Amabhere ayizinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo. Ungowe-oda lezilwane ezizingelayo. Amabhere - kanye nama-canine, ama-fining, ama-hyenas - angomunye wemindeni yakhe. Izinhlobo zeClubfoot 8. I-Clubfoot, ngasendleleni, ingenxa yohlaka lwamathambo.
Isilwane sibeka imilenze yaso yangemuva kulo lonke unyawo. Kusuka kulokhu, umqolo waba sloping. Ezilwaneni eziningi ezincelisayo, imilenze yangemuva, njengaleyo yangaphambili, ihlala kuphela emakhanda e-metatarsal, cishe, ezinzwaneni. Ngakho-ke, umhlane wezilwane uqondile, futhi imilenze ihlezi ezinyaweni.
Izidladla zangaphambili zamabhere zivame ukumiswa emoyeni. Ngakho-ke ukuhamba okungajwayelekile nothando lokuhamba, lumi emilenzeni yangemuva. Kodwa-ke, uhlobo ngalunye lwamabhere lunezici ezithile zokwakheka.
Amabhere amhlophe
Bayinzalo yebhere elikhulu elisendaweni emhlophe. Wahlala eMhlabeni ngesikhathi sePleistocene. Lesi sikhathi sesikhathi se-Quaternary saqala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-2,5 edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi, amabhere we-polar ayemamitha ama-4 ubude futhi enesisindo esingama-1200 kilograms. Abantu besimanje, noma kunjalo, abakaze babe bakhulu kunethani futhi bade kunamamitha ama-3. Inani labantu alihlukanisiwe ngu izinhlobo.
Ibhele elihlala kwiqhwa ihlukaniswa kokunye ngentamo evulekile nenhloko eyisicaba. Unezindlebe ezincane. Yile ndlela izidalwa ezihlala zifudumele ngayo. Izindlebe zigcwele imithambo yegazi. Zisondela esikhunjeni, zikhiphele imfudumalo yegazi emvelweni.
Ngakho-ke, ezilwaneni zasogwadule, izitho zokuzwa zivame ukuba nkulu, kanti ezilwaneni ze-arctic, zincane.
Okumhlophe - izinhlobo zebhere ezinkulu kakhulu... Esincintisana naye ibhere le-grizzly. Kodwa-ke, lokhu okungaphansi kwe-clubfoot ensundu kungaphansi kwesilinganiso se-polar eyodwa cishe ngengxenye yesithathu. Ibhere elikhulu kunawo wonke elalingama-grizzly lalilingana ngesisindo nebhere le-polar. Isisindo sesilo sasingu-726 kilograms. Kubulawe umdondoshiya weGrizzly e-Alaska.
Njengamabhere e-grizzly, amabhere we-polar abhalwe njengezinhlobo ezisengozini. Inani labantu liyancipha ngenxa yentuthuko, ukungcoliswa kwesigxobo. Iphinde icashe phambi kwamehlo ethu ngenxa yokushisa komhlaba. Amabhere aqala ukufa ngenkathi ewela amanzi. Ukuze ufike phansi, iqhwa liyantanta, kufanele uhambe amabanga amade kunasemashumini ambalwa edlule.
Ekubalweni kokugcina, sekusele amabhere we-polar angama-25,000. Uma imvelo iqhubeka nokushintsha ngendlela ehleliwe, engxenyeni yekhulu leminyaka inani lezinhlobo lizokwehla ngomunye u-70%.
Amabhere ansundu
Izinhlobo zamabhere ansundu ejwayelekile emahlathini ase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Ama-Zoologists abiza ama-subtypes emijaho yezwe, ngoba izici zezilwane zincike endaweni yazo.
Ephakathi neRussia, isibonelo, i-clubfoot inesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-120, futhi ayivamile ukudlula amamitha amabili ubude. EMpumalanga Ekude, amabhere ansundu anamamitha amathathu ubude futhi angathola amakhilogremu angama-450.
Kukhona futhi ukuhlukaniswa okuhlukanisiwe okungaphezulu kwama-subspecies. EMpumalanga Ekude kukhona:
Amabhere ansundu
Ngaphandle kwalokho kubizwa i-Ussuri noma i-grizzly emnyama. Uboya obumnyama akuwona kuphela umehluko phakathi kwesilwane nolunye unyawo lweklabhu. Ibhere lase-Amur linamathambo acinene emakhaleni futhi ugebhezi uqobo lwalo lude, lunephrofayili elele. Kunamazinyo amakhulu emlonyeni. Zifana nezinja. Ngakho-ke, abantu bendawo babiza amabhere ezinja zezinyawo.
Yize lolu hlobo lubizwa nge-Ussuriysk, aluhlali nje kuphela eduze kwedolobha lase-Ussuriysk nase-Ussuri taiga. Amabhere ama-Amur atholakala eningizimu yeKuriles, eSakhalin. Abantu be-subspecies abavamile ukusinda kunama-250 kilograms.
Ibhere elimnyama laseKamchatka
Kucebisa umndeni wamabhere amandla. Umuntu onesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-600 urekhodwe ngokuthembekile. Isisindo sesilisa singamakhilogremu angama-350-450. Ukunikezwa kokudla kuthinta isisindo nosayizi. Isisekelo saso siyinyama enomsoco, enamafutha salmon nezinye izinhlanzi ezinobungozi. Izinyawo zabo ezinamakilabhu zibanjwa emifuleni nasogwini lwaseKamchatka.
I-gigantism yabameleli bezinhlobo ezingaphansi kweKamchatka nayo ingenxa yesimo sezulu esinciphile esifundeni. Kuwo, amabhere ahlakulela ugebhezi olunamandla, olubanzi nekhala elifushane nokuphakama okuphakeme kwebunzi ngaphezulu kwalo. Isifonyo, njengomzimba wonke, sipendwe ngombala onsundu-mnyama noma ophuzi ngokugqamile.
Ngaphezu kwe-Peninsula yaseKamchatka, abamele ama-subspecies batholakala esiQhingini saseKaraginsky nasemahlathini e-Karyag Autonomous Okrug.
Ngokungeziwe kuma-subspecies eKamchatka nase-Amur, okulandelayo kuhlala eRussia:
Izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwe-East Siberian
Kubukeka njengekhophi elincane lebhere laseKamchatka. Ngisho nakubantu baseMpumalanga yeSiberia, ijazi likhanya kakhulu futhi lide. Umbala wonyawo lweklabhu unsundu ngokugqama kwizidladla.
Ibhere laseMpumalanga yeSiberia linamazipho amade agobile. Zolula amasentimitha ayi-8.5.
UKamchatka no-Amur izinhlobo zamabhere azihambelani nendawo yokuhlala yase-East Siberian. Kutholakala kusuka eYenisei kuya eTransbaikalia, eYakutia, emabheseni aseKolyma naseLena, emngceleni we-East Kazakhstan.
Ibhere elinsundu laseCaucasus
Ihlukaniswe ngamafomu ama-2 - amakhulu namancane. Ubude bomzimba wabamele abamuva abudluli ngamasentimitha angu-140. Ibhere elincane laseCaucasus linesisindo esingaba ngama-60 kilograms. Abantu abakhulu banwebeka kumamitha amabili, bathola isisindo esingamakhilogremu ayi-120-240.
ICaucasian izinhlobo zamabhere ansundu kuyaqabukela ukuhlangana ndawonye. Abantu abakhulu bathanda amahlathi aminyene, aphansi. Izinyawo ezinyaweni ezincane zikhuphukela emahlathini asezintabeni.
Izilwane ziyehluka ngesimo. Ibhere elikhulu laseCaucasus linokuthula okwengeziwe. Kepha, ukuqondiswa kwezinhlobo ezingaphesheya kwemingcele yeRussia kuyaqondana. Ngaphakathi komfelandawonye, izinyawo ezinezinyawo zitholakala eCaucasus kuphela. Kwamanye amazwe, kunabantu e-Iran, eTurkey, eGeorgia nase-Azerbaijan.
Ngaphandle, womabili amabhere aseCaucasus aseduze kwaleli laseSyria elisengozini. Ihlukaniswa ngoboya bayo obungcolile obuphuzi. Ungahlangana nabantu bohlobo oluthile kuphela ema-zoo. Endle, lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo luthathwa njengokushabalala kwemibandela. Ngokusemthethweni, isikhundla asikabelwa, ngoba kunethemba lokuthola amabhere ngaphandle kweSyria neLebanon, ngokwesibonelo, eTurkey.
Ibhere elinsundu lase-Eurasia
Kufakiwe ku- izinhlobo zamabhere eRussia, inkulu, ine-disc concave ebusweni, ikhanda elikhulu libekwe entanyeni yemisipha. Umhubhe ohlukile uyabonakala lapho ubuna.
Izinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zihlukaniswa nekhola emhlophe emenyezelwe. Kumabhere amadala, iyanyamalala. Ijazi le-clubfoot evuthiwe linemibala efanayo ngamathoni ansundu noma ansundu.
Abantu abahlukanisiwe base-Eurasia bangatholakala kusuka e-Urals kuya e-Yenisei basin. Abantu abaningi bahlala enyakatho yengxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia.
Ngaphezu kwama-subspecies aseRussia ebhere elinsundu, kukhona namanye amazwe. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
ENyakatho Melika iGrizzly
Phakathi kwezinsundu kukhona izinhlobo zebhere ezinkulu kakhulu... Abanye abantu bangaphezu kwamamitha ama-3 ubude futhi banesisindo esingama-800 kilograms. Ngisho nezinhlobo ze-clubfoot zinolaka. Kutholakale izinsalela zomuntu esiswini sabazingeli ababulewe.
Ijazi le-grizzly ngemuva nangamahlombe limpunga kakhulu kunsundu. Abamele nabo bahlukaniswa ngozipho bama-15-sentimitha, izindlebe ezincane nezindilinga. Lezi zokugcina, njengamabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo, zigcina ukushisa komzimba, ngoba ama-grizzies ahlala ezimeni ezinzima enyakatho ye-United States naseCanada.
Kodiak
Yaqanjwa ngegama leziqhingi lapho ihlala khona. Izwe lisogwini oluseningizimu ye-Alaska. AmaGrizzlies ahanjiswe ku-Kodiak ngesikhathi se-Ice Age. Ukufudumala kuncibilikise iqhwa. Ngakho-ke ingxenye yabantu yahlala yodwa nezwekazi.
Ezingxenyeni zeziqhingi, ama-grizzlies aguqulwe aba ama-kodiaks - amakhulu futhi anamandla amakhulu. Phakathi kwabantu kunabantu abanesisindo esingaba yithani. Lokhu kungumphumela wokuhlala ezindaweni lapho kunesisekelo sokudla khona, kepha azikho izitha, ngisho nabantu.
Isabelo somhlaba esilinganiselwe se-Kodiaks silinganisela nenombolo yabo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhona ukuqothulwa kofuzo. Ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kuyanqwabelana. Ubuningi besiqhingi buhlala bugula, bujwayele izifo ezifakwayo.
I-Tien Shan ibhere elinsundu
Unezinzipho ezikhanyayo. Kepha umbala wamabhere we-subspecies uyashintsha. Kukhona ama-beige, abomvu, acishe abe mnyama, abansundu.
UTien Shansky uhlobo nesigaba sebhere yavulwa ngo-1873. Ihlukile kokunye okunezinyawo ezinsundu ezinweleni zayo ezigqamile, cishe okungazigobile nezinzipho ezibuthuntu, nesifonyo esifushane.
Libekwe phakathi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, leli bhere lisekelwe ezitshalweni ezingama-99%. Amaphesenti asele abalwa yizinhlobo ezingama-20 zezilwane. Ezitshalweni, kudliwa izinhlobo eziyi-110 zamakhambi nezilimo ezingama-berry ezingama-40.
Ibhere lobuvila
Lolu uhlobo oluhlukile. Ayinayo i-subspecies, efana nomhlophe. Igama lihlotshaniswa nokwakheka kwezindebe. Zinde, ngesikhathi sokudla ziyagoqeka zibe uhlobo lweshubhu. Ngenxa yalokhu, ubuso besilwane bubukeka buvulekile, kodwa-ke, futhi bude ngokwedlula obamabhere amaningi.
I-sloth asiphathi izindebe ezinde kuphela, kodwa futhi nolimi. Yena, njenge-anteater, ikuvumela ukuba uthole izinambuzane ezindaweni zokukhosela. Ziyisisekelo sokudla kwebheja. Udla nezithelo zamakhambi nezihlahla.
Ijazi likaSloth limnyama. Kukhona iphinifa elimise okwe-V esifubeni. Kuwo, njengawo wonke umzimba, uvolo ukhula ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke isilo samavila sibukeka sididekile. Ibhere libuye lihlukaniswe ngemilenze emide nokuncipha.
Amabhere amaSloth awekho ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-180 ubude. Isisindo sebhere sigcinwa ngaphakathi kwamakhilogremu angu-140.
Amabhere amaSloth atholakala eNdiya, eNepal, eSri Lanka. Inani elincane labantu lihlala eCeylon.
Ibhere elibukekayo
Ihlukile kweminye emsileni omude webhere. Ilingana namasentimitha ayi-10. Igama lenhlobo lihlotshaniswa nombala. Kunezindawo ezikhanyayo ezizungeze amehlo, ezikhumbuza izithandwa zezibuko. Ngaphakathi kwazo kunoboya obumnyama. Kubukeka sengathi ibhere ligqoke izibuko zelanga.
Amabhere agqamile anesisindo esingama-140 kilograms, futhi aweqi kumasentimitha ayi-170 ubude. Umzimba wonke umbozwe izinwele eziminyene. Unsundu omnyama noma omnyama ngokuphelele.
Ibhere eliqhakazile lihlala eNingizimu Melika. I-biology yalolu hlobo ayiqondakali kahle, ngoba izinhlobo zezinyawo ezihamba ngezinyawo ziphapheme ebusuku. Ngalesi sikhathi, isilo sidla, siphula amagatsha emithi yesundu, sithatha amajikijolo, izithelo, amakhambi. Ibhere elibukhali licishe lazibandakanya ngaphambili. Ukudla kwamaprotheni kunqunyelwe ezinambuzaneni. Ukuyilanda ikhava, unyawo olusizilima lisebenzisa ulimi olunwetshiwe.
Ibhere eliqhakazile likhiqiza izithelo eziningi ezihlahleni, likhwela kahle iziqu zalo. Kuthuthukile, izinzipho eziqinile ziyasiza.
UBarabali
Ukhuphuka nezihlahla kahle, kepha usehlala eNyakatho Melika. Isakhiwo sesilwane sifana nebhere elijwayelekile elinsundu, kepha-ke, lipendwe ngombala omnyama futhi linomlomo omncane. Ngisho abezinja bancane kunezinyawo eziningi ezinsundu. Isisindo esikhulu sebhere elimnyama singama-150 kilograms. Ubude bomzimba ka-baribal abweqi ngamasentimitha ayi-180.
Uzipho oluqinile nolunamandla, kanye nemilenze evulekile, isiza i-baribala ukukhuphuka ezihlahleni. Kodwa-ke, azisizi izinhlobo eziphilayo. Inani lezinhlobo liyancipha ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwendawo yokuhlala ngabantu nokuqoshwa kwesikhala nge-grizzly. Ngokuya ngemininingwane yakamuva, sekusele abangaphansi kwezinkulungwane ezingama-200.
Ngokukhetha izindawo zokuhlala, abenzi bokubi bagwema ukuphakama okungaphansi kwamamitha ayi-900 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Ibhantshi lika-baribal libushelelezi, linamabala amhlophe kumlomo kanti kwesinye isikhathi lisesifubeni. Ezindlebeni ezinkulu nezinkulu, ikhava iyancishiswa.
Abanye ababhali banombala onsundu. Lawa amabhere amancane. Izilwane ezivuthiwe ngokocansi zinemibala emnyama.
Ibhere laseMalay
Kubizwa nangokuthi i-biruang. Phakathi kwamabhere, ungumfanyana, onesisindo esingeqile kuma-kilos angama-65, futhi ubude bawo bungamasentimitha angu-140.
Umbala we-biruang unombala onsundu. Isifonyo sigqanyiswa ngokubomvu. Lo pende ofanayo ukhona esifubeni, lapho kutholakala khona umugqa omise okwesihlangu sehhashi.
Ngaphezu kosayizi nombala we-biruang, bahlukaniswa namanye amabhere ngezidladla ezinwetshiwe, ezinamabala kanye nokungabikho kwezindlebe cishe ngokuphelele.
Ngokwezwe, ibhere laseMalay lingeleNdiya kanye ne-Indonesia, okungelaseMalaysia.
Impilo yasebusuku yamaMalay bear. Emini, isilwane silala emagatsheni. Ngoba ukhwela ezihlahleni kahle. Ezintendeni, isibonelo, i-clubfoot ifuna amakhukhunathi. Ibhere liyazidla, ezikhuluma ngamandla emihlathi yezilwane.
Kusukela ekudleni kwesilwane, i-biruang yamukela izinambuzane namagundane amancane, izilwane ezihuquzelayo. Kodwa-ke, ngisho namahlosi ayesaba amabhere. AmaBiruang anolaka, anamandla amakhulu kunendlela abonakala ngayo. Amabhere awalweli ukuhlasela amahlosi, kodwa ayakwazi ukuzivikela.
Ibhere laseHimalaya
Kubukeka njengombala onsundu ojwayelekile, kodwa omncane futhi onesifonyo esihlangene. Entanyeni, izinwele zinwetshiwe futhi zaphakanyiswa, zifana nomhlwenga wengonyama. Ibhere laseHimalaya nalo liyingozi njengengonyama. Umzingeli waba nomkhuba wokuhlasela imfuyo. Ukuqothulwa kohlobo kuhlotshaniswa nalokhu.
Umbala webhere laseHimalaya unamnyama amalahle. Esifubeni kukhona ukugqanyiswa kwethoni e-orenji. Abantu abangenayo le ndawo babhekwa njengama-subspecies ahlukile.
Ubude bezinhlobo zezinhlobo ze-Himalaya abudluli ngamasentimitha ayi-170. Kulokhu, isisindo silingana namakhilogremu angu-140. Isisindo samabhere sikhuluphele hhayi kuphela ekudleni kwenyama. Abantu baseHimalaya nabo bathanda uju, amantongomane, izimpande.
Ngakho kwacaca zingaki izinhlobo zamabhere... Uma sibheka iSyria engasekho ngaphansi kwemibandela ethile, kuvela ukuthi 8. Amabhere amanga angafakwa ohlwini. Abanabo ubudlelwano nabangeqiniso, kepha bayabizwa futhi. Kwanele ukukhumbula i-koala. Ibizwa ngokuthi ibhere lomuthi. Kukhona noqalo - ipanda.
