Inhlanzi - izinhlanzi ezidlayo zasolwandle, ohlala emanzini abandayo ase-Antarctic. Igama elithi "toothfish" lihlanganisa lonke uhlobo, okubandakanya izinhlobo ze-Antarctic nePatagonian. Ahluke kakhulu ku-morphology, ahola indlela efanayo yokuphila. Ububanzi bePatagonian ne-Antarctic toothfish buyahlukana kancane.
Zombili lezi zinhlobo zingena olwandle oluseceleni kwe-Antarctic. Igama elijwayelekile elithi "toothfish" libuyela esakhiweni esehlukile sezinsimbi zomhlathi: emihlathini enamandla kunemigqa emi-2 yamazinyo e-canine, egobile kancane ngaphakathi. Okwenza le nhlanzi ibukeke ingenabungani kakhulu.
Incazelo nezici
Izinhlanzi — inhlanzi isilwane esidlayo, esinenkani futhi esingakhethi kakhulu. Ubude bomzimba bufinyelela kumamitha ama-2. Isisindo singadlula ku-130 kg. Yizinhlanzi ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezihlala olwandle lwase-Antarctic. Ingxenye yesiphambano yomzimba iyindilinga. Umzimba uthinta ngokushelela ubheke phambili. Ikhanda likhulu, libala amaphesenti ayi-15-20 wobude bomzimba obuphelele. Kuthambekele kancane njengezinhlanzi eziningi ezingezansi.
Umlomo unezindebe ezijiyile, eziwugqinsi, nomhlathi ophansi ogqamile obonakalayo. Amazinyo anobuhlalu, akwazi ukubamba inyamazane futhi aququde igobolondo le-invertebrate. Amehlo makhulu. Zitholakala ukuze ikholomu yamanzi isenkambeni yokubuka, etholakala hhayi kuphela ezinhlangothini nangaphambili, kodwa futhi nangaphezulu kwenhlanzi.
Impumulo, kufaka phakathi umhlathi ongezansi, ayinazo izikali. Ama-gill slits ambozwe ngezembozo ezinamandla. Ngemuva kwazo kukhona amaphiko amakhulu we-pectoral. Ziqukethe imisebe engu-29 kwesinye isikhathi engama-27. Izikali ezingaphansi kwamaphiko we-pectoral ziyi-ctenoid (enqenqemeni elingaphandle eline-serrated). Kuwo wonke umzimba, yi-cycloid encane (enomphetho wangaphandle oyindilinga).
I-Toothfish ingenye yezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu
Kukhona amaphiko amabili eceleni komugqa we-dorsal. Owokuqala, omhlane, uqukethe imisebe engu-7-9 yobulukhuni obumaphakathi. Owesibili unemishayo engaba ngu-25. Umsila nomphetho wendunu kubude obulinganayo. I-symmetrical caudal fin ngaphandle kwama-lobes amenyezelwe, acishe abe ngunxantathu ojwayelekile. Lesi sakhiwo se-fin sijwayelekile ezinhlanzini ze-notothenium.
I-Toothfish, njengezinye izinhlanzi ze-notothenium, zihlala emanzini abandayo kakhulu, zihlala emazingeni okushisa aqandayo. Imvelo ilicabangele leli qiniso: egazini nakwezinye iziphuzo zomzimba wezinhlanzi kukhona ama-glycoprotein, ushukela, ahlanganiswe namaprotheni. Zivimbela ukwakheka kwamakristalu eqhwa. Ziyimithi yokuvimbela ukushisa yemvelo.
Igazi elibanda kakhulu liba viscous. Lokhu kungaholela ekwehleni emsebenzini wezitho zangaphakathi, ukwakheka kwamahlule egazi nezinye izinkinga. Umzimba wezinhlanzi usufundile ukunciphisa igazi. Inama-erythrocyte amancane nezinye izinto ezihlukanisiwe kunezinhlanzi ezijwayelekile. Ngenxa yalokho, igazi ligijima ngokushesha kunezinhlanzi ezivamile.
Njengezinhlanzi eziningi ezihlala phansi, i-toothfish ayinaso isibhamu sokubhukuda. Kodwa izinhlanzi zivame ukukhuphuka zisuka phansi ziye emazingeni aphezulu ohlu lwamanzi. Kunzima ukukwenza lokhu ngaphandle kokubhukuda kwesinye. Ukuze ubhekane nalomsebenzi, umzimba we-toothfish uthole ukuzikhukhumeza okungu-zero: kunamafutha anqwabelana emisipheni yenhlanzi, futhi amathambo ekubunjweni kwawo aqukethe ubuncane bamaminerali.
I-Toothfish yinhlanzi ekhula kancane. Inzuzo enkulu yesisindo yenzeka eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yokuphila. Ngeminyaka engama-20, ukukhula komzimba cishe kuyama. Isisindo se-toothfish ngalesi sikhathi sidlula uphawu lwe-100-kilogram. Kuyinto inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke phakathi kwe-notothenia ngokobukhulu nangesisindo. Isilwane esihlonishwa kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlanzi ezihlala emanzini abandayo e-Antarctic.
Ekujuleni kwamamayela, izinhlanzi akudingeki zithembele ekuzweni noma ekuboneni. Ulayini ohlangothini uba isitho somqondo esiyinhloko. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kungani zombili lezi zinhlobo zingenayo eyodwa, kepha imigqa emi-2 ehlukanisiwe: i-dorsal kanye ne-medial. KuPatagonian toothfish, umugqa ophakathi ubonakala ngobude bawo bonke: kusuka ekhanda kuye phambili. Ingxenye yayo kuphela ebonakalayo e-Antarctic.
Kunokwehluka okumbalwa phakathi kwezinhlobo. Lokhu kufaka indawo ekhona ekhanda lohlobo lwePatagonian. Inesimo esingapheli futhi itholakala phakathi kwamehlo. Ngenxa yokuthi uhlobo lwePatagonian luhlala emanzini afudumele kancane, kune-antifreeze encane yemvelo egazini layo.
Izinhlobo
I-Toothfish iyinhlobo encane yezinhlanzi ezenziwe ngemisebe, ebalwa phakathi komndeni wakwaNotothenia. Emibhalweni yesayensi, uhlobo lwe-toothfish luvela njenge-Dissostichus. Ososayensi bathole izinhlobo ezi-2 kuphela ezingathathwa njengezinyo.
- IPatagonian toothfish... Le ndawo ngamanzi abandayo oLwandle lwaseNingizimu, i-Atlantic. Ikhetha amazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-1 ° C no-4 ° C. Ihamba olwandle ngokujula kwamamitha angama-50 kuya kwayi-4000. Ososayensi babiza le toothfish ngokuthi iDissostichus eleginoides. Itholwe ngekhulu le-19 futhi ifundwe kahle.
- I-Antarctic toothfish... Ububanzi bezinhlobo zingqimba zasolwandle eziphakathi nezingezansi eningizimu ye-latitude ye-60 ° S. Into esemqoka ukuthi izinga lokushisa alikho ngaphezu kuka-0 ° C. Igama lesistimu yi-Dissostichus mawsoni. Kuchazwe kuphela ngekhulu lama-XX. Ezinye izici zempilo yezinhlobo zase-Antarctic zihlala ziyindida.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
I-Toothfish iyatholakala ngasogwini lwase-Antarctica. Umkhawulo osenyakatho webanga uphelela ebangeni lase-Uruguay. Ungathola iPatagonian toothfish lapha. Le ndawo ayihlanganisi nje kuphela izindawo ezinkulu zamanzi, kodwa futhi nokujula okuhluke kakhulu. Kusuka kokungenamqondo, ama-pelagial amamitha angama-50 kuya ezindaweni ezingezansi zamakhilomitha ama-2.
Izinyo lezinyo lenza ukufuduka okuvundlile nokumile kokudla. Ihamba iye phezulu ngokushesha, iye ezinzulwini ezahlukahlukene ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo. Ukuthi le nhlanzi ingamelana kanjani nokwehla kwengcindezi kuseyimfihlakalo kososayensi. Ngaphezu kwezidingo zokudla, umbuso wezinga lokushisa uphoqa izinhlanzi ukuba ziqale uhambo lwazo. Umzimba we-toothfish awuthandi ukufudumala kwamanzi kune-4 ° C.
Ama-squid ayizinto zokuzingela izinhlanzi zeminyaka yonke yobudala. Imihlambi yokuhlasela okuvamile kwe-squid toothfish ngempumelelo. Nge-squid yolwandle olujulile, izindima ziyashintsha. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo nabadobi bathi isilo sasolwandle esinamamitha amaningi asikwazi ukusibiza ngokuthi esinye isigaxa esikhulu, sibamba futhi sidle ngisho ne-toothfish enkulu.
Ngaphezu kwama-cephalopods, zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, i-krill, ziyadliwa. Amanye ama-crustaceans. Inhlanzi ingasebenza njengesixoshi. Akakudebeseli ukudla abantu: kwesinye isikhathi udla amachwane akhe. Eshalofini lezwekazi, i-toothfish izingela ama-shrimp, i-silverfish ne-notothenia. Ngakho-ke, iba umncintiswano wokudla kuma-penguin, imikhomo enemigqa nezimpawu.
Njengezilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye, izinyo lezinyo uqobo ngokwazo kaningi ziba izinto zokuzingelwa. Izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle zivame ukuhlasela izinhlanzi ezinonile, ezinesisindo. I-Toothfish iyingxenye yokudla kwezimpawu zasolwandle nemikhomo ebulalayo. I-Toothfish esithombeni okuvame ukuboniswa ngophawu. Nge-toothfish, lokhu kungokugcina, hhayi neze isithombe esijabulisayo.
I-squid yikudla okuthandwa kakhulu yi-toothfish.
I-Toothfish iseduze phezulu kochungechunge lokudla lomhlaba wasemanzini wase-Antarctic. Izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezinkulu ziyizilwane ezidla ezinye ezixhomeke kuso. Izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zaphawula ukuthi ngisho nokubanjwa okulingene, okulawulwayo kwe-toothfish kwaholela ekuguqulweni kwemikhuba yokudla yemikhomo ebulalayo. Baqala ukuhlasela amanye ama-cetaceans kaningi.
Umhlambi wezinyo awumeleli umphakathi omkhulu, osatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo. Laba ngabantu bendawo abaningana abahlukanisiwe. Imininingwane evela kubadobi inikeza ukulinganiselwa kwemingcele yabantu. Ucwaningo lwezofuzo lukhombisa ukuthi kukhona ukushintshana kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwabantu okukhona.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Imijikelezo yokuphila kwe-toothfish ayiqondakali kahle. Akwaziwa ncamashi ukuthi i-toothfish ikwazi ukuzala nini. Ububanzi busukela eminyakeni eyi-10 kuye kwayi-12 kwabesilisa, iminyaka engu-13 kuye kwengu-17 kwabesifazane. Le nkomba ibalulekile. Izinhlanzi kuphela ezikwazile ukunikeza inzalo ezingaphansi kokubanjwa kokuhweba.
IPatagonian toothfish izala minyaka yonke, ngaphandle kokwenza ukufuduka okukhulu ukwenza lesi senzo. Kepha ukunyakaza kuya ekujuleni okungaba ngu-800 - 1000 m kwenzeka. Ngokweminye imibiko, iPatagonian toothfish inyukela ezindaweni eziphakeme zokuzala.
Ukuzalela kwenzeka ngoJuni-Septhemba, ngesikhathi sasebusika sase-Antarctic. Uhlobo lokuzala luyipelagic. I-Toothfish caviar kushanele kukholamu lamanzi. Njengazo zonke izinhlanzi ezisebenzisa le ndlela yokuzala, i-female toothfish ikhiqiza amakhulu ezinkulungwane, kuze kufike esigidini samaqanda. Amaqanda antantayo atholakala mahhala anama-goome wesilisa. Ngakwesobunxele sabo, imibungu idonsela emanzini.
Ukukhula kombungu kuthatha cishe izinyanga ezintathu. Isibungu esivelayo siba yingxenye yeplankton. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingama-2-3, ehlobo lase-Antarctic, izinyo lezinhlanzi ezinamazinyo liyehlela emajukujukwini ajulile, liba yi-bathypelagic. Njengoba bekhula, baba nobuciko obukhulu. Ekugcineni, iPatagonian toothfish iqala ukondla ngamakhilomitha ama-2 ukujula, ezansi.
Inqubo yokuzalanisa i-Antarctic toothfish ayifundiswanga kangako. Indlela yokuzala, ubude besikhathi sokukhula kombungu kanye nokuhamba kancane kwezinsizwa zisuka emanzini angaphezulu kuya e-benthal ziyefana nalokho okwenzeka ngePatagonian toothfish. Impilo yazo zombili lezi zinhlobo yinde impela. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zithi uhlobo lwePatagonian lungaphila iminyaka engama-50, kanye ne-Antarctic engu-35.
Intengo
Inyama emhlophe ye-toothfish iqukethe amaphesenti amakhulu amafutha nazo zonke izinto izilwane zasolwandle ezicebile kuzo. Isilinganiso esivumayo sezakhi zenyama yenhlanzi senza izitsha ze-toothfish zibe phezulu kakhulu ekunambithekeni.
Futhi, ubunzima bokudoba kanye nemikhawulo yokulinganisa ekubambeni izinhlanzi. Ngenxa yalokho intengo yezinhlanzi ukuthola phezulu. Izitolo ezinkulu zezinhlanzi zinikela ngePatagonian toothfish ngama-ruble angama-3 550. ngekhilogremu ngalinye. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuthola izinhlanzi ezidayiswayo akulula kangako.
Abahwebi bavame ukunikela ngezinye, okuthiwa izinhlanzi zikawoyela, ezifihliwe njenge-toothfish. Bacela ama-ruble ayi-1200. Kunzima kumthengi ongenalwazi ukuthola ukuthi yini ephambi kwakhe - i-toothfish noma abalingisi bakhe: i-escolar, i-butterfish. Kepha uma i-toothfish ithengiwe, akungabazeki ukuthi ingumkhiqizo wemvelo.
Abafundanga ukufuya izinhlanzi ngamazinyo futhi mancane amathuba okuthi bafunde. Ngakho-ke, inhlanzi izuza isisindo sayo, isendaweni ehlanzekile ngokwemvelo, idla ukudla kwemvelo. Inqubo yokukhula ayinawo ama-hormone, ukuguqulwa kofuzo, ama-antibiotic nokunye okunjalo, okugcwele izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezisetshenziswe kakhulu. Inyama ye-Toothfish kungabizwa ngomkhiqizo wokunambitheka nekhwalithi ephelele.
Ukubamba i-toothfish
Ekuqaleni, kwakubanjwa kuphela iPatagonian toothfish. Ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, ngama-70s, abantu abancane babanjwa ogwini lwaseNingizimu Melika. Bangene enethini ngengozi. Benza njenge-by-catch. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980, izinhlobo ezinkulu zabanjwa ekudobeni i-longline. Lokhu kudotshwa okwenzekile kwavumela abadobi, abadayisi kanye nabathengi ukuba babonge izinhlanzi. Ukuzingela okuhlosiwe kwe-toothfish sekuqalile.
Ukubanjwa kokuhweba kwe-toothfish kunezinkinga ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukujula okukhulu, ukude kobubanzi, ukuba khona kweqhwa endaweni yamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunemikhawulo ekubanjweni kwezinhlanzi: i-Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna (CCAMLR) iyasebenza.
Ukudoba i-toothfish kulawulwa ngokuqinile
Umkhumbi ngamunye oya olwandle nge-toothfish uhambisana nomhloli ovela kwikomidi le-CCAMLR. Umhloli, ngokwemigomo ye-CCAMLR, ingqapheli yesayensi, unamandla amakhulu. Uqapha umthamo wokubanjwayo bese enza izilinganiso ezithile zezinhlanzi ezibanjiwe. Yazisa ukaputeni ukuthi kufinyelelwe ezingeni lokubanjwa.
I-Toothfish ivunwa yimikhumbi emincane emide. Indawo ekhanga kakhulu uLwandle iRoss. Ososayensi balinganisele ukuthi zingaki izinhlanzi ezisezinhlanzini ezihlala kulamanzi. Kwavela ukuthi kwakungamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-400 kuphela. Ehlobo lase-Antarctic, ingxenye yolwandle iyadedelwa eqhweni. Imikhumbi yenza indlela yokuvula amanzi ku-caravan enqamula eqhweni. Imikhumbi emide ayilungiswa kahle ukuze ikwazi ukuhamba ezindaweni ezinamaqhwa. Ngakho-ke, uhambo oluya endaweni yokudoba seluvele luyi-feat.
Ukudoba ngeLongline kuyindlela elula kepha ekhandlekayo. Amathayi - izintambo ezinde ezine-leashes kanye nezingwegwe - ezifanayo ngesakhiwo nezintambo. Ucezu lwenhlanzi noma i-squid luboshelwe kulelo nalelo hook. Ukubamba i-toothfish, ama-longline acwiliselwa ekujuleni okungu-2 km.
Ukubeka umugqa bese ukukhulisa ukubamba kunzima. Ikakhulukazi uma ubheka izimo lapho lokhu kwenziwa ngaphansi kwazo. Kwenzeka ukuthi igiya elifakiwe limbozwe yiqhwa elikhukhulekayo. Ukudonswa kokubanjiswa kuphenduka inkinga. Umuntu ngamunye uphakanyiselwa emkhunjini esebenzisa ingwegwe yesikebhe.
Usayizi wezinhlanzi ongamaketha uqala cishe kuma-20 kg. Abantu abancane abavunyelwe ukubamba, basuswe ezingwegwe futhi badedelwe. Ezinkulu, kwesinye isikhathi, zihlatshwa khona lapho emphemeni. Lapho ukudotshwa kwezindawo okubanjelwe kuzo kufinyelela isisindo esivunyelwe, ukudoba kuyama futhi izintambo ezinde zibuyela emachwebeni.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
Izazi zebhayoloji zazi i-toothfish sekwephuze impela. Amasampula ezinhlanzi awazange awele ezandleni zawo ngokushesha. Ngasogwini lwaseChile ngo-1888, abahloli bamazwe baseMelika babamba iPatagonian toothfish yokuqala. Ayikwazanga ukulondolozwa. Kusele ukuphrinta kwezithombe kuphela.
Ngo-1911, amalungu eRobert Scott Expeditionary Party asusa i-Antarctic toothfish yokuqala eRoss Island. Bahlanganisa uphawu, bamatasa bedla inhlanzi engaziwa, enkulu kakhulu. Izazi zemvelo zathola ukuthi izinhlanzi sezivele zinqunywe ikhanda.
I-Toothfish yathola igama layo eliphakathi ngezizathu zokuhweba. Ngo-1977, umthengisi wezinhlanzi u-Lee Lanz, efuna ukwenza umkhiqizo wakhe uthandeke ngokwengeziwe kubantu baseMelika, waqala ukuthengisa i-toothfish ngaphansi kwegama elithi sea base bass. Leli gama lanamathela futhi laqala ukusetshenziselwa iPatagonian, ngemuva kwesikhashana, kwi-Antarctic toothfish.
Ngo-2000, iPatagonian toothfish yabanjwa endaweni engajwayelekile ngokuphelele kuye. U-Olaf Solker, umdobi onguchwepheshe wase-Forest Islands, ubambe inhlanzi enkulu engakaze ibonwe ngasogwini lwaseGreenland. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zamkhomba njengePatagonian toothfish. Izinhlanzi zihambe amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Ukusuka e-Antarctica kuya eGreenland.
Umgwaqo omude onomgomo ongaqondakali awumangazi kakhulu. Ezinye izinhlanzi zihamba amabanga amade. IToothfish, ngandlela thile, yehlula amanzi asenkabazwe, yize umzimba wayo ungakwazi ukubhekana namazinga okushisa ayi-11 degree. Cishe kukhona imisinga ebandayo ejulile eyavumela iPatagonian toothfish ukuqedela lokhu kubhukuda kwemarathon.
