UPitohu igcwele ubuthi. Igcwele isikhumba namaphiko ezinyoni asuka ku-oda labantu abadlulayo. Umndeni onezimpaphe oshaya amakhwela ase-Australia. Igama lomndeni likhomba kule ndawo pitohu. Inyoni akutholakali e-Australia uqobo, kodwa emahlathini aseNew Guinea. Ihlukaniswe nezwekazi yiTorres Strait.
Incazelo nezici ze-pitohu
Le enezimpiko ngenye indlela ibizwa ngokuthi i-thrush flycatcher. Le nyoni ingamasentimitha angama-23 ubude. Isilwane sipendwe ngokumnyama, obomvu-orange, nsundu. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-pitohui zihlanganisa imibala ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, ziyehluka ngokugcwalisa.
Ekhaya inyoni enobuthi pitohu yathathwa njengodoti ngoba yayingakulungele ukudla. Abantu baseNew Guinea baqaphele ukunambitheka okungajwayelekile kwesikhumba esinezimpaphe kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, abaseYurophu babeqiniseka ukuthi azikho izinyoni ezinobuthi phakathi kwabo.
Ubuthi be-pitohu batholakala ngo-1992. Lokhu kwaba yintuthuko yesayensi. Kamuva, bonke abaseNew Guinea efanayo bathola izinyoni ezimbili ezinobuthi - i-shrike flycatcher ne-ifrit kovaldi enekhanda eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Inyoni enobuthi enekhanda eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka u-ifrit uKovaldi naye uhlala ne-pitohu.
Ubuthi bePitohui buchazwa nguJack Dum-Baker. Isisebenzi e-University of Chicago safunda lokho okuthiwa yizinyoni zepharadesi. UPitohu wayengeyena wabo, kodwa wazithola esengene ogibeni lokugibela. UJack wakhulula uphaphe, enwaya umunwe wakhe ngenkathi enza kanjalo.
Usosayensi wakhotha isilonda wezwa ulimi lundikindiki. UDam-Beicher akakwazanga ukuchaza ngokwenzekile. Kodwa-ke, ngentando yesiphelo, i-ornithologist yaphinde yahlangana ne-thrush flycatcher, yaphinde yazizwa ingakhululekile. Bese kuba nokuqagela mayelana nobuthi bale nyoni.
Ubuthi be-pitohu yi-gobatrachotoxin. Okufanayo kukhiqizwa ixoxo elikhwela iqabunga elihlala eNingizimu Melika. Lapho, amaNdiya asebenzisa ubuthi bezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini amakhulu eminyaka, afaka ubuthi emicibisholo ngawo. Umqali weqabunga uthola ubuthi ngokucubungula izinambuzane ezidliwe, ikakhulukazi izintuthwane. Amaxoxo agcinwe ekuthunjweni futhi ukudla ngendlela ehlukile akubuthi.
Esithombeni, i-blackbird flycatcher noma i-pitohui
Kungashiwo okufanayo ngepito. Ezinyonini, izinga lobuthi lihluka kuye ngendawo yokuhlala. Izinyoni ezinesihlungu kakhulu zitholakala ezindaweni zokuminyana kwamabhungane e-choresine melyrid. UPitokhu udliwa yilezi zinambuzane. La mabhungane aqukethe i-batrachotoxin. Inamandla aphindwe kayikhulu kune-strychnine.
Ngenxa ye-batrachotoxin, inyama yePitokhu inuka kabi uma iphekwe. Umkhiqizo unambitheka kamunyu. Ngakho-ke, abomdabu baseNew Guinea abayithandi i- pito, yize befunde ukuyipheka, begwema ukufaka ushevu.
Izinyoni uqobo lwazo, ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, nazo zaqala ukumelana nobuthi bazo, okungeke kushiwo ngezintwala. Ukukhubaza ezinye izinyoni, azithinti ipito. Ubuthi babo bungavikela nakubantu abazingelayo. Ukunikezwa kobuhlungu benyoni eyodwa kubulala amagundane angama-800, okusho ukuthi kungabulala izidlo ezinkulu ezidla inyama.
Umbala ogqamile wezimpaphe zepito ukhombisa ubuthi benyoni
Kunama-milligram angama-30 e-batrachotoxin emzimbeni ka-pito ongu-60 gram, kufaka phakathi izimpaphe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ibhungane, lapho izinyoni zithola ubuthi khona, linemibala efanayo nemibala esawolintshi neyolintshi njenge-pitohui uqobo.
Izinhlobo zepitohu
Izinhlobo zePitokhu 6, kepha zintathu kuphela zazo ezinobuthi .. Ezimbili zazo ziqongelela ubuthi bamandla aphakathi nendawo. Abantu bathimula kuphela kuwo, balume, bangavuvukala. Ku-pito wesithathu, ubuthi bungambulala umuntu. Imayelana nokudla, okungukuthi, ukubukeka kwemibala emibili. Abamele bayo bapendwe ngemibala emnyama neyolintshi. Ukugcwala kwazo nokuqhathanisa kwazo kuyisibonakaliso sobuthi besilwane.
Ngaphezu kwemibala emibili, emahlathini aseNew Guinea kukhona:
1. I-pito egqwalile. Igama layo ngesiLatini libolile. Igama lezimpaphe lihlotshaniswa nombala. Kufana nensimbi egqwalile. Izimpaphe ezibomvu kansundu zimboza wonke umzimba wepito. Inkulu kunamanye amalungu omndeni, ifinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-28.
Izinhlobo zinama-subtypes amaningana. Esinye sazo esinegama lesiLatini elithi fuscus sinomlomo omhlophe, kanti esinye sinomnyama. Bonke abamele lezi zinhlobo banoshevu.
2. I-pitohui ebunjiwe... Futhi inobuthi. Esithombeni pitohu kufana ne-bicolor. Umehluko wuhlweza lwezimpaphe ezimnyama ekhanda.
I-cito enecrested ibonakala kalula ngesici sayo
3. I-pito eguquguqukayo. Yena, ngokungafani nezihlobo eziningi, umnyama ngokuphelele, akanakho ukufakwa okukhanyayo. Igama lesiLatin lohlobo luthi kirhosephalus.
4. I-Variegated Pitokhu. NgesiLatin ibizwa nge-insertus. Igama livela ekuhlanganisweni kwezimpaphe ezinemibala eminingana esifubeni senyoni. Inosayizi ophakathi nendawo, cishe amasentimitha angama-25 ubude.
5. I-pitohui emnyama. Kulula ukuyiphambanisa nenye eguqukayo, kepha umbala wezimpaphe ezimnyama ugcwele kakhulu, uphonsa ngensimbi.
Izinhlobo ezi-6 zezinyoni ezibamba ama-blackbird zinama-subtypes angama-20. Bonke bangabahlali baseNew Guinea. Kuphi ngqo emazweni akhe ukufuna i-pito?
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Iningi lePitochus lihlala emahlathini ezinkangala ezisenkabeni yeGuinea, ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingamamitha angu-800-1700 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Izinyoni zikhuphukela ehlathini lezindawo ezishisayo. Kungakho abadobi bezinyoni abamnyama babengaziwa ngabantu baseYurophu isikhathi eside. Abazange nje baye lapho kuhlala khona izinyoni. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ezingezona ezinobuthi zitholakala emaphethelweni nasezihlahleni.
Uma kune-pito eduzane, kulula ukubona inyoni. Akukona ngemibala egqamile kuphela, kodwa futhi nangomsindo. Izinyoni zindiza ngokungesabi zisuka egatsheni ziye egatsheni, zenza umsindo. Lokhu kuziphatha kufanelekile ngokungabi nesifiso sokuhlasela abadobi bezinyoni ezimnyama, bobabili abantu kanye nabahlaseli behlathi.
Ngalesi sizathu, inani labantu basePitohui eNew Guinea liyanda. Ukutholakala kwezinhlobo ngezinga leplanethi kungenxa yokuthi izinyoni azitholakali ngaphandle kweziqhingi.
Ukudla okunomsoco wepito
Lapho, uhlala kuphi pitohui, kunezinambuzane eziningi unyaka wonke. Uqhwaku oluqinile futhi olucijile lwenyoni luyashintshwa ukuze lubabambe endizeni nasemhlabathini nasezihlahleni. Ngaphezu kwezimpukane namabhungane, ukuphakelwa kwePitokha:
- amacimbi
- izintuthwane
- amaxoxo amancane
- izibungu
- izibungu
- izibankwa
- amagundane
- izimvemvane
Izithelo namajikijolo amahlathi aseNew Guinea enza cishe i-15% yokudla kwepitohu. Izinyoni ezindala zidla ukudla kwezitshalo. Esikhathini sokukhula, ukudla kungu-100% wamaprotheni. Kuwo, izilwane ezincane zikhula ngokushesha.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
I-Pitokhu yenziwe ngezidleke ezinamakhasi ezivela emagatsheni ezihlahla. Kwesinye isikhathi izinyoni zihlela izindlu emifantwini yamatshe. Insikazi izalela amaqanda ayi-1-4 esidlekeni. Ama-clutch amaningi enziwa ngonyaka - isimo sezulu siyavuma.
Amaqanda ePitochu amhlophe noma omnqumo, amachashazi anezindawo ezimnyama. Ngenkathi insikazi ifukamela inzalo izinsuku eziyi-17, eyesilisa iyayondla. Ngezinye izinsuku eziyi-18, bobabili abazali baletha ukudla ematshweleni. Ngemuva kwalokho, inzalo iyandiza isuke esidlekeni.
Umjikelezo wokukhula okusheshayo ungenye yezizathu zokubanjwa eziningi kwama-thrush flychers. Ngendlela, baphila isikhathi eside njengokujwayelekile - iminyaka engu-3-7. Ekuthunjweni, inyoni ingawela lo mugqa, noma kunjalo, ukunakekela ipito kuyinkinga.
