U-12% wendawo yaseRussia ngamanzi. Amakhilomitha-skwele angama-400,000 amachibi. Bangaphezu kuka-3 000 000 babo ezweni, iningi lisanda kuhluma. Amachibi kasawoti eRussia angaphansi kuka-10% wengqikithi. Izinhlobonhlobo zamanzi zinikeza izinhlobonhlobo ezifanayo zezinhlanzi kuzo. Amakhulu ezinhlobo zezinhlobo zechibi. Kunama-60 echibini laseLadoga kuphela.Kodwa ake siqale ngeBaikal. Iqukethe ama-90% wamanzi amasha aseRussia. Kuthiwani ngezinhlanzi?
Izinhlanzi Zechibi iBaikal
Ngokwesibalo sezinhlobo zezinhlanzi, iBaikal ayiphansi kuneLake Ladoga. OLwandle Olungcwele, kukhona nezinto ezingaba ngu-60. Bahlukaniswe imindeni eyi-15 nama-oda ama-5. Ngaphezu kwengxenye yazo yizinhlobo zeBaikal ezingatholakali kweminye imizimba yamanzi. Phakathi kwalabo:
Omul
Kushiwo i-whitefish. Umndeni wakwa-omul ngama-salmonids. Inhlanzi ifinyelela kumasentimitha angama-50 ubude. Isisindo singamakhilogremu ama-3. Ngisho eminyakeni engama-50 edlule, kwakukhona abantu ngamasentimitha angama-60 ubude futhi enesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilo ama-3. Eminyakeni edlule, i-omul ayinciphi nje kuphela, kepha futhi iyaphela. Ukwehla kwabantu kuhlotshaniswa nokudoba okusebenzayo. Mayelana nalokhu, ezifundeni zeBaikal, sekuvinjelwe imingcele yokudoba yezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Izinhlanzi ezihlala echibini zihlukaniswe ngabantu aba-5. I-omul enkulu kakhulu futhi emnandi kunazo zonke Severobaikalsky. Kukhona nenxusa, iSelenga, iBarguzin kanye neChivyrkuy. Aqanjwe ngezindawo zawo eLake Baikal. Inamatheku aseBarnuzinsky naseChevyrkuisky. I-Posolsk neSelenginsk yizindawo ezisogwini lolwandle.
Golomyanka
Okuwukuphela kwenhlanzi eviviparous yeChibi iBaikal. Ukwenqaba ukuphonsa amaqanda akuyona into ejwayelekile ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. Iningi lezinhlanzi ezi-viviparous zihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo. I-golomyanka nayo igqama ngokusobala kwayo. Ukugeleza kwegazi namathambo kuyabonakala ngesikhumba sesilwane.
Njengoba yakha eBaikal eminyakeni eyizi-2 000 000 eyedlule, i-golomyanka yakha izinhlobo ezimbili. Okukhulu kufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-22 ubude. I-golomyanka encane - 14 cm inhlanzi echibini.
Igama le golomyanka lihlotshaniswa nosayizi wekhanda lalo. Ibala ikota yendawo yomzimba. Umlomo omkhulu ugcwele amazinyo amancane futhi abukhali. Basiza ukuzingela ngempumelelo ama-crustaceans kanye nefry.
U-40% wesisindo se-golomyanka ungamafutha. Inikeza izinhlanzi amandla okuba zingathathi hlangothi. Izinhlanzi zintanta ngokoqobo ezindizeni eziqondile noma ezincikene.
IGolomyanka ithathwa njengenye yezinhlanzi ezikhuluphele kakhulu
Ububanzi obukhulu
Ihlala ekujuleni okungafika kumamitha ayi-1,500. Inhlanzi inekhanda elikhulu elinebunzi elibanzi nomzimba othambile we-gelatinous. Kunezinhlobo ezingama-24 emndenini. Abamele abakhulu kakhulu bangamasentimitha angama-28 ubude. Iprotottius encane ebanzi ayikhulisi ize ibe ngu-7.
Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo ezingama-29 zama-gobies eBaikal. Bangu-22 kuphela kubo abagcwele echibini. Inani eliphelele lezinhlobo zezinhlanzi zeBaikal ezihlukile lingama-27.
Ubukhulu bobubanzi obubanzi buqala kusuka kwabancane kuya kwabakhulu, kuya ngohlobo
Inhlanzi yaseLadoga Lake
Uma iBaikal iyichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke eRussia, khona-ke ichibi laseLadoga yilona elikhulu kunawo wonke eYurophu. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezingama-60 zezinhlanzi zasendaweni kukhona:
Inhlanzi emhlophe yakwaVolkhov
Lesi sifo seLake Ladoga sifinyelela kumasentimitha angama-60 ubude futhi sinesisindo sama-5 kilogram. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo zeVolkhov zingenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu ezimhlophe. Inani labantu lifakiwe kwiRed Book. Isiteshi samandla kagesi iVolkhovskaya sivale indlela yokudalela izinhlanzi. Ngenkathi ivuliwe, okungukuthi, kuze kube ngowokuqala wesithathu wekhulu lama-20, iVolkhov whitefish yabanjwa ngemisila engama-300,000 ngonyaka.
IVolkhov whitefish ibhalwe kuRed Book
I-Atlantic sturgeon
Kufakwe ezinhlotsheni ezingasekho ezinemibandela amachibi ezinhlanzi... Isikhathi sokugcina ukubonwa kwe-sturgeon yase-Atlantic eLake Ladoga kwakuphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Ifomu elikhethekile lokuphila lezinhlanzi lalihlala echibini. Ithemba lihlala likhona lokuthi isibalo sabantu kuleli chibi asiphelile ngo-100%. Uzobona isibiliboco eLadoga, wazise abezemvelo.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-lacustrine-river labantu base-Atlantic sturgeon basinda emizimbeni yamanzi eFrance. Abantu abangashadile batholakala eGeorgia.
Ezinye izinhlanzi zeLake Ladoga azihlukile, kepha zinenani elikhulu lokuhweba. I-pike perch, i-bream, i-pike, i-burbot, i-perch, i-roach, i-dace itholakala echibini. Catch eLadoga ne-rudd, eels, chub. Lesi sakamuva kungokwalapho uhlobo lwenhlazi yasemfuleni, uzuza isisindo kuze kufinyelele 8 amakhilogremu, futhi ikhula ubude kuze kufike ku 80 amasentimitha.
Inhlanzi ye-Onega Lake
Kunezinhlobo ezingama-47 zezinhlanzi eLake Onega. IVendacea ne-smelt yizinhlanzi eziyinhloko zokuhweba echibini. Ichibi alicebile ngemvelo. Isethi yezinhlanzi ijwayelekile kuyo yonke imizimba yamanzi yaseKarelia. Amagama ajwayelekile futhi abalulekile ku-Onega akhona, ngokwesibonelo:
Sterlet
I-Sterlet ngeye-sturgeon. Zihluke ku-cartilaginous, kunokuba zibe ngamathambo, amathambo. Futhi, i-sterlet ayinazikali futhi i-chord ikhona. Kwamanye ama-vertebrate, yathathelwa indawo umgogodla.
I-sterlet ikhula ize ifike kumamitha ayi-1.5, ithole isisindo esingu-15 kg. Inhlanzi idume ngokunambitheka kwayo futhi inenyama ebomvu. Kodwa-ke, i-sterlet isengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Ukudoba ngenjongo yokuhweba akuvunyelwe.
Isici esivelele se-sterlet phakathi kwamanye ama-sturgeon yinkomo ephansi ephazanyisiwe. Iphela engxenyeni yokuqala yesithathu yodebe olungaphezulu. Le engenhla iyefana nekhala. Ikhonjisiwe futhi iguquliwe, enikeza inhlanzi ukubonakala kwesilwane esifuna ukwazi futhi esinobuqili.
I-Sterlet, inhlanzi engenazikali
UPalia
Kushiwo isalmon. Ngaphandle kwezinyathelo zokuvikela i-palia, amanani ayo ayancipha. IChibi i-Onega lingenye yezimbalwa lapho isilwane seRed Book sivame ukubanjwa lapho kubanjwa izinhlanzi.
I-Palia inezinhlobo ezimbili: i-ludozhny ne-ridge. Isibongo sikhombisa ukuhlala kwezinhlanzi ngaphansi kwama-snag, ezindaweni ezijulile nezicashile echibini.
Inyama yePalia ibhekwa njengenye yezinambitheka kakhulu phakathi kwe-salmon. Inhlanzi yemifula namachibi thola isisindo esingu-2 kilogram. Kukhona okuhlukile okunesisindo sama-5 kilos. Ngasikhathi sinye, ekubukeni okujulile, umzimba uyisilivere ngokufanayo. Ku-char, ehlala eduze kobuso beLake Onega, isisu kuphela esilula. Ingemuva lenhlanzi kuluhlaza sasibhakabhaka.
UPalia ungenye yezinhlanzi eziyivelakancane
Ngaphandle kwe-vendace ne-smelt, i-whitefish, i-pike perch, i-burbot, i-roach, i-ruffs, i-pike nama-perches zisabalele eLake Onega. Izinhlobo ezimbili zesibani nazo zivamile. Inhlanzi yokugcina ayinamhlathi futhi ifana nomhlonyane omkhulu. ILampreys inamathela kwizisulu, izondla ngegazi lazo.
Inhlanzi ye-White Lake
Kwakukhona ipulazi lezinhlanzi lasebukhosini osebeni lwalo. Yasungulwa ngaphansi kukaMikhail Romanov. Incazelo yokudoba echibini ngamazinga asondele kwesimanje yenziwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Bese kuthi e-White Lake, babala izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-20 zezinhlanzi. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ukuhogela nokuthengisa. Lezi zinhlobo zifuna ukugcwaliswa kwamanzi nge-oxygen, zikhombisa umoya omuhle weWhite Lake. Kubuye kuhlalwe yi:
I-Asp
Lo mmeli womndeni we-carp ubizwa nangokuthi ihhashi nefilly. Kunzima ukusho inhloboni yezinhlanzi emachibini uphuma emanzini ngokuphakama nje. Kwesinye isikhathi, i-asp igibela iphishekela inyamazane. Isidlakela sayo siyayicindezela ngomsila wayo onamandla. Ukudla izinhlanzi ezingenamandla, i-chub iqeda isidingo sokumba kuyo ngamazinyo akho. Ummeleli womndeni we-carp akanazo.
Isisindo esijwayelekile se-asp singama-3 kilogram. Inhlanzi ifinyelela kumasentimitha angama-70 ubude. EJalimane, kwabanjwa abantu abangu-10 kg. ERussia, irekhodi lingama-5 kilogram.
UZander
Kubhekwa njengenhlanzi ebaluleke kunazo zonke e-White Lake. Azikho izindawo zokugcina kuyo. Izinhlanzi ziza echibini elivela emifuleni egelezela kulo, ngokwesibonelo, iKovzhi neKema. Zihlangana noMhlophe ohlangothini lwayo olusenyakatho. Lokhu ugu kubhekwa fishy kakhulu
Pike perch in the White Lake unonile, esihlwabusayo, enkulu. Enye yezinhlanzi ezibanjiwe yayinesisindo samakhilogremu ayi-12. Sathola indebe enyakatho-mpumalanga yedamu. Ubude bezinhlanzi budlule amasentimitha ayi-100. Osayizi abakhulu bayisici se-pike perch ejwayelekile. Nguye otholakala echibini elimhlophe. Kwamanye amadamu, kutholakala ezinye izinhlobo ezi-4.
Ukuba khona kwephekhi ePike Lake ku-White Lake kukhombisa ubumsulwa bamanzi alo. Izinhlanzi azikwazi ukubekezelela ukungcola, ngisho nokungcola okuncane. Kepha kukhona inani eliphakeme le-pike perch. Enhlanzini eyodwa engu-2-kg, kutholakale ama-gobies ama-5 nama-40 bleaks.
I-pike perch ikhetha ukuhlala emizimbeni yamanzi ahlanzekile
I-Chekhon
Kungumndeni we-carp. Inhlanzi inomzimba ovulekile, ohlangothini oluthile. Ukubukeka okujwayelekile kufana ne-herring. Izikali zesilwane ziwela kalula. Elinye iqiniso elihlukile le-sabrefish isisindo sayo esiphansi nosayizi omkhulu. Ifinyelela ubude obungamasentimitha angama-70, inhlanzi ayinaso isisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayi-1.2.
Ukuhamba kwe-saberfish kuhlala kukhombisa ukuhamba kwe-zander. Ngakho-ke, lezi zinhlanzi zibanjwa ngokulandelana. I-pike perch iluma ngempela ngokucophelela. UChekhon ubamba isiheho ngokucijile, ngokungagijimisi.
Ukunambitheka kwazo zonke izinhlanzi eziseWhite Lake kumnandi kancane, ngaphandle kwephunga lexhaphozi. Lokhu kungenxa yokwakhiwa kwamanzi nekhwalithi yawo. Izinhlanzi ezomisiwe zinokunambitheka okufanayo, kepha zinoshukela ngenxa yokwengezwa kwe-sodium glutamate. Kuyinto yokuthuthukisa ukunambitheka. Ukubanjwa kweBeloozersk kuhle ngaphandle kwezithasiselo.
Izinhlanzi ezidla amachibi
Kukhona amagama amaningi ajwayelekile phakathi kwezilwane ezizingelayo zamachibi aseRussia. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusincengi isithunzi senhlanzi. Ake sikhumbule ezinye zazo.
Inhlanzi eyikati
Lesi sidlo singamamitha amahlanu no-300-kilogram. Inhlanzi iminzile, imunca ngokoqobo isisulu, ivule ngokucijile umlomo wayo obanzi. I-Catfish iphila impilo ephansi, icashe ezindaweni ezibekiwe ngaphansi kweziqubu, ngasogwini lolwandle. Izinhlanzi zikhetha amachibi ajulile, amanzi anodaka.
URotan
Izinhlanzi ezidlayo zomndeni wezingodo. Igama lomndeni nezinhlobo uqobo zibonisa izici zalo. Inhloko ithatha ingxenye yesithathu yendawo yomzimba, futhi umlomo wesilwane mkhulu ngokungalingani. Isilwane sizingela izikelemu, izinambuzane, gazinga. Inyama enkulu inzima kakhulu kune-rotan, okukhona kuyo eminingi emlonyeni wenhlanzi. Ngikhiphe osayizi. Ubunzima be-rotan abuvamile ukudlula ama-gramu angama-350, kanti ubude buyi-25 cm.
I-Loach
Inhlanzi eyisicaba futhi ende enomlomo ozungezwe izimpondo eziyi-10 ngaphansi kwekhanda. I-loach inomsila oyindilinga oyindilinga, kanti leyo esemzimbeni incane futhi ibushelelezi ngokuma kwayo.
Hlobo luni lwezinhlanzi olutholakala echibini i-loach ayinantshisekelo ikakhulukazi. Inhlanzi efana nenyoka izondla ngezibungu, ama-molluscs nama-crustaceans, ibathola ezansi. I-loach yenza izimfuno ezincane kumachibi, ihlala ngisho nakomile. Izinhlanzi zafunda ukuphefumula esiswini nasesikhumbeni. Bafaka izikhala ezisebenza lapho kukhona amanzi. Lapho uketshezi luhwamuka, i-loach izigaxa odakeni, iwele ohlotsheni lwezithombe ezimisiwe.
Pike
Kubhekwa njengesihluku kakhulu emachibini aseRussia. Inhlanzi ibamba konke okuhambayo, kubandakanya izihlobo zayo. Babona i-pike ngekhanda layo elimise okomshoshaphansi nangomzimba wayo ovulekile. Umbala wezinhlanzi unemishwe noma ubonwe.
Ukuze ingadliwa yodwa, i-pike ikhula ngokushesha, ifinyelela isisindo sekhilogremu eminyakeni emithathu nje. Lapho sifinyelela isisindo esingama-30-40 kilograms, isilwane siba phezulu kochungechunge lokudla echibini. Kuyiqiniso, amapiki amadala awakulungele ukudla. Inyama iba lukhuni futhi inuke udaka. Inhlanzi uqobo lwayo imbozwe ngohlaza. Abadobi babamba imidondoshiya, efana nezingodo zikatartar.
I-Alpine char
Inhlanzi ephindayo ebisaphila ku-Ice Age. Kutholakala, isibonelo, eLake Frolikha, eRepublic of Buryatia. I-char iyi-salmon. Inhlanzi ifinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-70 futhi inesisindo esingamakhilogremu ama-3. Izinhlobo ze-alpine zondla ama-crustaceans nezinhlanzi ezincane. Isilwane sihlukile kunetshe elijwayelekile ngosayizi waso omncane nasemzimbeni wokugijima.
Okumpunga
Igama lezinhlanzi eziningi ezizingelayo zamachibi aseRussia libonakala lijwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, izilwane ngokwazo zehlukile. Ake sikhumbule, isibonelo, i-Baikal grayling. Izinhlobo ezincane zezinhlanzi zihlala echibini. Umbala wabantu ngabanye ulula ngempela. Inhlanzi ihlangana namanzi ahlanzekile. Ukungcola okuncane kwechibi kuholela ekwehleni kwabantu.
Ngaphandle kwakhe, kukhona nempunga emnyama eLake Baikal. Womabili ama-subspecies angaphansi kwesigaba saseSiberia. Kukhona ne-European grayling, etholakala emachibini asentshonalanga yezwe.
Ukumhlophe okumhlophe kweBaikal
Esithombeni kukhona impunga emnyama
