilwane ngokuqinile endlini kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukukhipha i-crustacean - ivele iphule ibe yizicucu.
I-Evolution iguqule umdlavuza wagqoka izindlu "zezitayela" ezahlukahlukene, ngakho-ke ayikho impendulo eqondile yokuthi isihlahlana sibukeka kanjani. Esikhathini esiningi, amagobolondo ahlukahlukene ezinhlanzi zasolwandle ahlala phansi, kepha uma engekho eduze, khona-ke isiqu soqalo noma into enosayizi ofanele evikela umzimba wethenda we-crustacean ingaba yindlu.
I-crustacean ayihlaseli iminenke ephilayo, ayizixoshi ngamandla. Kepha ubuhlobo benkalankala nezihlobo akuhlali kufanelekile. Inkalankala enamandla ingaxosha umakhelwane obuthakathaka endlini ukuze kwandiswe ukuphepha kwayo.
Ngenkathi yokukhula kwezilwane, igobolondo kufanele liguqulwe liye kwenye indawo yokukhosela esayizi elifanele. Lokhu akuwona umsebenzi olula, ngoba indlu kufanele ibe lula - umthwalo osindayo we-crustacean kunzima ukuwususa. Ochwepheshe baqaphela ukuthi ama-hermits ahlela ukushintshana ngezindawo zokuhlala.
Umuntu onentshisekelo we-crustacean ushaya indlu kamakhelwane uma efuna ukungena isivumelwano sokuzithandela naye. Uphawu lokwenqaba ukungena kwegobolondo kuvaliwe ngozipho omkhulu. Kuphela ngemuva kokuxazulula ngempumelelo "inkinga yezindlu" lapho isilwane siqala ukukhuluphala.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izimpawu zesifiso sokushintshanisa izindlu zehlukile ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinkalankala. Abanye badonsa udonga lwamazipho lukamakhelwane, abanye banyakazisa amagobolondo abawathandayo, kanti abanye basebenzisa zombili izindlela zokuxhumana. Oxhumana naye osungulwe uyasizakala. Kepha kuyenzeka ukuthi ukungaqondi kahle kwesiginali kuholela ekuvikeleni okuncane noma empini ye-crayfish.
I-crustacean encane inezitha eziningi. Ingozi ethile iziveza ngesikhathi sokushintsha kwezindlu, lapho isidalwa esingenakuzivikela siba isisulu esilula sokuphila kwasolwandle okukhudlwana. Kepha nasendlini, ama-crustaceans asengozini yezingwane, ama-squid, ama-cephalopods, lapho imihlathi eqinile ikwazi ukuchoboza kalula noma iyiphi indlu ye-crustacean.
Izinhlobo
Ama-crustaceans wezilwane abhekwa njengokuvame kakhulu emhlabeni. Izilwane ziyahlukahluka ngombala, ubukhulu, nendawo ezihlala kuyo. Nikeza amakhulu izinhlobo zenkalankala, hhayi konke okuye kwafundwa ngokwanele. Abamele abadume kakhulu baziwa kahle kubahlali basogwini, labo abathanda ukuhlola izakhamuzi zamachibi.
UDiogenes. I-hermit ivame ukutholakala ogwini lolwandle lwase-Anapa. Zishiya imikhondo eyinkimbinkimbi emabhishi anesihlabathi ngamagobolondo amise okwe-tritium abhalwe kabusha. I-crustacean yathola igama layo ngokuhlonipha isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki, esaziwa ngokwenganekwane ngokuhlala emgqonyeni.
Ubungako besilwane sincane, cishe bube ngamasentimitha ama-3. Umbala wethole ungwevu noma upinki. Imilenze iphuma kugobolondo, amehlo ezinhlangeni, izimpondo ezinezimpaphe zezitho zokuthinta nephunga.
UKlibanarius. Izakhamuzi ezisezansi emabhishi amatshe atholakala ezindaweni ezinamadwala. Ama-crustaceans amakhulu makhulu izikhathi eziningana kune-diogens, futhi ahlala emagobolondweni amakhulu e-rapanas. Umbala u-orenji okhanyayo, obomvu, ohambelana nezixhobo zamakhorali.
Isela lesundu. Ngokungafani nama-congener, amagobolondo angenalutho adingeka ngomdlavuza kuphela lapho kusaqala ukukhula. Abantu abadala bayizidlakela zangempela, bakhule bafike kuma-40 cm, isisindo size sibe ngu-4 kg. Abantu bendawo basebenzisa inyama ye-crayfish ukudla. AmaCrayfish ahlala eziqhingini zoLwandlekazi i-Indian, ahola indlela yokuphila esezingeni lomhlaba. Igama linikezwe ngentshisekelo yezithelo zikakhukhunathi eziwela phansi. Umdlavuza uvame ukudideka nenkalankala.
Abathandi be-aquarium bavame ukukhetha izakhamuzi zabo ngohlelo lombala. Abamele okukhanyayo bezinkalankala ezaziwayo bayathandwa:
- ibala legolide;
- izinyawo ezibomvu zaseMexico;
- okunemigqa ewolintshi;
- okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Isakhiwo
Ukubukeka kwezilwane ikakhulukazi kubunjwe ubukhona bazo kugobolondo le-oblong. Ukwakheka kwenkalankala yodwa kungabonakala uma kunezikhathi ezingavamile ngaphandle kwegobolondo. Imvelo inikeze isilwane ukujwayela okuningi esizizwa sivikelekile ngakho. Ingxenye engaphambili yomzimba imbozwe ungqimba olujiyile lwe-chitin.
Igobolondo livikela isilwane ezitheni. Amathambo angaphandle aqinile awakhuli njengoba isilwane sikhula. Ngesikhathi se-molting, inkalankala ikhipha igobolondo layo, okuyinto engavamile. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, kukhula ungqimba olusha lwe-chitinous. Izingubo ezindala, uma zishiywa ku-aquarium lapho kuhlala khona i-crustacean, iba ukudla kwayo.
Uzipho yizikhali eziyinhloko ze-crustacean. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-cephalothorax, umzimba, zibukeka zikhulu. Uzipho lwangakwesokudla, olukhulu, luvimbela ukungena kusinki uma ingozi isongela.
Encane kwesokunxele iyasebenza ekufuneni ukudla. Uzipho lutholakala eduze kwekhanda. Kunezimbili zemilenze yokuhamba eduzane. Bahambisa umdlavuza ebusweni. Eminye imilenze, amapheya amabili afihliwe, amancane kakhulu, awabambiqhaza ekuhambeni.
Ingxenye yomzimba efihlwe kugobolondo, embozwe nge-cuticle ethambile, ayivikelwe yi-chitin. Izimbalo zinikeza ukushintshaniswa kwegesi komzimba. Inkalankala kufanele ifihle umzimba ongavikelekile egobolondweni. Yimilenze emincane impela esiza ukugcina indlu isendlini, ukuvimbela ukuthi indlu ingawi. Imvelo inakekele inhloso yesitho ngasinye.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Inkalankala etholakala ogwini lwaseYurophu, osebeni lwase-Australia, eziqhingini zaseCaribbean. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zihlala emhlabeni wonke ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle nasolwandle ezinomkhumbi ogelezayo, kepha ama-crustaceans nawo ahlala osebeni lomfula olunesihlabathi, emahlathini asogwini.
Zishiya imvelo yasemanzini, zibuyele kuyo kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalanisa. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-hermits ziyajula ngaphansi kwamanzi kuze kufike kumamitha angama-80-90. Isici esiyinhloko usawoti namanzi ahlanzekile.
I-crustacean encane ibhekwa njengesilwane esinesibindi futhi esiqinile. Amandla okuzivikela, ukuphatha ikhaya lakho impilo yakhe yonke, ukwakha ubudlelwano nezihlobo awanikwe konke okuphilayo.
Ama-crustaceans abhekana nengozi enkulu yokuba yizisulu zezilwane ngesikhathi sokushintsha kwendlu. Isikhathi se-tide ephansi sivula izindawo zabo zokuhlala ngaphansi kwamatshe, phakathi kwezihosha. Ama-crustaceans amaningi anesizungu ahlala ku-symbiosis nama-anemone anobuthi, izikelemu ezine-polymerized. Ubukhona obuzuzisa bonke buqinisa iqembu ngalinye ezindabeni zokuzimela kanye nokutholakala kokudla.
Waziwa kabanzi i-hermit crab symbiosis ne- anemone yasolwandle, isihlobo esiseduze se-jellyfish. Bahlala nezimila endaweni yabo, bazisebenzise njengezithwali, bondle izinsalela zokudla. Inkalankala yeHermit kanye nama-anemones ndawonye bhekana nezitha. Ukuhlangana kwezinto ezimbili eziphilayo kuyisibonelo se-symbiosis ezuzisayo - ukuvumelana.
Inzuzo yama-anemone ukuthi, ukuhamba kancane, ayinakho ukudla - izakhamuzi zasolwandle zikhumbula indawo yayo, zigweme ukuvela eduzane. Ukuhamba phezu kwe-carapace yodwa kwandisa amathuba okubamba inyamazane.
Inkalankala yolwandle uthola ukuvikelwa okunamandla - ubuthi be-anemones bubulala izinto ezincane eziphilayo, futhi kubangele ukusha okukhulu kwabakhulu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abantu abahlalisanayo abalimazi. Izinyunyana kwesinye isikhathi ziyahlukana ngenxa yesidingo sokushintsha indawo yokuhlala eminyene ye-crustacean ekhulayo. Isinki engenalutho ayimi idume isikhathi eside, kukhona umqashi omusha, ojabule ngendlu enonogada ophilayo.
Izinyunyana zedlanzana kanye ne-adamsia anemones - impilo yonke. Enkambeni yomsebenzi obalulekile, i-anemone iqedela igobolondo ngesicubu esiyimfihlo, eshesha siqine. I-crustacean akudingeki ifune ikhaya elisha.
Ubudlelwano nesibungu seNereis nabo bakhelwe ekuthakazelaneni. Umqashi endlini ye-crustacean udla izinsalela zokudla, ngesikhathi esifanayo ulungisa igobolondo. UNereis uhlanza izindonga zangaphakathi zendlu, anakekele isisu se-crustacean, asuse wonke ama-parasites. Ubudlelwano benkalankala yomakhelwane nomakhelwane buyithenda kakhulu, noma ngabe uma ethanda, angamchoboza kalula umuntu owayehlala naye. Umdlavuza omdala yisilwane esikhulu futhi esinamandla.
Isici esibalulekile sempilo yedlozi yisimo sokuhlanzeka kwedamu. Inani elikhulu labantu abahlala ogwini liwuphawu lokuphepha kwemvelo. Ngeshwa, ukungcoliswa kwezilwandle zaseYurophu kubanga ukwehla kwabantu.
Umsebenzi uhambisana nomdlavuza nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku. Basohambweni oluqhubekayo lokufuna ukudla. Ukwamukelwa ngamandla kubadudulela kulokhu. Basika izinhlanzi ezifile emathanjeni angenalutho emahoreni ambalwa.
Izisebenzi zokuzilibazisa zesimanje zigcina izinkalankala ezigcina amanzi. Ukunakekela izakhamuzi kulula. Kubalulekile ukunciphisa kancane kancane izilwane emanzini e-aquarium.
Ukushintshwa kwendawo yokuhlala kwesinye isikhathi kubonakala ekuncibilikeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwe-crayfish. Ukubuka ukuziphatha kwezilwane kuyajabulisa kakhulu. Banobungane kakhulu nezinye izakhamuzi ze-aquarium, abalokothi babonise ulaka.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ukudla kwama-hermit crabs kuyahluka ngesifunda. Ngokuvamile, zingama-omnivorous - zidla ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane. Ukudla kufaka ama-annelids, ama-molluscs, amanye ama-crustaceans, ama-echinoderms. Ungadeleli izinhlanzi ezifile, ezinye izidumbu.
Babheka ukudla endaweni engenayo nephumayo yogu, ezindaweni ezinamadwala. Ulwelwe, ukunamathela kwamaqanda, izinsalela zedili lomunye umuntu - konke kuzoba yisibiliboco se-crayfish. Izilwane ezisemhlabeni zidla izithelo ezifile, izinambuzane ezincane, ukhukhunathi.
Izakhamizi zasemanzini zisebenzisa ukudla okukhethekile noma yini evela etafuleni lesidlo - inyama, okusanhlamvu, i-oats egoqiwe, ukudla. Izimila zasolwandle ezomile, izingcezu zezithelo zizothuthukisa ukudla ngamavithamini.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Intwasahlobo nehlobo yizikhathi zombango phakathi kwabesilisa kwabesifazane, ezinikezwa indima enkulu enqubeni yokuzalanisa. Zikhiqiza amaqanda, zithwala inzalo yesikhathi esizayo (kufika kubantu abayi-15,000) esiswini. Esontweni, izibungu ziyakhiwa, zilungele impilo ezimele emanzini.
Kunezigaba ezine ze-molting, lapho kwakhiwa khona izinkalankala ezincane ezihlala phansi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wabasakhulayo ukuthola ngokushesha igobolondo lokukhosela, baze babe ukudla kwezilwane ezizingela emanzini.
Akuwona wonke umuntu osinda esigabeni sokuhlala. Izibungu eziningi ziyafa ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa. Ngokwemvelo, inqubo yokukhiqiza kabusha ama-crustaceans unyaka wonke. Ekuthunjweni, ama-hermits awavelisi inzalo. Isikhathi sokuphila se-crustacean esakhiwe yiminyaka eyi-10-11.
Ukubaluleka kwenkalankala
Izakhamizi ezingama-crustacean ziyizindledlana zangempela zamachibi. Inkalankala kungathiwa ihlanza ulwandle ngempela. Indlela yokuphila yezilwane ezinhle ikuvumela ukuthi ususe izidumbu zemvelo eziphilayo.
Abanikazi bamathangi amakhulu babona ukubaluleka okukhulu kwenkalankala yokuhlanzeka kwe-aquarium. Izinhlobo ezibomvu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zama-crustaceans ziphawuleka kakhulu ekwakheni ukuhleleka kwendle. Ukususa i-cyanobacteria, i-detritus, nezinto eziningi eziyingozi echibini lokufakelwa kwenzeka ngendlela yemvelo ngenxa yezinkalankala ezimangalisayo.
