Incazelo nezici
Eqenjini lamagundane i-beaver kubhekwa cishe njengabakhulu kunabo bonke ababamele. ENingizimu Nenkabazwe, ayinabukhulu obulinganayo. Kepha eNtshonalanga, yi-capybara kuphela engaqhathaniswa nabo - isilwane esincelisayo esinobungani ngosayizi phakathi kwamagundane azo zonke izilwane zeplanethi.
Ngokuqondene nama-beaver, lawo ahlala endaweni yase-Eurasia anemitha, futhi nangaphezulu, ubukhulu, kanti isisindo sawo sifinyelela kuma-32 kg. Kodwa-ke, eCanada kukhona abameleli bomndeni we-beaver futhi baningi kakhulu. Isisindo sabantu asebekhulile sikwazi ukufinyelela kuma-45 kg.
Esithombeni, i-beaver ejwayelekile
Futhi akusikho lokho ama-beavers OkweMhlaba Omusha kukhulu ngokuyisisekelo (imvamisa kuphambene nje), zikhula nje hhayi ebusheni kuphela, kodwa empilweni yonke, ngakho-ke ziyakwazi ukuziqhayisa ngezinkomba zesisindo somzimba ngokuguga. Ngasikhathi sinye, emncintiswaneni wabobulili obufanayo kulezi zilwane ezihlala kuwo womabili la mazwekazi, yizibonelo zesigamu sabesifazane esilawula kukho konke, kufaka phakathi ubukhulu nobukhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa futhi ukuthi okhokho bama-beaver anamuhla - izidalwa ezaqala ngokuya ngemithombo eyahlukahlukene e-Asia noma eNyakatho Melika ngasekupheleni kwe-Eocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-40 eyedlule) futhi zaba khona eMhlabeni kamuva - zazicishe zibe ngamamitha amathathu ngosayizi nobunzima obucishe bube ama-350 kg (lokhu kukhulunywa kahle okufakazelwa yizibonelo zezinsalela zakudala zalezo zikhathi, ezifundwa yizazi ze-paleontologists).
I-beaver yesimanje inezici ezilandelayo. Umzimba wayo ubukeka umangele ngenxa yemilenze emifushane ngokungalingani, futhi izitho ngokwazo zineminwe emihlanu, ifakwe uzipho olunamandla. Inhloko yesilwane incane, isifonyo sihlangene, ibunzi liyathambeka.
Amehlo ahlukaniswa yimibuthano emincane emnyama, kanye nekhala elikhulu impela. Izindlebe zama-beaver zibanzi, zifushane, njengokungathi zivundululiwe. Lezi yizidalwa ezinamanzi amancane, ngakho-ke, ngokwemvelo, zinemininingwane eminingi yokubukeka okubasiza ukuba baphile ngokunethezeka kule ndawo.
Futhi okokuqala, lokhu kungulwelwesi lwezidladla kanye nomsila omise okwe-oar ombozwe uboya obuncane nezikali ze-horny, kanye noboya obucishe bube manzi ngokuphelele. Lesi sakamuva sinengubo yangaphansi ewugqinsi, ethambile, ngaphezulu kwayo kukhula izinwele ezijiyile neziqinile. Lobo boya buyacwebezela futhi buhle ngendlela emangalisayo, bungaba mnyama, i-chestnut ezinhlobonhlobo zemibala noma nsundu emnyama.
Izinhlobo zeBeverver
Umndeni we-beaver ngezikhathi zangaphambi komlando wawubanzi kakhulu kunamanje. Kodwa namuhla kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela, esesishilo ngenhla, ngoba zihlukaniswe ngokunembile ngokwezindawo zazo.
UMfula iBeaver
Lezi yizinhlobo zase-Eurasia naseCanada. Kuhlala kuphela ukubachaza ngokuningiliziwe, besho ngasikhathi sinye ukuthi bobabili babhekwa njengezinsalela. Kuze kube manje, phakathi kwamagundane, njengoba kutholwa yizazi zezakhi zofuzo, ama-beavers awanazo izihlobo eziseduze, yize phambilini zazithathwa njenge-suborder ye-proteinaceous.
- I-beaver yoMfula (ejwayelekile) - njengoba kuyisiko ukubiza izinhlobonhlobo zase-Eurasia. Itholakala eRussia, futhi ihlala eChina naseMongolia. Imvamisa ihlala eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi asemahlathini (amachibi, amachibi noma imifula ethulile), osebeni lwawo olunothile ngohlaza olunamahlathi.
- I-beaver yaseCanada idabuka eningizimu yeCanada kanti ezinye izifunda zise-United States. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kungekudala kakhulu izinhlobo zangena (cishe, zaziswa) eScandinavia. Yangena lapho futhi yaqala ukusabalala iye phambili eMpumalanga. Abamele lokhu, njengezinhlobo zangaphambilini, bahlala eduze kwamanzi futhi abakwazi ukuba khona ngaphandle kwawo. Kukulesi sici lapho bachitha khona ingxenye enkulu yezimpilo zabo.
Ngokubukeka, amalungu ezinhlobo zombili zezinto eziphilayo ngokuvamile afana. Kodwa abahlali baseMhlabeni Omdala banekhanda elikhudlwana nokuzungeza okuncane; isifonyo, uma siqhathaniswa nama-congener akhonjisiwe, sifushane, hhayi njengebhantshi elicebile, umsila omncane nemilenze emincane. Isigaxa sabantu baseMelika asinabude, izindlebe zinkulu, nemilenze mide, okubavumela ukuba bahambe ngemilenze yabo yangemuva. Anombala onsundu ngokubomvu noma umbala omnyama.
I-beaver yaseCanada
Umehluko wofuzo nawo ububalulekile kulezi zinhlobo ezimbili. Izinombolo zama-chromosomes azo (ama-48 emfuleni nama-40 eCanada) awahambelani, okuchaza ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuwela lezi zinhlobo ezimbili, uma uthi nhlá, ezihlobene, yize ososayensi benze imizamo engaphumelelanga kaningi.
Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, laba bameleli bezilwane babesengozini enkulu yokuqothulwa. Ama-beaver aseRussia nawo ayehlukile. Kepha kwathathwa izinyathelo zokubavikela futhi kwabonakala ukuthi ziyasebenza. Namuhla lezi zilwane zihlala ensimini enkulu yezwe lethu, kusukela eSiberia kuya eKamchatka.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Indawo lapho kuhlala khona ama-beavers kungahlukaniswa kalula kwezinye ngezimpawu ezibonakalayo. Ezindaweni lapho lezi zilwane zenza khona umsebenzi wazo obalulekile, impela kunezihlahla eziningi eziwile ezisikiwe kabusha ezinesimo sesigaxa. Izinto ezinjalo ziyadingeka kwizidalwa ezisebenza kanzima ukwakhiwa nokuhlelwa. Futhi-ke, isimo esibalulekile sokuba khona kwama-beavers endaweni ethile ubukhona besiziba: ichibi, ichibi, umfula, noma okungenani umfudlana.
Empeleni, lezi zidalwa ezinamanzi amancane azikwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwamanzi, kodwa ngaphandle komoya zingabamba cishe ikota yehora. Ngakho-ke, kunoma iyiphi ingozi, isibonelo, ukufihla izilwane: impisi, ibhere noma i-wolverine, lezi zidalwa ziya ngaphansi kwamanzi, lapho zihlala khona. Bahlala emiphakathini emikhulu enobungani-imindeni, futhi amalungu abo, uma kudingeka, angazisa abantu bakubo ngenhlekelele ezayo. Ngezikhathi ezinjalo isilwane esibulala izilwane ushaya ngamandla umsila wayo emanzini. Futhi lesi siginali sibonwa ngokushesha yiwo wonke umuntu ovela enkampanini yakhe ongaphakathi echibini.
Lezi zidalwa zisebenza ngokungakhathali ehlobo, kodwa ziyasebenza kusihlwa, zisebenza ubusuku bonke kuze kuse, futhi ziyaphumula emini. Umsebenzi wabo ukugawula izihlahla bakhe. Futhi kulokhu basizwa ngamazinyo abo abukhali ngokungajwayelekile, akwazi ukugaya kalula izinkuni. I-beaver iyakwazi ukuwisa phansi isihlahla esincanyana kungakapheli isigamu sehora, kodwa kwezikhulu kakhulu futhi obukhulu kwesinye isikhathi sisebenza ubusuku obulandelanayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, imizamo yakhe ayibonwa nje kuphela, kodwa futhi iyazwakala, nemisindo yesici se-beaver izwakala amamitha ayikhulu nxazonke.
Izindlwana zalezi zilwane ziyindawo yokukhosela enokwethenjelwa kuzo ezimweni sezulu esibi nasezitheni. Ekwakhiweni kwendawo yabo yokuhlala, izidalwa ezinjalo zimba imigodi, zikhetha la mabhange aphezulu ezindaweni lapho umhlabathi uqinile ngokwanele. I-Beaver burrows inesakhiwo se-maze esiyinkimbinkimbi. Imigudu ekuyo iphelela “emakamelweni” akhethekile, amakhulu namancane futhi inezindawo zokungena ngaphansi kwamanzi. Izindonga zendawo yokuhlala ziqiniswa ngobumba nangodaka, kuyilapho phansi, okungukuthi, uhlobo lwesitezi, lumbozwe ngezinkuni.
Lezi zilwane ezisebenza kanzima zakha nezindlu, okuyizinto ezidalwe ngamagatsha, zigundiwe ngodaka nobumba. Umsebenzi wobuciko ohlaba umxhwele u idamu le-beaver... Izakhiwo ezinjalo zivame ukwakhiwa emifuleni, futhi kuyisibopho ngandlela thile ezansi nomfula ukusuka ezindaweni zokuhlala zalezi zilwane. Iphuzu lapha ukwenza lula ukugcwala komfula nokuwuvimbela ukuba ungashoni endaweni eseduze nezindawo zokuhlala ama-beaver.
AmaBeaver akha amadamu ngezihlahla
Futhi lokhu kusiza kakhulu ekuqongeleleni kokudla, futhi kukhulisa nomthamo wezikhukhula zamanzi endaweni ehlala izilwane, okuyisilinganiso esisebenzayo sokwengeza ukuphepha kokuphila. Ama-Beavers aphumula ngokuphelele emsebenzini wawo ebusika, echitha sonke isikhathi esingesihle esinqunyiwe eqhugwaneni labo esesimweni sozela. Kwesinye isikhathi bayaphumela ngaphandle, kodwa babe nokudla okulula.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvela ukuthi ama-beavers ayingozi kakhulu kwimvelo. Kodwa-ke, ziletha nezinzuzo ezinkulu kakhulu ku-ecosystem. Ezindaweni lapho kwakhiwa khona amadamu nalapho kwenzeka khona izikhukhula, izinhlanzi eziningi ziyafuywa, izinambuzane zasemanzini zizala kahle futhi kwakheka amaxhaphozi amakhulu.
Lezi zilwane, yiqiniso, zibhubhisa izihlahla eziningi, kepha ikakhulukazi lezo ezikhula eduze kwamanzi ziyagawulwa. Ngokuningi abazenzisi. AmaBeaver asebenzisa ngempumelelo iziqu zezihlahla eziwile ukwakha amadamu, kodwa adla amagatsha, onqenqema abahlukahlukene bemvelo, amaqabunga nokukhonkotha.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Lezi zilwane zidla imifino kuphela. Noma kunjalo, ukudla kwabo akunakubizwa ngokuthi kubi. Izazi zezilwane ezihlola impilo yazo nezindlela zazo zokondla, zithi imenyu yazo ifaka cishe izitshalo ezingafani namakhulu amathathu ezitshiyeneyo. Ukutholakala kokudla okunothile nokuhlukahlukene kungenye indinganiso lapho lezi zilwane zisebenza khona lapho zikhetha indawo yokuhlala kwazo. Zidla amagxolo kule nqubo, zithanda ukuzitika ngomnyezane, i-linden, i-aspen, i-birch, i-poplar, i-alder kanye nokuchitheka kwezinye izihlahla eziningi. Baphinde badle i-sorrel, i-nettle, i-sedge, umhlanga, bathanda kakhulu iminduze yamanzi.
Ama-Beavers anomnotho kakhulu, ayakhathalele inhlalakahle yamalungu omndeni, ngakho-ke enza izinqolobane eziningi ebusika. Basonga ngokucophelela nangokuzimisela amagatsha ezihlahla ezansi echibini, lapho bakha khona uhlobo lwama "cellars". Umndeni omkhulu wama-beaver ungagcina ukudla okunjalo okungaphezu kwama-cubic metres ayishumi ebusika. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyenzeka ukuthi okuqukethwe yigumbi lokugcina kuthathwe ngumfula. Yilapho-ke lapho izilwane kufanele zishiye indawo yazo ethokomele ziye emakhazeni ziyofuna ukudla. Lokhu akuyona into engathandeki nje kuphela, kodwa futhi kuyingozi, ngoba esikhathini esinje sokulamba kulula kakhulu ukuba yisisulu sezilwane ezidla ezinye, ngokwesibonelo, izimpisi.
Abantu futhi bangaba yingozi kulezi zilwane ezisebenza kanzima futhi ezingenabungozi. Ukuzingelwa kweBeverver ngokusemthethweni iqala eRussia ekwindla sekwephuzile futhi ihlala kuze kube sentwasahlobo. Abathandi balo msebenzi, okukhona okuningi, qaphela ukuthi lezi zidalwa ziyaqikelela kakhulu. Kungcono ukuzizingela ngesibhamu.
Uma usebenzisa isicupho ukubamba izilwane, khona-ke uboya bazo obuyigugu bungalimala kakhulu. Inyama yalezi zilwane inombala obomvu futhi ibhekwa njengemukelekayo ukudliwa. Kunambitheka njengonogwaja. Noma kunjalo, inokunambitheka okwehlukile, ngakho-ke kusetshenziselwa okokukhethekile okukhethekile ekulungiseleleni kwayo.
Izikhumba zezilwane ezibulewe zivame ukuthengiswa kuma-furriers. Ijazi loboya le-Beaver kubhekwa njengokunethezeka, kubukeka buhle futhi kungafudumala kakhulu. Kukholakala ukuthi leyo mikhiqizo esezingeni eliphakeme, ekhonjelwe kuyo yonke imithetho yokugcina nokugqoka, ingahlala okungenani amashumi ambalwa eminyaka. Ama-Beavers abezingelwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ngenxa yenyama yawo noboya obufudumele. Kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu, kumakha nangomuthi, okuthiwa indiza ye-beaver... Yini?
Iqiniso ngukuthi lezi zilwane zinezindlala ezikhethekile ezisezindaweni zomzimba zomzimba. Ngaphandle, kufana nezikhwama ezimbili ezixhunywe komunye nomunye, kuveza imfihlo ekhethekile. Le nto inephunga elibi kakhulu, ngakho-ke ama-beaver ayisebenzisela ukumaka indawo yabo. Kodwa-ke, abantu bezikhathi zasendulo baqaphela ukuthi inamandla okuphulukisa aphumelelayo. Futhi odokotela banamuhla bakuqinisekisile lokhu kuphela.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Amasiko wokukhwelana kwe-Beaver enzeka engxenyeni yesibili yobusika. Futhi ama-beaver, inani lawo elingafinyelela kwayisithupha, azalwa ngemuva kwesikhathi esiyizinyanga ezintathu (kuma-beaver aseCanada, ukukhulelwa kuhlala isikhathi eside). Lawa mawundlu ayizimpumputhe futhi anesisindo esilingana nephawundi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi efudumele yobisi lwebele, bathola isisindo ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, ama-beavers awakakhuli ngokugcwele, ngakho-ke alala ndawonye nabazali bawo.
Ama-beaver amancane
Futhi kuphela lapho ukukhula okuncane kufinyelela eminyakeni emibili, kungaholela ebukhoneni obuzimele, kanye nokufuna nokuhlomisa izindawo ezintsha. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-beaver esifazane, njengabantu, anomkhuba wokuphatha amawundlu awo ezingalweni zawo, noma kunalokho, awabamba ngezidladla zangaphambili. Le milenze efanayo iyasetshenziswa nayizilwane lapho zisebenza, zakha ubuciko bazo bokwakha, obenza bahluke emhlabeni wezilwane.
Kuyathakazelisa nokuthi iminyaka yalezi zidalwa inqunywa kalula ngamazinyo. Lezi zinguquko ezinikezwe ngokwemvelo zidlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yama-beavers, ngakho-ke zinesakhiwo esikhethekile. Isibonelo, athuthuke kakhulu phakathi kwabo ama-incisors aphezulu. Futhi lapho umuntu eba mdala, amazinyo akhe aba banzi. Isikhathi sokuphila salezi zidalwa endle cishe saziwa futhi cishe siyiminyaka eyi-15.
