Incazelo nezici
Ukhaphethi ogqamile, onemibala ehlukene nosontekile, noma imibhede emikhulu yezimbali olwandle ayinakwenzeka ukuthi ishiye abangenandaba nalabo abanenhlanhla yokuyibuka. Sonke besivame ukubiza inqwaba yamagatsha ezimo ezixakile nama-shades corals.
Futhi bambalwa kakhulu abantu abazi ukuthi uma ubona amahlathi anganyakazi anokukhula okuhlukile phambi kwakho, lokhu kuyigobolondo nje. Amathambo wekhalori ahlala ngemuva kokushona kwabaphethe kuwo - ama-coral polyps.
Ama-polyps amancane ahlala ezindaweni ezinjalo eziqinile futhi azulazula ngenkuthalo. Ngalesi simiso, zingahlukaniswa ngobuningi bama- "dummies". Bakhetha ama-void ayindilinga kwifomu eliqinile elivele lenziwe. Le ndlela "yokwakha" ithuthukisa ukwakhiwa kwezixhobo zamakhorali ezinkudlwana. Lezi zidalwa akuzona izitshalo nhlobo, kodwa izilwane.
Zingezohlobo lwama-coelenterates. Uma uzwa izinkulumo: ama-polyps ama-hydroid coral, ama-jellyfish coral polyps, noma ama-scyphoid coral polyps, lapho-ke kufanele wazi, lezi azikho.
Eqinisweni, kunezigaba ezintathu zama-coelenterates:
- Ama-hydra wamanzi ahlanzekile (ama-hydroids). Bahlala emanzini angenasawoti kuphela. Lezi zilwane ezidla ama-crustaceans nezinhlanzi ezincane. Njengezibankwa, i-hydra ingabuyisa ingxenye elahlekile yomzimba wayo. Kungaba khona ngesimo se-polyp, bese kuthi kamuva kube uhlobo lwe-jellyfish.
- I-jellyfish enkulu (i-scyphoid).
- FUTHI ikilasi lama-coral polyps (phila ngendlela efanayo, ungaphinde uphinde ube yi-jellyfish phakathi nempilo)... Ake sihlale kuzo ngokuningiliziwe.
Ikhaya labo lingamanzi anosawoti kuphela. Ngeke kube khona usawoti - laba bantu basolwandle bazomane babhubhe. Zifuna nokushisa, kufanele okungenani kube ngama-degree angama-20 anophawu lokuhlanganisa. Imvamisa lawa angenamgogodla akha amakoloni wonke, kepha kukhona nabantu abangashadile abakwazi ukuhlala ekujuleni okukhulu.
I-polyp izala kabusha ngokwakhiwa kwesithombo kunina, noma ngokuhlukanisa. Uma kuyi-anemon, i.e. i-coral eyodwa, ikhiqiza kabusha ngendlela yokugcina. Kukhona nalabo abazala ngokohlobo lwesilwane. Phakathi kwabo kukhona izidalwa dioecious futhi hermaphrodites.
Isidoda sowesilisa sikhishelwa ngaphandle bese sivundisa amaqanda ngaphakathi kowesifazane, lapho angena khona ngomlomo. Emgodini wakhe wamathumbu, impilo entsha iqala. Izimbali zasolwandle zifinyelela ebusheni kuphela ngeminyaka emithathu noma emihlanu.
Kepha inyakazisa kakhulu ibodwa. Uma sikhuluma ngekoloni, i-polyp izivumelanisa nesigqi sayo sempilo. Ukuzalela okuvumelanayo kungahle kubonwe kososeshini abasunguliwe.
Isisekelo sokunamathisela amakhorali asikwazi ukuba ifomu lemvelo kuphela, kepha nemikhumbi eshonile, ngokwesibonelo. Akuzona zonke izinhlobo zama-polyps ezinobungane. Uma ezinye zingaba khona kalula nomakhelwane bohlobo oluhlukile, abanye, lapho bexhumana, bakulungele ukufaka ushevu kumphikisi. Ngenxa yalokhu, isisulu sithola ukulahlekelwa, ingxenye yekoloni laso iyafa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-coelenterates aba yizisulu zezinhlanzi ne-starfish.
Isakhiwo
Umzimba we-polyp unesakhiwo esilandelayo: i-ectoderm (ikhava yangaphandle nobuso bepharynx), i-mesoderm (into efana ne-gel egcwalisa i-voids), ne-endoderm (izindonga zangaphakathi zomzimba womuntu zenziwa ngayo).
Njengoba sishilo, lezi zinto eziphilayo ezinamaseli amaningi zinamathambo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, itholakala ngaphandle nangaphakathi. Ngokuqondene nokwakheka kwayo, kungumcako, noma into efana nophondo.
Qaphela ukuthi coral polyps isakhiwo unokufana nama-hydroids. Kepha abaze bangene esigabeni se-jellyfish. Umzimba uqobo ubukeka njengesilinda esikhubazeke kancane, okusakazeka phezu kwaso ifeni lezintambo.
"Kumunwe" ngamunye onjalo kunama-capsules akhethekile, ngaphakathi kwawo kufakwe into enobuthi. Amandla wokuyisebenzisa kuma-coelenterates abizwa ngokuthi yi-stinging function. Iseli ngalinye eliyingozi elinjalo linenkophe ezwelayo.
Uma isisulu sisondela ku-polyp, noma sizwa ingozi, futhi noma nje ushintsho kumfutho wamanzi, i-capsule iyavuleka, intambo ehlabayo iphuma kuyo (ithubhu elicindezelwe ngumoya endaweni ezolile, kudliswa ushevu ngayo). Iluma emzimbeni wesisulu, kanti imfihlo enobuthi idala ukukhubazeka nokusha kwezicubu zomphikisi. Ngemuva kokufa kwe-cnidocyte (cell), okusha kuza esikhundleni sayo ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbili.
Kukhona umlomo phakathi kwama-tentacles. Lapho okuthile okudliwayo kungena kuwo, kuthunyelwa ngokushesha esiswini ngepharynx. Yinde impela futhi inesimo sethubhu elisicaba. Lonke leli phaseji limbozwe nge-cilia, edala ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo kokugeleza kwamanzi ngaphakathi kwe-polyp.
Ngenxa yalokhu, isilwane sithola, okokuqala, ukudla (ama-plankton amancane), futhi okwesibili, siphefumula. Ngemuva kwakho konke, amanzi anothise umoya-mpilo angena emzimbeni wakhe, futhi asevele egcwele i-carbon dioxide ekhishwa. Umphimbo uphela ngomgudu wamathumbu ovaliwe. Ihlukaniswe izingxenye eziningana.
Esisekelweni coelenterate ama-coral polyps kuyanwetshwa. Uma lokhu kuyisizungu, isisekelo esinjalo siyamsebenzela ukuze unamathele ngokuqinile ku-substrate. Uma sikhuluma ngekoloni, khona-ke ngalinye lamalungu alo likhula ngokoqobo libe "umzimba" ovamile nabalingani bawo. Njengomthetho, abantu abafanayo bakusohlelo olufanayo. Kepha kukhona futhi amakoloni anjalo lapho ama-polyps ahlukene ehlangene.
Izinhlobo
Kunezigaba ezimbili zalezi zidalwa:
- Isigxobo sesishiyagalombili
Abantu abanjalo bahlala behlonyiswe ngamatende ayi-8. Futhi bane-8 mesenteric septa (bakha amakamelo amaningana emzimbeni we-polyp). Njengomthetho, usayizi wabo mncane, kuyaqabukela kudlula amasentimitha ama-2.
Amathambo azo angaba ne-eksisi eqinile futhi asakazeke eduze kwe-mesoderm ngezinaliti. Ngeke uthole isizungu phakathi kwabo. Bahlala emakoloni. Zondla kakhulu ngohlobo lwesilwane. Ngakho-ke, zinombala ohlukahlukene wombala.
Isigaba esingaphansi sihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amane:
- Alcyonaria
Kuningi kakhulu, ngaphezu kwanoma yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo zokuphila kwasolwandle okufanayo. I-subclass ihlukaniswe ngomunye umkhakha weshumi nane. Kukhona abantu abaguqukayo.
Azinamathambo aqinile, yingakho abizwa ngamakhorali athambile. Zibhekwa njengezilula kakhulu. Azikwazi ukukhula ngobude ngenxa yokushoda kwenduku. Izinkampani zalezi zinto eziphilayo zingangena ngaphansi, zenze ubujamo obuyindilinga, noma zifane namagatsha ezihlahla, noma ikhowe. Zikhetha amanzi afudumele futhi angajulile.
Kabili ngosuku emele okunjalo uhlobo lwama-polyp polyps zisonga ngaphakathi kwemizimba yazo futhi uhlangane nendawo ezungezile ngombala. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, ziphinde zivele, zivule futhi zijabulise amehlo ethu ngemibala ekhanyayo.
- Amakhorali ama-Horny
Leli koloni ligabha ngamathambo. Ngakho-ke izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezivulekile ezakha amaqoqo ama-polyps anjalo. Zitholakala nasezilwandle ezishisayo, kepha abantu abangajwayelekile bayakwazi ukusinda enyakatho. Amakhorali abomvu owathandayo wonke umuntu (abuye abizwe nangokuthi amakhorali ahloniphekile) angaphansi kwaleli qembu, okwakhiwa ngalo ubucwebe nezikhumbuzo.
Kwabanye abantu, ungabona izinaliti ezibukhali emlonyeni, lawa ama-spicule. Kwelukelwe ku-corolla. IGorgonia enkulu, efana nomlandeli, iyahlaba umxhwele ngosayizi wayo kumamitha amabili. ILeptogorgia ibukeka kakhulu njengesihlahla esincane. Ingatholakala futhi naseMpumalanga yethu Ekude.
- Amakhorali aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Kugqame ngokuthi izungezwe amathambo angaphandle aqinile, awugqinsi angaphandle. Ubukhulu bayo bungakhula bube ngamasentimitha angama-50. Ngenkathi umzimba ungamamilimitha ambalwa nje ukushuba. Inombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka okhangayo. Konke ngenxa yosawoti wensimbi. Ikholoni linamathumbu owodwa wabo bonke, ngokunembile, lezi zitho zikhula ndawonye.
- Izimpaphe zolwandle
Izidalwa ezinhle kakhulu futhi ezingavamile ngaphansi kwamanzi. Umehluko wabo oyisisekelo kakhulu kwabanye, abadingi i-substrate. Izimpaphe zingamane zinamathisele ukuphela kwazo okuphansi esihlabathini esithambile esisolwandle. Lesi sici sibanikeza amandla okuhamba futhi bangalungiswa emakhaya abo. Yize bekushiya kungavamile. Abanasithakazelo emanzini angajulile, bahlala lapho kujule khona. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngamakhulu amabili zalezi zidalwa.
Amakholoni abo akhanya kakhulu futhi makhulu, kepha hhayi ngenani labantu, kepha ngosayizi. Ama-polyps amakhulu kunawo wonke alolu hlobo afinyelela kumamitha amabili ukuphakama. Uma ubheka uphaphe, ungaqonda ukuthi lesi akusona isilwane esisodwa, kodwa eziningana.
Uphaphe lunesiqu esijiyile, empeleni umzimba oshintshiwe we-polyp ejwayelekile. Futhi abantu abancane bahlala kulesi siqu, bakha izimpaphe zezimpaphe. Kwesinye isikhathi laba bahlali bakhula ndawonye futhi babe njengamaqabunga. Amathambo alawa coelenterates awaqinile. Izinti ezincane kuphela ezisakazeke emzimbeni.
Uphaphe luphila njengesidalwa esisodwa. Umuntu ngamunye uneziteshi eziningana ezifanayo nalo lonke ikoloni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lonke leli koloni linemisipha enamandla kakhulu. Uma eyodwa yama-polyps izwa ingozi, lesi simo sidluliselwa komakhelwane baso. Isibonelo, lapho isitha sisondela, lonke uphaphe luqala ukucwebezela, konke ngenxa yamaseli akhethekile anonile.
Izimpaphe zidla ukudla ngokuya ngohlobo lwesilwane. Kusetshenziswa izikelemu, ulwelwe, i-zooplankton. Lapho ubumnyama bufinyelela olwandle, i-polyp iyazingela. Izintambo zalo ezincane ezinolwelo zivuleka futhi zibambe izisulu.
Hlukanisa phakathi kwabo ama-polyp wesifazane nowesilisa. Futhi lapha konke, njengabantu, kunamadoda ambalwa kakhulu. Amaqanda avundiswa kukholamu lamanzi. Lapho owesilisa ekhipha ama-hormone akhe ocansi, amanzi amzungezile aba namafu futhi lokhu kuyabonakala ngeso lenyama. Ezimweni ezingavamile ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-coral polyps lolu hlobo lwenzeka ngokumane kwehlukaniswe.
I-Veretillum ingeyabamele iqembu. Uma uyibuka emini, ngeke ubone lutho olungajwayelekile: kunamathela nje amashubhu aminyene aphuzi noma ansundu. Kepha ebusuku kuyindaba ehluke ngokuphelele, ama-multicellular aguqulwa ngaphezu kokuqashelwa.
Umzimba wayo uyavuvukala, futhi inqwaba yama-polyps asobala anezinhlamvu ezimhlophe ezivulekile ngaphezulu. Ngemuva kwalokho, bonke lobu buhle buqala ukubheka i-phosphoresce. Uma kukhona okuphazamisa izilwane, ziqala ukukhanya noma zikhanyise amagagasi amancane emzimbeni.
Omunye ummeleli othakazelisayo yi-umbellula. Lezi zimpaphe ziyakwazi ukuphila emanzini abandayo e-Antarctic. Zibukeka zingajwayelekile. "Isiqu" eside kakhulu, phezu kwawo kuhlala abantu abambalwa abancane. Lawa makhorali angaba ngamasentimitha angama-50 kuphela futhi angakhula aze afike kumamitha amabili.
UPennatula ungomunye wabantu abahle kakhulu. Incane uqobo lwayo. Kepha ingakhula ngobubanzi. Esiqwini, ama-autozoid amaningi ayaphuma, okunika uphaphe ukuvela okunothile. Imibala isuka kokumhlophe kuye kobomvu ngokukhanyayo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uma ama-polyps anjalo engasebenzi endaweni ethile ngesikhathi, ayagoba futhi alale phansi. Bangakhanya ezingxenyeni ezithile, i.e. kungaba ingxenye eseceleni ye-polypoid, noma kuphela ama-polyps amancane ngokwedlulele ngokwawo. Kulokhu, i-luminescence ingaba ngemibala ehlukene.
- Imishayo eyisithupha
Zingahlukaniswa kalula kusuka kuma-polyps we-subclass yangaphambilini ngenani lama-tentacles. Inani lale "minwe" engu-6-ray kumele libe ukuphindaphindwa kweziyisithupha. Amahlumela angeziwe awakhuli kula magatsha. Kepha kungaba baningi ngokwabo. Ngakho-ke ukwakheka okuyinqaba. Zihlala ngokubodwa nangamaqembu.
TO izici zama-coral polyps i-septa nayo ingabalwa. Lesi sibalo, njengomthetho, futhi siphindaphindeka kweziyisithupha. Ama-coral polyps anemisebe eyisithupha anesakhiwo esisho ukungabi khona ngokuphelele kwamathambo, noma okuphambene nalokho - isimo sawo esiqinile nesiminyene. Njengoba "amathambo" akhiwa ectoderm, amathambo awekho ngaphakathi kwesilwane, kodwa ngaphandle. Kutholakala kuyo izingadi zasolwandle ezijwayelekile.
Uma sikhuluma ngabamele i-subclass, ama-anemone adume kakhulu. Njengoba zingenaso isisekelo esiqinile ngesimo samathambo, azikwazi ukusebenza njengezinto zokwakhiwa kwamakhorali. Kodwa lezi zidalwa zajwayela futhi zathola indlela yokuhlangana nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Kungaba ukuhlekisa ngezigqila. Le ngane inefilimu ekhethekile ebusweni bomzimba wayo. Ngenxa yakhe, ama-anemone awahlabi umngane wawo, kodwa, kunalokho, amvikela kwezinye izingozi. Izinhlanzi zona zihlanza umzimba ngamunye ngezikhathi ezithile emzimbeni we-polyp.
Ama-Anemone nawo ahambisana kahle nenkalankala. Ithumbu lakha ngqo egobolondweni lomngane, futhi ngaleyo ndlela lihamba ezitshalweni ezinkulu. "Ukuthuthwa" okufanayo kokwehluliwe nakho akuhlali, ngoba umsebenzi olumazayo womakhelwane wayo uvikela ezitheni.
Kuyathakazelisa futhi ukuthi i-anemone yasolwandle iyisilwane esi-viviparous. Izingane zikhula kahle emzimbeni kamama futhi izingane ezigcwele ngokugcwele sezivele zizelwe. Ama-polyps adlayo anenombolo enkulu kakhulu yamaseli ahlabayo. Ngakho-ke, hhayi isisulu samagciwane kuphela, kodwa futhi gazinga kuvame ukuba yisisulu sabo.
AmaMadreporovs nawo angabamele abaningi besigaba esingaphansi. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezintathu nohhafu zezinhlobo zama-polyps. Yibo esivame ukubabona, becwila phansi kolwandle, njengezixhobo zamakhorali.
Uhlaka lwamathambo oluqinile lusiza ukwakha amahlathi amakhulu ama-madrepora. Ingaphandle futhi iqinile. Inqubo yokwakheka kwayo imi kanje: i-ectoderm ye-polyp ifihla imicu emincane kakhulu. Lapho kwakhiwa khona i-mesh. Izinhlayiyana ze-calcium carbonate ziwela kuleli hlelo, futhi ziqongeleleke kancane kancane, zakha "igobolondo" eliminyene.
Ukujwayela ukuba khona kweqembu, ama-polyps anjalo akhula ndawonye, ingxenye yohlaka lwamathambo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi anezintambo ezivamile nomlomo. Ngokumelene nesizinda "samathambo" anamandla umzimba wabo uba mncane kakhulu.
Ngokubukeka, ikoloni lalabahlali basolwandle lingafana nezihlahla, izimbali, i-trellis, noma umbhede omkhulu wezimbali oyindilinga. Isibonelo, ama-meanrines, ahlanganiswe nezwe elilodwa, afana nengqondo ebunjiwe. Ama-polyps ngokwawo mancane, kepha akha amaqembu amakhulu. AmaLoners nawo ayenzeka, kepha kuyaqabukela. Ngobubanzi, ubukhulu bama-hermits afinyelela kuhhafu wemitha.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ungahlala ukhulume ngezindlela zokondla lezi zinto zasolwandle. Ngempela, kulokhu, bahlukile nje.
- I-photosynthesis.
Amathumbu ayakwazi ukuthola izakhamzimba njengezitshalo. I-Zooxanthellae ibasiza ukwenza lokhu. Lawa ma-algae angama-unicellular ayakwazi ukusebenzisa i-carbon dioxide, futhi akhiqizi i-oxygen kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinto eziphilayo, ama-polyps angenakukwenza ngaphandle kwawo. Lezi zitshalo ezinsundu zihlala ngqo ezicutshini zamakhorali futhi ngaleyo ndlela zinika "abanikazi" umbala ogqamile.
Noma kunjalo, ukubambisana okunjalo nakho kunecala elibi. Uma ulwelwe luqala ukuba namandla kakhulu futhi lukhiqize umoya-mpilo ongadingekile kakhulu, lulimaza i-polyp. Futhi uyashesha ukuzisusa.
Ngenxa yalokho, ilahlekelwa hhayi kuphela izinambuzane ezisanda kuguqulwa, kodwa futhi nombala wayo, noma ukushintsha kombala. Futhi-ke eyodwa enamaseli amaningi idinga ukubuyisela inani lalaba "basizi" ngokushesha okukhulu, kuqashwe abasha, abafanelekile ezindaweni zabo, ezizimele. Kwenza polyp lula ukugwinya.
Ngendlela, i-polyp ingalahlekelwa umbala ngesinye isizathu. Ulwelwe olunsundu alubekezeleli amazinga okushisa aphezulu (ingxenye enkulu), futhi uma kushisa kakhulu, bayafa.
- Ama-polyps ayakwazi ukumunca ukudla okufana nezilwane.
Abantu abanjalo banemibala ekhangayo enemibala eminingi. Abathandi ukukhanya okukhanyayo futhi bahlala lapho kunesithunzi esithe xaxa, njengomthetho ezindaweni ezijulile kakhulu.
Ulwelwe akubona abasizi babo, iplankton nezinto eziphilayo ezahlukahlukene ziyadliwa. Futhi imvamisa izinhlanzi ezincane. Lapha kuhileleke amatende abo kanye nomsebenzi olumayo. Abanye bakwazi kangcono ukusebenza kumsinga oqinile ngokwanele, kanti abanye badinga isikhundla esithile emanzini.
- Amakhorali asezidlweni ezixubekile.
Kukhona izidalwa ezinjalo ezikwazi ukwamukela izinto ezidingekayo futhi okokuqala, i.e. uhlobo lwesitshalo, nesilwane. Ama-polyps ahlanganisa ngobuhlakani le misebenzi.
Inani
Kubantu, ama-coral akuyona nje into yokudoba, kodwa into ebaluleke kakhulu ngokubuka kobuhle. Amahlathi amakhulu akha ama-polyps abizwa ngokuthi ama-reef. Enhliziyweni yendawo enjalo kunamathambo abantu abathile be-madrepore.
Zigcwaliswa uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-algae, oluqukethe ne-lime. Ama-mollusk ne-crayfish nawo abamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwaleli reef. Madreporovye ama-polyp polyps uzwela ngokwanele. Uma amanzi elahlekelwa usawoti, izilwane ziqala ukufa. Ukwehliswa kwetyuwa kungenzeka ngenxa yemvula esebenzayo, noma eduze kwemilomo yemifula.
Izidumbu zama-polyp zinobuthi emvelweni. Ngakho-ke, uma kufa umsele, bonke abantu abahlala kwezinye izinhlobo, bayafa. Izikelemu, ama-molluscs, ama-crustaceans kanye nama-hedgehogs ahlangana ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nemifula.
Omunye ukhasa, noma ubhukuda eduze komhlaba, abanye babhoboza izimbobo kukalamula bese bahlala ngaphakathi. Uma isilwane esinjalo singakwazanga ukuphuma ngesikhathi, ikoloni lingasitena ngaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, isiboshwa ngeke sife, kepha sizohlala sodwa, sithola izingxenyana zokudla.
Sikufisela inhlanhla ukuqaphela i-tridacna enkulu ethathe izimpande phakathi kwama-polypoids. Le mollusk imane nje inkulu, isisindo sayo singadlula amakhilogremu angamakhulu amabili. Kepha okubaluleke kakhulu ukubukeka kwayo. Ingubo ekhanyayo ye-invertebrate iphuma ngaphesheya kwamavalvu egobolondo futhi ibukeka ihlaba umxhwele.
Thola indawo yokukhosela emahlathini nakuma-moray eel. Kuyiqiniso, basebenzisa amadwala hhayi indawo yokukhosela, kodwa ukuze bahlale bengaziwa izisulu zabo okwamanje. Ukusilika, ukungabikho komoya-mpilo nokupholisa nakho kuthinta kabi isisekelo semifula.
Amanzi angcolile ayingozi kakhulu ezingadini zasolwandle. ICaribbean ibone ukubhujiswa okukhulu kwamatshe eminyakeni yamuva. Ukugeleza okukhulu kwabavakashi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, imfucuza enkulu, ingcolisa indawo yokuhlala yezinto eziphilayo ezinamaseli amaningi.
Imifula ihlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu:
- Ogwini (ngokususelwa egameni kuyacaca ukuthi akhiwa ogwini lolwandle)
- Isithiyo (esisogwini lolwandle)
- Ama-Attols (iziqhingi eziphelele, ezimise okwendandatho. Ngaphandle kokwakheka okunjalo kunamanzi ajulile. Ngaphakathi, ajulile kakhulu, amanzi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi acacile). Imibhalo enjalo ibhaliwe, ubukhulu bayo budlula ubukhulu bolwandle lonke.
Njengoba uCharles Darwin, owaziwa yibo bonke abantu, echaza, leli reef kufanele lidlule ezigabeni ezimbili zokuqala ngaphambi kokuba libe yisiyingi. Labo. amakhorali okuqala akhiwa ngasogwini lwalesi siqhingi, kuthi ngenxa yokunyuka kwamazinga amanzi, amanye ajule, kuthi amasha akhe olunye ugu. Yile ndlela amafomu okuvimbela atholakala ngayo. Lapho lesi siqhingi singena ngaphansi kwamanzi, kuba khona indandatho yempilo yasolwandle.
Lapho amathambo ama-polyps eqala ukukhuphuka ngaphezu kwamanzi, kwakheka iziqhingi zamakhorali. Ugu olumqansa lwamathambo anezikhala ezinamakhaza avula isihlabathi esimhlophe njengeqhwa (amathambo ama-polyps achotshozwa amagagasi), futhi maphakathi nesiqhingi kunesiqeshana somhlabathi.
Uma ubheka ngqo ngaphansi kwaso kukholamu lamanzi, ungabona inqwaba yamathambo angenalutho, ama-polyps aphilayo ahlala kancane ukusuka ogwini. Esikhathini esiningi, iziqhingi zincane, futhi uhlaza olukuzo lunesizotha, ngoba bambalwa abangahlala ngaphandle kwamanzi ahlanzekile isikhathi eside.
Amasundu kakhukhunathi, izitshalo ezifana ne-cactus kanye nezihlahla ezinjenge-ananas eziphansi. AmaMolluscs nama-crustaceans ahlala etsheni le- limestone elichoboziwe. Ngesikhathi samaza amakhulu, le ngxenye yesiqhingi iyacwila, futhi ngamagagasi amancane iphinda ibonakale futhi esweni lomuntu.
Onqenqemeni lwesiqhingi, kunezinhlobo ezithile zamakhorali ezihlala, ezikwazi ukumelana nokushaywa kwamagagasi njalo ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Ngokuyisisekelo, lawa ayindilinga, amakhowe namanye ama-polyps "ondliwe kahle". Abantu abangamagatsha bakhethe izindawo ezijulile. Kanjalo namakhorali ngokwawo. Labo abahlala eduze kwabo badwetshiwe ngokugqamile. Izinhlanzi ezincane ikakhulukazi.
Amakholoni akha amachibi namachibi anokuhluka okukhulu. Emaphethelweni anjalo, ama-polyps awadingi i-substrate, ahamba ngokuthula phansi, noma anamathele kuwo ngomphetho wawo ophansi. Imvamisa, ungathola lapho amafomu entekenteke, amancane, anamagatsha amakhulu futhi avulekile. Ngempela, emachwebeni, amagagasi awakhathazi ama-coelenterates, futhi awadingi ukwakha amathambo. Omunye umehluko kusuka emadlelweni e-surf umbala ongacacile wabantu.
Kepha abantu abagcini nje ngokubonga izingadi zolwandle, kepha futhi bayazisebenzisa ngokwenza. Umcako wamathambo e-polyp usetshenzisiwe kabusha ukukhiqiza impahla yokwakha enhle. Emazweni asezindaweni ezishisayo, empeleni yonke into yakhiwe ngayo, kokubili izindlu nezitolo ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umcako usebenza njengokugcwalisa izihlungi futhi njengesiyaluyalu sokugaya.
Kutholakale ukusetshenziswa kwama-coral nemithi. Zithandwa kakhulu emakhemisi ase-Asia. Uma sikhuluma ngokubaluleka esikalini sezilwane zasendle, ama-polyps abambe iqhaza ekulawuleni inani lezilwane nezinhlanzi ezihlala nazo.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-coral angenye yezixhumanisi ezikuchungechunge lokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadwala ayisisekelo semvelo ehlukile lapho kunezinto eziningi eziphilayo. Akukona nje mayelana nezinhlanzi ezincane. Izingadi ezinjalo zinikeza indawo yokuhlala i-barracuda noshaka. Futhi, ungakhohlwa ngomsebenzi wokuhlunga.
