Izinkawu ezisenyakatho kakhulu futhi, ngokunengqondo, ziqina kakhulu ezweni laseLangeni. Igama lesayensi lalolu hlobo yi-Japanese macaque (hhayi i-macaque, njengoba sasivame ukusho).
Incazelo ye-macaque yaseJapan
Kuze kube manje, ama-subspecies ama-2 ama-macaque aseJapan, angabomndeni wezinkawu, achaziwe... Lawa yi-Macaca fuscata yakui (enamasokhethi wamehlo amise okweqanda), ahlala kuphela esiqhingini saseYakushima, kanye neMacaca fuscata fuscata (enamasokhethi wamehlo ayindilinga), ahlala kwezinye iziqhingi eziningana.
Ukubukeka
Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-macaque, izinkawu zaseJapan zibukeka zinamandla amakhulu, ziqinile futhi zisinda. Abesilisa bakhula bacishe babe imitha (0.8-0.95 m), bathola kufika ku-11 kg. Abesifazane bancanyana kancane futhi bayakhanya (isisindo esimaphakathi singeqi ku-9 kg). Intshebe nokushiswa emaceleni, isici sabo bobabili ubulili, akuphazamisi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, ngoba i-dimorphism yezocansi iyabonakala.
Ngobusika, uboya obude buhambisana nengubo yangaphansi ekhulayo ekhulayo. Izinwele ezinde kunazo zonke zitholakala emahlombe, izinyawo zangaphambili nasemhlane, kanti izinwele ezimfushane kakhulu zitholakala esiswini nasesifubeni. Uboya bunemibala ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene: kusuka kokumpunga-oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuye kokumpunga nsundu nomnqumo onombala onsundu. Isisu sihlala sikhanya ukwedlula iqolo nezitho zomzimba.
Imengamo eyindilinga ilengele phezu kwamehlo, okuyizinto ezincanyana kakhulu kwabesilisa. Indawo ethuthuke kakhulu ebuchosheni yi-cerebral cortex.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umbono we-macaque ukhule ngokwedlulele (uma uqhathanisa nezinye izinzwa) futhi ufana kakhulu nowabantu. I-stereoscopic: inkawu ilinganisela ibanga futhi ibona isithombe esinobukhulu obuthathu.
I-macaque yaseJapan inezikhwama zezihlathi - ukuphuma kwesikhumba kwangaphakathi ngapha nangapha komlomo, kulenga phansi esilevini. Izitho zineminwe emihlanu, lapho isithupha siphikisana nokunye. Isundu elinjalo likuvumela ukuthi ubambe izinto zombili futhi uzisebenzise kalula.
I-macaque yaseJapan inamaqhubu amancane e-ischial (ejwayelekile yazo zonke izinkawu), futhi umsila awukhuli ubude obungaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-10. Ngenkathi inkawu ikhula, isikhumba sayo esikhanyayo (embotsheni nasemsileni) siba pinki ngokujulile size sibomvu ngisho nokubomvu.
Indlela yokuphila, umlingiswa
Ama-macaque aseJapan ayasebenza emini, afuna ukudla endaweni ayithandayo kuzo zozine izinyawo... Abesifazane bahlala kakhulu ezihlahleni, kanti abesilisa bavame ukuzulazula emhlabeni. Izikhathi zokufuna ukudla okunomdlandla zidlula ekuphumuleni, lapho ama-macaque exhumana, elele noma ehlafuna izinqolobane.
Imvamisa, ngesikhathi sokuphumula, izilwane zihlanza uboya bezihlobo zazo. Lolu hlobo lokuzilungisa lenza imisebenzi emi-2, ehlanzekile neyenhlalo. Esimweni sokugcina, ama-macaque akha futhi aqinisa ubudlelwano ngaphakathi kweqembu. Ngakho-ke, zinde futhi zihlanze ngokucophelela uboya bomuntu ovelele, ziveza inhlonipho yazo ekhethekile futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, ngethemba lokuthi izomxhasa esimweni sokungqubuzana.
Ubukhosi obuphezulu
Ama-macaque aseJapan akha umphakathi (abantu abayi-10-100) onendawo engaguquki, eholwa owesilisa omkhulu, ohluke kakhulu emandleni njengasekuhlakanipheni. Ukuzungezisa owesilisa we-alpha kungenzeka uma kwenzeka eshona noma lapho iqembu langaphambili lihlukana kabili. Ukukhethwa komholi kwenziwa ngowesifazane ovelele noma abesifazane abaningi abaxhunywe ngegazi kanye nezibopho zomphakathi.
Kukhona futhi uhlelo lokuthambisa / lokubusa phakathi kwabesifazane, futhi kwavela ukuthi amadodakazi azuza njengefa isikhundla sikanina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, odade abasebasha bakhuphuka ngesinyathelo esisodwa kunodade asebekhulile.
Amadodakazi, noma ekhula, awashiyi omama bawo, kuyilapho amadodana eshiya umndeni, enza izinkampani ze-bachelor. Kwesinye isikhathi bahlangana namaqembu angaphandle kwamaqembu, lapho kukhona abesifazane, kepha bahlala endaweni ephansi lapha.
Amasiginali womsindo
I-macaque yaseJapane njengesilwane esidlangalaleni idinga ukuxhumana njalo nezihlobo nezinkawu ezingabazi, okusebenzisa i-arsenal ebanzi yemisindo, ukushukuma komzimba nobuso.
Ama-Zoologists ahlukanise izinhlobo eziyisithupha zezimpawu zomlomo, ethola ukuthi uhhafu wazo unobungane:
- ukuthula;
- usana;
- isexwayiso;
- ukuvikela;
- ngesikhathi se-estrus;
- nolaka.
Kuyathakazelisa! Lapho udabula ehlathini nangesikhathi sokudla, ama-macaque aseJapan akhipha imisindo ethize esiza amalungu eqembu ukuthi anqume ukuthi akuphi.
Ikhono lokufunda
Ngo-1950, izazi zezinto eziphilayo e-University of Tokyo zanquma ukuqeqesha ama-macaque aqhubeka aphila cishe. IKosima, kuya kubhatata (ubhatata), isakazeka phansi. Ngo-1952, basebevele bedla ubhatata, bexubha isihlabathi nenhlabathi ngezidladla zabo, kwaze kwaba yilapho u-Imo oneminyaka engu-1.5 ubudala egeza ubhatata emanzini omfula.
Ukuziphatha kwakhe kwakulingiswa ngudadewabo nonina, kwathi ngo-1959, ama-macaque amancane ayi-15 kwayi-19 nezinkawu ezindala ezi-2 kwezilishumi nanye babegeza izigaxa emfuleni. Ngo-1962, umkhuba wokugeza ubhatata ngaphambi kokudla wasungulwa cishe kuwo wonke ama-macaque aseJapan, ngaphandle kwalabo abazalwa ngaphambi kuka-1950.
Namuhla, ama-macaque aseJapan nawo angageza ukolweni oxutshwe nesihlabathi: baphonsa ingxube emanzini, behlukanisa zombili izithako. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, ama-macaque afunde ukwenza ama-snowballs. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziphakamisa ukuthi yile ndlela ezikubopha ngayo ukudla okweqile eqhweni, ezizokudla kamuva.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Ngokwemvelo, ama-macaque aseJapan aphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-25-30, ekuthunjweni - ngaphezulu... Ngokuya kwesikhathi sokuphila, abesifazane bahamba kancane kwabesilisa: abangaphambilini babephila (ngokwesilinganiso) iminyaka engama-32, kanti eyokugcina - cishe iminyaka engama-28.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ububanzi bemvelo be-macaque yaseJapan buhlanganisa iziqhingi ezintathu - iKyushu, iShikoku neHonshu.
Esiqhingini saseYakushima, eseningizimu kakhulu eziqhingini zaseJapan, kuneMacaca fuscata yakui, i-subspecies ezimele yama-macaque. Abamele lesi sizwe abahlukile hhayi ngokuma kwezisekelo zabo zamehlo noboya obufushane, kepha futhi nakwezinye izici zokuziphatha.
Abavakashi abeza ukuzobona izinkawu ezinamaqhwa ngokuvamile bazibiza ngokuthi ama-snow macaques.... Ngempela, izilwane sezijwayeze isikhathi eside iqhwa (elingancibiliki cishe izinyanga ezine ngonyaka) nesimo sezulu esibandayo, lapho izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ligcinwa cishe ku -5 ° C.
Ukuze bazisindise ku-hypothermia, ama-macaque ehlela emithonjeni eshisayo. Okuwukuphela kokubi kokushisa okunjalo uboya obumanzi, obamba emakhazeni lapho ushiya umthombo. Futhi kufanele ushiye "ukugeza" okufudumele ukuze uthole isidlo esijwayelekile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-macaque eza nendlela yokuphuma, ashiya "oweta" abambalwa emhlabathini, aletha isidlo sakusihlwa kulabo abahlala emithonjeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izivakashi ezinesihawu zondla lezi zinkawu ezibhasikidi.
Ama-Snow macaque akagcinanga ngokuhlala kuwo wonke amahlathi aseJapan kusuka ezindaweni eziphakeme kuya ezindaweni ezishisayo, kepha futhi angena ezwenikazi laseNyakatho Melika.
Ngo-1972, omunye wabalimi waletha izinkawu eziyi-150 epulazini lakhe e-United States, okwathi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva zathola izikhala ocingweni lwabaleka. Yile ndlela abantu abazimele bama-macaque aseJapan abavela ngayo eTexas.
EJapan, nokho, lezi zinkawu zibhekwa njengomcebo kazwelonke futhi zivikelwe ngokucophelela ezingeni likahulumeni.
Ukudla kwe-macaque kwaseJapan
Lezi zinhlobo zezinkawu azikhethi ngokuphelele ekudleni futhi azikho izintandokazi ze-gastronomic. Izazi zezilwane zilinganisela ukuthi kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaba ngu-213 ezidliwa kalula ngama-macaque aseJapan.
Imenyu yenkawu (ikakhulukazi ngenkathi ebandayo) ifaka:
- amahlumela namagxolo ezihlahla;
- amaqabunga nama-rhizomes;
- amantongomane nezithelo;
- ama-crustaceans, izinhlanzi nama-molluscs;
- ama-vertebrate amancane nezinambuzane;
- amaqanda ezinyoni;
- imfucuza yokudla.
Uma kunokudla okuningi, izilwane zisebenzisa izikhwama zezihlathi ukuzigcwalisa ngokudla okulondoloziwe. Lapho kufika isikhathi sokudla kwasemini, izinkawu zihlala phansi ziyophumula zikhiphe ukudla okufihlwe ezihlathini zazo, okungelula kangako ukukwenza. Umzamo ojwayelekile wemisipha uyashoda futhi izinkawu zisebenzisa izandla zazo ukucindezela izimpahla ezivela esikhwameni zingene emlonyeni wazo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngisho noma udla, ama-macaque alandela ukulandela isigaba esiqinile. Umholi uqala ukudla kuqala, bese kuba yilabo abasezingeni eliphansi. Ngokumangazayo, izidumbu ezimbi kunazo zonke ziya ezinkawini ezinesimo esiphansi senhlalo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Lapho kuzalaniswa, ama-macaque aseJapan ahambisana nenkathi ethile yesizini, ebasiza ukujwayela izimo zokuphila ezinzima. Isikhathi sokukhwela ngokwesintu sandisiwe phakathi kukaMashi noSepthemba.
Abesifazane bavuthwa ngokocansi cishe ngeminyaka eyi-3.5 ubudala, abesilisa ngemuva konyaka, eminyakeni engu-4.5... Ukuqomisana kuthathwa njengesigaba esisemqoka: ngalesi sikhathi, abesifazane babhekisisa abalingani babo, bakhethe abanolwazi kakhulu nabanamandla.
Umholi okokuqala uhlanganisa abesifazane abakhulu, futhi bonke abanye besifazane bahlangana nabesilisa abavuthiwe ngokocansi abasezingeni eliphansi, abangaphenduli ezinsolweni zabakhongi abasebasha. Kungakho owokugcina (efuna umngane ohlangothini) bavame ukushiya iqembu labo lendabuko, kepha imvamisa babuya ebusika.
Ngemuva kokunquma umbhangqwana, izinkawu zihlala ndawonye okungenani usuku olulodwa nengxenye: ziyadla, ziyaphumula futhi ziya ocansini. Ukuqala kokukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-170-180 futhi kuphetha ngokubeletha ekhoneni elithile elifihlekile budebuduze nesizwe.
Kwi-macaque yaseJapan, inzalo ngesimo sewundlu elilodwa iyisici, amawele azalwa ngokungajwayelekile (ikesi elilodwa kwabangu-488 abazalwayo). Usana olusanda kuzalwa, ngemuva kwamahora amabili, seluvele lunamathele kumama, lunesisindo esingu-0.5-0.55 kg. Ngenyanga yokuqala, ingane ilenga, ibambe uboya esifubeni, bese iya emhlane kanina.
Umndeni wonke omkhulu ulinde ukuzalwa kwe-macaque encane, futhi abesifazane bayafika bayithinte ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalwa. Odade asebekhulile no-anti bayaqhubeka nokunakekela omncane njengoba ekhula, beba izelamani ezizinikele nabadlala nabo. Kepha uma ubumnandi buba nodlame kakhulu, izinyane liyaphunyuka kubo ezandleni zomama.
AmaMacaque alunyulwa ezinyangeni eziyi-6-8, kwesinye isikhathi ngonyaka noma kamuva (eminyakeni engu-2,5), inqobo nje uma umama engazalanga umntwana omusha ngalesi sikhathi. Ngokumisa ukuncelisa, umama uyaqhubeka nokumbambatha, emfudumeza ngobusuku obubandayo basebusika futhi emvikela engozini.
Okukhathaza kakhulu ukukhulisa izinyane kuwela emahlombe omzali: abesilisa abavamile ukubandakanyeka kule nqubo. Ngaphandle kothando lomama, amazinga okufa kwezinsana kuma-macaque aseJapan aphakeme - 28.5%.
Kuyathakazelisa!I-macaque esekhulile yaziwa njengelungu eligcwele lomphakathi wobusha lapho iba neminyaka emithathu ubudala.
Izitha zemvelo
Endle, lezi zilwane zinezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye. Usongo olukhulu lubangelwa ukhozi olusezintabeni, impisi yaseJapan, uklebe, i-raccoon, izinja zasendle kanye, maye, abantu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-1998 kuphela, kwaqothulwa ama-macaque aseJapane angaphezu kwayizinkulungwane eziyishumi, abekwa njengezinambuzane zezolimo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Kulezi zinsuku, i-macaque yaseJapan ivikelwe, akekho noyedwa oyizingelayo, noma kunjalo, lolu hlobo lufakiwe kwiCITES II Convention, evimbela ukuthengiswa kwalezi zinkawu. Inani labantu eliphelele lama-macaque aseJapan lilinganiselwa ku-114.5 ayizinkulungwane.
