Maphakathi nekhulu le-18, uKarl Linnaeus wafaka ukuhleleka kukaPelecaniformes ohlelweni lwakhe lwezinto eziphilayo. Leli butho lakha umndeni wama-pelican (Pelecanidae), afaka phakathi ivuba elibomvana (UPelecanus onocrotalus).
Lezi zinyoni zathola ingxenye yokuqala yegama elithi “pink” ngombala wezimpaphe zazo. Ingxenye yesibili ikhombisa ubukhulu bomlomo: igama lesiLatini elithi pelicanus lisho izembe. Ngaphezu kwegama elamukelwayo i-pink pelican, kukhona amagama e-pelican emhlophe, i-pelican enkulu emhlophe ne-pelican white.
Igama elidumile lizwakala njenge "bird baba". Lesi sidlaliso sisuselwa ezimpandeni zeTurkic. Ingachazwa ngokuthi "inyoni engumzali". Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sengqondo ngenzalo yalezi zinyoni siyinganekwane.
Inganekwane yokuthi inyoni yaklebhula kanjani inyama yayo futhi yanikeza igazi amatshwele yaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kobuKristu. IPelican namuhla ifanekisela uthando lokuzinikela esizukulwaneni esisha.
Incazelo nezici
Umlomo ovelele yisici esiyinhloko sale nyoni. Kubantu abadala, ingafinyelela kumasentimitha angama-29-47. Intamo yinde, igobile ngokuma kohlamvu "s". Uqhwaku olusindayo lukuphoqa ukuthi ugcine intamo nekhanda lakho emhlane isikhathi esiningi.
Kukhona nezinye izici ezivelele futhi. I-pelican inesisindo esingu-10-15 kilograms I-pelican e-pink curly Yisona kuphela isihlobo esisinda ngaphezulu. Iphiko lifinyelela kumamitha ayi-3.6. Ngokwalesi sikhombi, le nyoni iba sesibili. I-albatross enkulu kuphela enamaphiko amakhulu.
Ubude benyoni kusukela ekuqaleni komlomo kuze kube sekupheleni komsila yi-1.75-1.85 metres. Ubude bomsila bufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-20. Ama-paw aqinile, amafushane: kusuka kumasentimitha ayi-13 kuye kwayi-15. Abesifazane bancanyana ngamaphesenti ayi-10-15 kunabesilisa. I-oda lama-pelicans linegama lesibili: ama-copepods. Ngenxa yokwelukwa okuxhuma izinzwane.
Izimpaphe zale nyoni zimhlophe ngombala obomvana, oqina engxenyeni yesisu yomzimba. Izimpaphe ezinkulu zokundiza zinabalandeli abamnyama, izinduku ezimhlophe. Lezi zesibili zinabalandeli abampunga.
Izindawo ezizungeze amehlo azinazo izimpaphe, isikhumba sinombala opinki. Uqhwaku lunensimbi-mpunga ngethiphu ebomvu kanye nomgqomo obomvu womhlathi ongaphezulu. Umhlathi ongezansi uxhunywe esikhwameni somphimbo. Lesi sikhwama esinwebekayo simpunga ngomthunzi ophuzi noma okhilimu.
Izinhlobo ezingaphansi
Kuhlala ivuba elibomvana ezindaweni ezinkulu ezisukela eMpumalanga Yurophu kuya eningizimu ye-Afrika kanye naseBalkan kuya ePhilippines. Noma kunjalo, akukho ngisho neyodwa i-subspecies eyakhiwe ngaphakathi kwalolu hlobo. Imiphakathi yasendaweni iyahluka ngemibala yayo, usayizi, nemininingwane yokwakheka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukahluka komuntu ngamunye kuyakhiwa. Kepha lokhu kwehluka akubalulekile, futhi akunikezi izizathu zokuhlukanisa noma yibaphi abantu njengama-subspecies azimele. Yize behlala ezimeni ezihluke kakhulu i-pink pelican - inyoni uhlobo lwe-monotypic.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
AmaPelican agcina emihlambini esuka kumayunithi amaningana kuya kwamakhulu amaningana abantu. Imihlambi ifaka phakathi izinyoni zeminyaka yonke. Lezi yizinyoni eziphilayo, zihlala kahle nezinye izinyoni. Kunezikhathi lapho abesilisa beba nolaka kakhulu. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.
Ukungqubuzana akufani neze nokulwa kwangempela futhi kunalokho kuyabonisa ngokwemvelo. Le nyoni idonsa uqhwaku lwayo, iyishaye iye ngasesitha. Yenza imisindo njengokukhononda kwengulube. Umphikisi uyasuswa noma aphendule ngezenzo ezifanayo.
Ngenhlanhla, omunye wabahlanganyeli ubamba omunye umlomo. Utshekise ikhanda lakhe ngamandla futhi ulilungise (ikhanda lomphikisi) kule ndawo imizuzwana emi-2-3. Yilapho i-duel iphela khona. Izinsikazi zikhombisa ukulungela ukuzivikela nokuhlasela lapho zichanyuselwa. Ukuba sesidlekeni, insikazi ayivumeli abantu abangabazi basondele kunamamitha kude.
Ukusondela kwenyoni kuye uqobo kanye nesidleke somunye umuntu kwenziwa ngokwenkambiso ethile. Lisondela esidlekeni salo, ivuba lenza imisindo yokuthimula. Insikazi ishiya isidleke ikhothamise ikhanda. Izinyoni zidlula ezidlekeni zabanye abantu ezinamaphiko avuleke kancane, intamo noqhwaku lwelulelwe phezulu.
Izidleke zitholakala endaweni engafinyeleleki ezilwaneni ezidliwayo: emahlathini ezimila zasemanzini. Eziqhingini ezakhiwe ngomhlanga no-algae, amagobolondo angajulile namadiphozi enhlabathi. Izindawo ezinjalo zomhlambi zitholakala emizimbeni yamanzi amnandi nasawoti, amaxhaphozi, ezindaweni ezingezansi zemifula emikhulu. Ukusuka ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke, imihlambi ingahamba ifune izindawo ezinothe kakhulu ngezinhlanzi.
Kukhona kokubili ukuhlala phansi kanye nokufuduka kwabantu. Umhlambi ungachitha ubusika nehlobo e-Afrika noma undizele lapho ebusika. Abafuduki bavame ukuzihlanganisa nemihlambi yendawo. Ngenxa yalokho, kunzima kakhulu ukuthola isilinganiso sokuhamba, isilinganiso sezinyoni zasebusika nezinyakazayo ezifudukayo. Ukukhala okusetshenziswa ababheki bezinyoni ukuthola izindlela nezinga lokufuduka akukakakhiqizi imiphumela yekhwalithi.
Ukudla okunomsoco
AmaPelican adla izinhlanzi kuphela. Inqubo yokuyibamba iyaphawuleka. Izinyoni zisebenzisa ukudla okuhlangene, okungajwayelekile kakhulu phakathi kwezinyoni. Bayafola. Zishaya amaphiko azo, zibanga umsindo omkhulu futhi zihambe kancane ziye ngasogwini. Ngakho-ke, inhlanzi iqhutshelwa emanzini angajulile, lapho ibanjwa khona yizinhlanzi.
Abukho ubufakazi obunokwethenjelwa bokuthi lolu hlobo lungatshuza. I-pink pelican esithombeni noma kuvidiyo wehlisela umlomo kuphela, ikhanda nentamo emanzini. Inqubo yokudoba iyefana nokuqoqa izinhlanzi ngebhakede. Ama-anglers enenhlanhla angajoyinwa ama-cormorants noma ezinye izinyoni zamanzi.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ngaphambi kokuba kuqale izidleke, umhlambi ngamunye uqoqana ungene emakoloni amakhulu. Le miphakathi ingabala izinkulungwane zabantu ngabanye. Ngemuva kokuthi umhlambi ujoyine ikoloni elijwayelekile, ukuqala kokubhangqa kuyaqala. Izinyoni zizodwa, kepha imindeni igcinwa kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.
Lapho kukhethwa umlingani, abesilisa abangashadile bahlangana ngamaqembu futhi bazibonakalise ngokuphakamisa amakhanda nokwenza imisindo efana nokukhala. Ngemuva kwalokho ukulandela okwenziwa ngabesifazane kuhlelekile. Kungaba nama-cavaliers amaningana afuna ukuphindaphinda.
Bese kuvela izingxabano ezimfushane, lapho kunqunywa khona owesilisa onamandla kakhulu futhi osebenzayo. Isigaba sokuqala sokubhangqa siyaphela. Izinyoni ziqala ukushelana.
Ukuhamba ngoseyili, izindiza ezimfushane ezihlangene, ukuhamba emhlabeni kufakiwe ohlelweni lokudlala ngothando. Kulokhu, kwamukelwa izimo ezikhethekile futhi kukhishwa imisindo ekhethekile. Ukuqomisana kugcina ngokuthola indawo yokwakha isidleke.
Lo mbhangqwana uzungeza yonke insimu efanele le njongo. Ngesikhathi kukhethwa isiza esikahle, lo mbhangqwana ungahlaselwa ngabanye abafakizicelo. Ukuvikelwa kwesiza esidlekeni esizayo kwenzeka ngenkuthalo, kepha ngaphandle kokulimala.
Ngemuva kokukhetha isiza sokwakha isidleke, ukukhwelana kuyenzeka. Emini, izinyoni zixhuma izikhathi eziningana. Ngemuva kokuhlangana, ukuqala kwesidleke kuqala. Umakhi omkhulu ngowesifazane. Indoda iletha amagatsha, utshani, umhlanga.
Ukweba komakhelwane akubhekwa njengehlazo kunoma iyiphi inyoni yezinyoni. AmaPelican athambekele kulolu hlobo lokukhishwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Isisekelo sesidleke singaba yimitha elilodwa ububanzi. Isakhiwo sikhuphuka ukuphakama ngamasentimitha angama-30-60.
Insikazi izalela amaqanda amabili kuphela ngezikhathi zosuku olulodwa noma ezimbili. Kusukela lapho iqanda lokuqala livela esidlekeni, ukuqandusela kuyaqala. Lokhu kwenziwa ngowesifazane. Kwesinye isikhathi owesilisa ungene esikhundleni sakhe. Uma i-clutch ifa kungakapheli izinsuku eziyi-10, amaqanda angabekwa futhi.
Ukufukamela kuyaphela ngezinsuku ezingama-30-40. Zonke izithandani ezisemhlambini zinamachwane ngasikhathi sinye. Achanyuselwa enqunu, agcwala ukukhukhumala kuphela ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu. Bobabili abazali babambe iqhaza ekondleni. Ekuqaleni, izilwane ezincane azenzi lutho ngokudla futhi abazali kufanele bakhuthaze ukudla.
Lapho-ke isizukulwane esisha siqala ukunambitha futhi sikhuphuke ngamandla sifune ukudla ngomlomo nangomphimbo womzali. Lapho isonto elilodwa ubudala, amaphuphu asuka ekudleni okugayiwe kancane aya ezinhlanzini ezincane. Njengoba abadlayo bekhula, ubukhulu bezinhlanzi izinyoni ezindala abazondla ngabo buyakhula. Isikhwama somphimbo sisetshenziswa njenge-feeder.
Lezi zithandani zondla amaphuphu amabili, kodwa zineminyaka ehlukene. Endala ichamusela usuku olulodwa noma ezimbili ngaphambi kwalokho. Inkulu kunechwane lesibili. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngaphandle kwesizathu, ihlasela isihlobo esincane, isishaye ngomlomo nangamaphiko. Kepha ekugcineni, lo mbhangqwana uyakwazi ukondla zombili izilwane ezifuywayo.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20-30, amaphuphu ashiya isidleke. Umhlambi wezilwane ezincane wenziwa. Zibhukuda ndawonye, kepha zondla kuphela abazali bazo. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-55 zizelwe, amaphuphu aqala ukuzidobela ngokwawo. Lapho izinsuku ezingama-65-75 zidlula kusukela ekuzalweni, izinzwani zentsha ziqala ukundiza futhi zilahlekelwe ukuncika kubazali bazo. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, izinyoni sezikulungele ukukhwelana.
Naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo, izinyoni ezinombala opinki, njengezinye izinyoni ezi-semiaquatic, zisengozini yokuhlaselwa yizilwane ezidlayo. Izimpungushe, ezinye izidalwa ezinesilinganiso esiphakathi nendawo, kwesinye isikhathi zithola indlela yokuya esikoloni sezinyoni. Bacekela phansi imikhuhlane, babulala amaphuphu, futhi bahlasela izinyoni ezindala.
Izinkumbi zingabandakanyeka ekuchitheni izidleke. Kepha ukuhlaselwa yizilwane akulimazi kangako. Inkinga enkulu idalwa yimisebenzi yabantu yezomnotho. Ekhulwini lama-20 nelama-21, kunokwehla okuqhubekayo kwenani lama-pelican. Manje inani lalezi zinyoni lingamabhangqa ayizinkulungwane ezingama-90. Ngenxa yalezi zinombolo i-pink pelican encwadini ebomvu uthole isimo se-LC (Ukukhathazeka Okungencane).
Amaphesenti angama-80 abantu bonke atholakala e-Afrika. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokwakha izidleke zase-Afrika yiMauritania National Park. Abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-15-20 bakha izidleke eningizimu ye-Asia. Kuyo yonke iPalaearctic, yizibonelo eziyizinkulungwane ezi-5-10 kuphela ezizama ukukhiqiza.
Lokho okungukuthi, izindawo ezihlukile, zendabuko zale nyoni, zingavakashelwa ngamashumi amaningi, okungenani, amakhulu ezinyoni. Ngakho-ke, yonke indawo inyoni ingaphansi kokuvikelwa kombuso.
