Le mbaza inamagama amabili ajwayelekile: umhlahlandlela ne-panopea. Owokuqala waqhamuka kumaNdiya aseNisquali nezindlela zokumba ngokujulile. Igama lesibili livela egameni lesiLatin eliyi-mollusk - iPanopea.
Isikhombisi sinokubukeka okungavamile. AmaShayina awufanisa nesiqu sendlovu. Abantu baseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia bahlobanisa i-panopea nokudla kuphela. Inani elikhulu kakhulu le-shellfish libanjwa ogwini lwaseCanada eGulf of Alaska, futhi lidliwa kakhulu eChina naseJapan.
Incazelo nezici
IGuidak iyinhlangano enkulu kunazo zonke ezigqobayo ze-bivalve molluscs. Amakhophi anesisindo esisuka ku-0.5 kuye ku-1 kg ajwayelekile. Abantu abanesisindo esingu-7 kg bahlangana. Isiqondisi esikhulu inobude be-siphon obufinyelela kumamitha ama-2. Inqubo ye-siphon iqala ngemuva kwemollusk, ngakho-ke igama umsila lingakulungela.
Isisindo esikhulu se-tataiso kanye nokuhlala phansi kuhlomule kuphela i-mollusc. Lesi silwane esingenamgogodla singesinye sezidalwa eziphila isikhathi eside emhlabeni. Ukuphila iminyaka eyi-140 kuyinto ejwayelekile ye-panopea.
Ososayensi bathole isibindi eside-i-tataiso futhi bathola iminyaka yakhe. Le mollusk yachitha iminyaka engu-168 ingcwatshwe emhlabathini. Umhlali wasolwandle wakwazi ukufeza imiphumela enjalo ngenxa yendlela yokuphila ephansi, ukungasebenzi kahle komzimba, kanye nokukwazi ukufihla ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye.
UGuidak esithombeni ikumangaza ngesitho sayo esimangazayo - i-siphon. Le ngxenye yomzimba ixhuma imbobo yengubo ye-guquil kanye nomhlaba wangaphandle oneshubhu. Ngokunembile, i-guideak inamapayipi amabili ku-siphon. Omunye usebenza emnyango: isingeniso. Enye inikezela ngokukhishwa kwamanzi angcolile: indawo esetshenziswayo.
Nge-siphon yokungena, amanzi angena emzimbeni we-mollusk. Igeza izigaxa zayo, ifinyelela emlonyeni womlomo. Ezingxenyeni zesikhombisi kunamaseli abucayi avumela ukuthi ibone izinhlayiya ezidliwayo ekusakazweni kwamanzi. Ama-gill we-mollusk enza hhayi kuphela ukushintshaniswa kwegesi. Babamba iqhaza ekuhlukaniseni okudliwayo nokungadliwayo.
Izinhlayiya zokudla zithunyelwa emlonyeni, kusuka lapho zingena khona esiswini ngesisu. Isikhombisi sinamathumbu lapho inqubo yokugaya iphela khona. Akuyona yonke into engena emzimbeni wesikhombisi engadonswa ngumzimba wakhe. Imfucuza kanye nezinto ezingadliwayo, kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi angcolile, kukhishwa ngaphandle ngepayipi lokuphuma le-siphon.
IGuidak iyi-bivalve mollusc. Kodwa umzimba wakhe mkhulu kangangokuba awungeni ngaphakathi kwegobolondo. Ama-valve egobolondo anemiphetho eyindilinga. Zilingana ngokulingana futhi zibanjwa ndawonye ngomucu onwebekayo. Amaqabunga awakwazi ukuvala futhi kuphela afeze ingxenye yawo yokuvikela.
Igobolondo leGuidaka, njengawo wonke ama-bivalve, aqukethe izingqimba: i-periostracum, i-prismatic kanye nomama we-pearl. I-Periostracum ungqimba olungaphandle oluncane kakhulu lwe-horny organic material conchiolin. Okuqukethwe ku-epithelium, engambozi kuphela igobolondo, kepha nengubo yemisipha nobuso bonke be-siphon.
Ingubo, equkethe izingxenye ezingakwesobunxele nangakwesokudla, ihlangana ebusweni bangaphambili, yakheke isitho semisipha, "isisu" se-tataiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingubo ihlangana nengxenye engezansi, ye-ventral yesiphon. Munye kuphela umgodi engutsheni - le yindledlana yomlenze wembaza.
Izinhlobo
Igama eligcwele le-mollusk yi-Pacific malangizo. Kufakiwe kusihlukanisi sebhayoloji ngaphansi kwegama elithi Panopea generosa. Ngummeleli odume kakhulu wohlobo lwePanopea, okubandakanya izinhlobo eziyi-10. Ububanzi obujwayelekile bohlobo bohlukene: kusuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeCanada kuye eNew Zealand.
- IPanopea generosa - isiqondiso se-pacific... Lolu wuhlobo lwembaza elishiwo lapho kubizwa igama "i-guidak".
- IPanopea abbreviation - southern malangizo... Ihlala emanzini ase-Atlantic aseduze nogu lwe-Argentina, okuthiwa uLwandle lwase-Argentina. I-mollusk inezilinganiso ezinesizotha: ubude abukho ngaphezu kwe-15 cm, isisindo singaphansi kuka-1.3 kg.
- IPanopea australis ivame kakhulu emanzini asogwini ase-Australia. Ubude be-mollusk endala bungamamitha ayi-18.
- IPanopea bitruncata - I-Atlantic malangizo... Kutholakala eGulf of Mexico.
- IPanopea globos - i-guacort cortez... Lezi zinhlobo zazithathwa njengezivamile eGulf of Mexico. Muva nje, odokotela be-ichthyologists bakutholile ngasogwini lwesifundazwe saseMexico iBaja California ePacific Ocean.
- IPanopea glycimeris - etholakala oLwandle iMedithera, ngasogwini lweAtlantic ePortugal.
- IPanopea japonica - isiqondiso solwandle saseJapan... Uhlala ezinzulwini ezijulile oLwandle lwaseJapan, ingxenye eseningizimu yoLwandle i-Okhotsk.
- IPanopea smithae - Imollusk isiwazi kahle amanzi azungeze iNew Zealand. Mhlawumbe, ngokungafani nezihlobo zabo, bangahlangana ekujuleni okukhulu.
- IPanopea zelandica - Isiqondisi seNew Zealand... Kuhlala emanzini asogwini eziqhingini zaseNew Zealand. Ungatholakala ogwini lwaseStewart Island.
Ngaphezu kwepanopea ephilayo, lolu hlobo luhlanganisa cishe izinhlobo eziyi-12-13 ezingasekho. Amagobolondo nezinsalela zala ma-molluscs avame ukuwela ezandleni ze-paleontologists zisesimweni esihle, kangangoba kungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale ngokunembile izinhlobo zazo.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Ngemuva kokudlula esigabeni sesibungu, imollusk ihlala phansi iqale ukusebenza njengomuntu omdala. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi isigaba sokuhlukana. Ekupheleni konyaka wesibili, i-tataiso ifinyelela usayizi wabantu abadala futhi ingcwaba ekujuleni okufanayo, cishe ngama-90 cm.
IGuidak noma iPanopea ihola indlela yokuphila emile. Ihlunga njalo amanzi, ikhiphe umoya-mpilo nezinhlayiya ezidliwayo ezidingekayo ukuze kuphile kuwo. Ekupheleni kobusika, buqala ukuzala, okuhlala kuze kube phakathi nehlobo.
Akwaziwa ukuthi isiqondisi sikubona kanjani ukusondela kwesilwane esidlayo. Kulokhu, abafisa ukufihla kangcono imollusk kuwo womabili amashubhu we-siphon baqala ukukhipha amanzi. Ngenxa yamandla asebenzayo, ifihla i-siphon futhi ingcwatshwe ngokuphelele emhlabathini.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Isisekelo sokudla kwesikhombisi yi-phytoplankton, ikakhulukazi ama-diatom nama-dinoflagellates. Ama-diatom ayizinto eziphilayo ezineseli eyodwa. Ama-dinoflagellate noma ama-dinophyte ayizinduna ezingafani. Zombili ziyingxenye ebalulekile yeplankton.
Kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweColombia, i-tataiso uqobo ibikudla kwabantu bendawo. Okubandakanya amaNdiya wezizwe: uChinook, umalokazana nabanye. Eminyakeni engama-30 kuya kwengu-40 edlule, intshisekelo kumhlahlandlela ikhule kusuka ku-zero kuya esikalini sebhizinisi elibucayi.
Kuze kube muva nje, izikhombisi-ndlela bezitholakala kuphela ngokubamba izinsalela zomkokotelo ezazifinyelele ekuvuthweni ezimweni zemvelo. Akuyona inqubo elula ehilela abatshuzi. IGuidaki imbiwa ngesandla ngamunye ngamunye. Yini eyenza ukudoba kwama-shellfish kubize.
Ochwepheshe abakhulu bezitsha ezenziwe nge-shellfish ngokungangabazeki baseJapan. Banambithe inkomba. Bamqamba igama lokuthi uMirukui. Ukulandela amaJapan ukunambitheka kwe-tataiso kwaziswa amaShayina. Isidingo se-shellfish saqala ukukhula ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ukuyidoba kwaba nenzuzo. Njengoba kwenzeka ezimweni ezinjalo, inqubo yokwenziwa kwezindleko isiqalile. Ukuzalisa okungeyona indlela eyinhloko yokwehlisa izindleko zokudoba. Ipulazi le-shellfish libukeka lilula impela.
Ogwini, endaweni yamagagasi, kunamapayipi amaningi angcwatshwayo. Kutshalwa isibungu se-direction. Amanzi olwandle anikela le mbaza ngokudla, futhi ipayipi lepulasitiki libonisa ukuthi likuphi futhi livimbela lembaza ukuba ingageliselwa olwandle amagagasi aqhamukayo.
Kuhlala ukulinda. IGuidak ayikhuli ngokushesha. Kepha ngemuva kweminyaka engu-2-3 ungathola isivuno sezimbaza ezinkulu. Impumelelo yokubamba nokukhulisa imikhombandlela ikhuthaze abantu baseNew Zealand. Inhlobo ehlobene nayo, iPanopea zelandica, ihlala ngasogwini lwaseNew Zealand. Kancane kancane, waqala ukuncintisana ne-Pacific malangizo noma ipanopea.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ekhiqizweni kwenzalo, ama-gametes (amaseli okuzala) abo bobulili bobabili ayadingeka. Ukuxhumana kwabo kuyadingeka ekwakheni ama-zygote - imibungu. Kepha umhlahlandlela — imbaza umile. Ayishiyi indawo yayo. Ukuhlangana kabusha kwabantu bobulili obuhlukile akunakwenzeka.
Umbuzo uxazululwa kalula. Ngokuqala kwesikhathi sokuzala, i-tataiso, noma ngabe ikuphi ubulili bayo, ikhipha amaseli okuzala kukholamu lamanzi. Okweminyaka eyikhulu yokuphila, i-panopea yesifazane, futhi iyisiqondiso, ifafaza cishe amangqamuzana okuzala abesifazane angaba yizigidi eziyinkulungwane. Okhiqizwa yindoda kungaphezu kokubala.
Ekupheleni kobusika, ngokufudumala kwamanzi, isikhathi sokuzalela seziqondiso siqala. Ukuphakama kwayo kwehla ngoMeyi-Juni kuphele ngoJulayi. Okokuqala, abesilisa bakhipha amangqamuzana abo ocansi emanzini. Abesifazane basabela ekubukekeni kwabo. Zikhiqiza amaqanda angaba yizigidi ezi-5. Abesifazane bachitha cishe izizukulwane eziyishumi ezinje ngesizini eyodwa.
Into yokuqala okufanele yenzeke eqandeni eligcina endaweni yasemanzini ukukhulelwa noma ukuhlangana nesidoda. Amathuba alokhu awamakhulu, kepha ukukhulelwa kuyenzeka.
Ngemuva kwamahora ayisithupha kuya kwayi-12 ukusuka ku-zygote, ukuhlangana kwamangqamuzana okuzala abesifazane nowesilisa, kuvela i-trochophora - isibungu sokuqala esintantayo se -ongoza. Emahoreni angama-24 kuya ku-96, i-trochophora iba isikebhe se-veliger noma sesikebhe. Izibungu ze-Sailfish ziyahamba kanye namanye ama-zooplankton.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-2-10, isibungu sidlulela esimeni esisha, esibizwa nge-pediveliger, esingahunyushwa ngokuthi isibungu esinomlenze. Okungukuthi, kulesi sigaba, umbungu wemollusk uqala umlenze.
Lesi sitho asihlaba umxhwele njenge-siphon. Cishe ayibonakali kuyi-mollusk endala. Ama-Guidaks abizwa ngama-pelecypods omumo wemilenze yawo. Leli gama - uPelecypoda - lingahunyushwa njenge-ax-footed. Kungumlenze, okwenza ukunyakaza kwe-contractile, okuqinisekisa ukuvalwa kwe-tataiso.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-metamorphosis iyenzeka - isibungu sihlala phansi bese sizalwa kabusha sibe yimollusk encane. Umsebenzi wawo wokuqala endaweni entsha ukungcwaba. Kungemva kwalokho kuphela lapho amathuba okusinda we-guideak akhula kakhulu.
Isikhombisi asikhethanga indlela ethembeke kakhulu yokuzalanisa. Isamba esikhulu samageyimu akhiqizwayo asenzi lutho ukulungisa lolu daba. Izigaba zokuphila ezengeziwe emibungwini yesibungu nazo azibukeki zinethemba. Kodwa inqubo yokukhiqiza isaqhubeka. Ijubane layo libalwa ngendlela elula.
Kuqokonyiswa isigaba solwandle. Abatshuzi babala ukuthi zingaki iziqondiso ezihlala kule ndawo. Inombolo evelayo inyuka ngama-20% - cishe inani elifanayo le-shellfish leqiwe ngesikhathi sokubala. Amafemu ezentengiselwano anikezwa imvume yokuqoqa u-2% wenani leziqondiso ezihlala kule ndawo.
Inani le-shellfish endaweni elawulwayo libalwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngendlela enzima kanjalo, kepha engenzima, kwavela ukuthi kuthatha iminyaka engama-39 ukubonakala komuntu ofanayo endaweni yalowo obanjiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kososayensi, izikhombisi-ndlela ziyinto efana nokuqoshwa okungapheli. Isimo somzimba wabo namagobolondo siphendula imibuzo eminingi yamakhemikhali.
IGuidaki iphila iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Zifihla kahle ezilwaneni ezizingelayo: ama-sea otters nezinye izinkanyezi zasolwandle ziyakwazi ukufika kuzo. Ungabi nezinkinga zokudla okunempilo. Kodwa bakhethe indlela yokuzalanisa engasebenzi ngokweqile. Imvelo ilwela ukugcina ibhalansi kukho konke.
Intengo
Abadobi beClam abavela e-United States naseCanada badayisa le mpahla exakile emhlabeni wonke. AmaJapane asebenzisa i-guilgio ngesifiso esikhethekile, amaShayina awasaleli ngemuva kwabo. AbaseYurophu, abase-Australia, belwela ukudla kakhulu ukudla kwasolwandle, bajoyine izitsha ze-shellfish.
Ngaphambi koNyaka Omusha waseChina, abathengisi abangaphandle babebuza u- $ 15 ngephawundi, noma ngama-gramu angama-454. Esikhathini esithule, thekelisa Intengo ye -ongoza okuphansi kabili. ERussia, izitolo zezinhlanzi ezikhethekile eziku-inthanethi zinikela ngalezi zinhlanzi ngama-ruble angama-2700. ngekhilogremu ngayinye, ukuyikhangisa njengokudla okumnandi kwasolwandle.
Asikho nesisodwa isibiliboco esilungiswa kalula njengesitsha esenziwe ngalezi zinhlanzi. Imvamisa Guqula ukudla okuluhlaza. Okusho ukuthi, bazosika isiphon esinamanzi bese besidla. AmaKorea avame ukwenza lokhu, noma kunjalo, ayithambisa nge-chili sauce. AmaJapan anongwe ngososi we-soy kanye ne-wasabi esiqeshini esiluhlaza se-directionaka. Kuvele sashimi.
Abomdabu baseMelika ekuqaleni babelungiselela i-Guidaka ngendlela efanayo nenyama. I-clam siphon iyahlanzwa, isikwe ibe yizicucu. Izicucu zemollusk ziyashaywa bese zithosiwe ngamafutha, ngaphambi kasawoti nopelepele ngaphambi kokuba zilungele. Isitsha sinikezwa ngo-anyanisi othosiwe.
Izitsha ze-Clam zinokunambitheka okunamandla nokuthungwa okuluhlaza. Abathandi beGuidak banesiqiniseko sokuthi abakhokhi kuphela umkhiqizo onempilo futhi onomsoco, kodwa futhi nezinye izakhiwo zemithi, ezibaluleke kakhulu emadodeni. Isizathu sale nkolelo silele ekubumbeni kwembumba.
