"Ibhere lezinyawo lihamba ehlathini, liqoqa izigaxa, licule iculo ..." Ibhere elinsundu livame ukubalulwa ezinganekwaneni, ezishozweni nasezingomeni zezingane. Ezinganekwaneni, ubonakala njengesigaxa esinomusa, esingenangqondo, esinamandla nesinengqondo elula.
Kubonakala ngokukhanya okuhlukile ku-heraldry: isithombe sebhere sihlobisa amajazi amaningi wezingalo namafulegi ezwe. Lapha uwuphawu lwamandla, ubudlova namandla. "Master of the taiga" - babizwa kanjalo abaseSiberia. Futhi kulokhu baqinisile Ibhere elinsundu Ingabe esinye sezilwane ezidla umhlaba esikhulu kunazo zonke, umzingeli ohlakaniphile nononya.
Izici nendawo okuhlala kuyo ibhere elinsundu
Ibhere elinsundu (i-Ursus arctos) elomndeni wamabhere futhi lilesibili kuphela kumlingani walo wase-Arctic ngosayizi. Incazelo yebhere elinsundu kufanele siqale ngokukhula kwakhe okungakaze kubonwe.
Elikhulu kunawo wonke amabhere ansundu aphile esifundeni sase-Alaska futhi babizwa ngama-taxak. Ubude bazo bufinyelela ku-2.8 m, ukuphakama kokubuna kufinyelela ku-1.6 m, isisindo semidondoshiya enamakilabhu singadlula ama-750 kg. Iningi ibhere elikhulu elinsunduibanjwe iBerlin Zoological Park, inesisindo esingu-1134 kg.
Amabhere ethu eKamchatka cishe awahlukile kubo ngosayizi. Ubude besilinganiso sebhere elinsundu buvela ku-1.3-2.5 m, isisindo - 200-450 kg. Njengomthetho, abesilisa banamandla aphindwe ka-1.5 futhi anesisindo kunabesifazane.
Umzimba weqhawe lehlathi umbozwe ngoboya obukhulu obukhulu, obumvikelayo ezinambuzaneni ezicasulayo ekushiseni kwehlobo, nasemakhazeni entwasahlobo nasentwasahlobo.
Ijazi linemicu emifushane efudumele ukuze ifudumale futhi yinde ukugcina umswakama ukude. Izinwele zikhula ngendlela yokuthi lapho izulu lina, amaconsi aqengqeleka asuke eboyeni, cishe ngaphandle kokumanzisa.
Umbala - yonke imibala onsundu. Amabhere ayahluka ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zezulu: amanye anengubo yegolide yegolide, kuyilapho amanye enawo amnyama.
Amabhere ezintabeni ze-Himalaya naseRocky anezinwele ezinombala okhanyayo emhlane, kuyilapho abaseSyria iningi labo libomvu ngokubomvu. Amabhere ethu aseRussia anombala onsundu kakhulu.
Izalela i-molt kanye ngonyaka: iqala entwasahlobo ngesikhathi sesikhunta, futhi iphele ngaphambi kobusika. I-molt yasekwindla idlula ngokuvilapha nangokungabonakali, ngokuphelele uboya buyashintshwa ngaphambi nje kokubeka emgodini.
Ngabe amabhere ansundu esithombeni i-hump evelele ibonakala ngokusobala - lena intaba yemisipha endaweni ebunayo, ivumela izilwane ukuthi zambe umhlabathi kalula. Yimisipha yomhlane ongaphezulu enikeza ibhere amandla amakhulu omthelela.
Inhloko inzima, inkulu, inebunzi elichazwe kahle kanye nengcindezi eduzane nebhuloho lekhala. Kumabhere ansundu, awanabude njengamabhere we-polar. Izindlebe zincane, kanjalo namehlo ajulile. Umlomo wesilwane unamazinyo angama-40, ama-canines nama-incisors makhulu, amanye asemancane (imifino).
Amandla okulunywa ibhere ansundu ayamangalisa. Isakhiwo esikhethekile sogebhezi, okuthiwa umgogodla we-sagittal, sinikeza isikhala esithe xaxa sokuthuthuka nokunamathiselwa kwemisipha yomhlathi. Amazinyo amabhere amane aluma ngamandla emkhathini angama-81 futhi akwazi ukudabula iziqu ezinkulu zenyama.
Izidladla zinamandla futhi ziyahlaba umxhwele. Ngamunye uneminwe emi-5 nozipho abakhulu (kufika ku-10 cm), ibhere elingenawo amandla okulihoxisa. Izinyawo zimbozwe isikhumba esiwugqinsi futhi esinolaka, imvamisa nsundu.
Izinzipho azihloselwe ukuzingela; ngazo, ibhere limba izimpande, izilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nama-bulb afakiwe ekudleni kwalo. Ngaphandle kwabantu, amabhere kuphela angahamba aqonde, ancike emilenzeni yawo yangemuva.
Ukuhamba okukhethekile, okukhulunywe ngakho ezinganekwaneni eziningi, kuchazwa iqiniso lokuthi ibhere, lapho lihamba, linyathela ngokushintshana kuzo zombili izidladla zangakwesokunxele, bese kuba kuzo zombili izidladla zangakwesokudla, futhi kubukeka sengathi liyazulazula ngapha nangapha.
Kuzo zonke izinzwa, okubuthakathaka kakhulu kwebhere ukubona, ukuzwa kungcono, kepha umuzwa wokuhogela muhle kakhulu (uphindwe kayikhulu kunowomuntu). Ibhere liyakwazi ukuhogela uju ngamakhilomitha ayi-8 ukusuka esidlekeni futhi lizwa ukubhuza kwenqwaba yezinyosi eqhele ngamakhilomitha ama-5.
Izindawo lihlala kuphi ibhele elinsundu - zinkulu. Bahlala cishe kuyo yonke i-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika, ngaphandle kwezifunda eziseningizimu. Yonke indawo, lezi zilwane zibhekwa njengezingajwayelekile, abantu abaningi batholakala ezifundazweni ezisenyakatho ye-United States, Canada, naseSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude.
Ibhere elinsundu - isilwane izinkuni. Bakhetha amahlathi angaweleki anamahlathi we-taiga anezindawo ezinamanzi amaningi nemifudlana engajulile. Ezindaweni ezinamadwala, izinyawo ezinezinyawo zihlala ngaphansi komthunzi wamahlathi axubekile, eduze kwezihosha nemifudlana yezintaba.
Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, ososayensi bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezincane zebhere elinsundu, ezahluka ngobukhulu kuphela ngosayizi nombala. Akuwona wonke umuntu owaziyo ukuthi i-grizzly akuyona inhlobo ehlukile, kepha kuphela okuhlukile konsundu okuhlala endaweni enkulu yaseNyakatho Melika.
Ngokusho, lapho sisondele esigxotsheni, kukhula amabhere ansundu. Lokhu kuchazwa kalula - ezimeni ezinzima, kulula ukuthi izilwane ezinkulu zifudumale.
Isimo nendlela yokuphila yebhere elinsundu
Amabhere ansundu angamalungu endawo. Izindawo zabesilisa zingafika ku-400 km², abesifazane abanezinzalo bancipha izikhathi eziphindwe kasikhombisa. Ibhere ngalinye limaka imingcele yesizinda salo ngamamaki wephunga nemikrwelo eziqwini zezihlahla. Izilwane ziphila impilo yokuzihlalela, zizulazula kuphela lapho zibheke khona endaweni enokudla okufinyeleleka nokuningi, noma kude nabantu.
Esinye sezici zesici sokuziphatha kwebhere ukuphikelela kwaso. Inkani ibonakala kokubili lapho uthola inani elikhulu lokudla, nangenxa yocezu lwesibiliboco.
Ngakho-ke, ekwindla sekwedlule isikhathi, ngemuva kokubona isithelo esilenga sodwa esihlahleni se-apula, ibhere lizoqala lizame ukusifinyelela, bese lizama ukukhuphuka, bese lihluleka emagatsheni aguquguqukayo, liqale linyakazise isihlahla lize lithathe i-aphula.
Esinye isici esivela emabhere siyinkumbulo enhle. Kulula ukuziqeqesha, ikakhulukazi zisencane, futhi zihlakaniphe ngendlela eyisimanga. Abazingeli abaningi bayaqaphela ukuthi amabhere, aseke abona isicupho nomsebenzi wawo, aphonsa kuwo amatshe amakhulu noma izinduku, futhi ngemuva kokuwanciphisa, adla isicupho.
Amabhere anelukuluku lokwazi, kepha azama ukugwema ukuhlangana nabantu. Kepha uma lokhu kwenzeka, isimilo sesilo sincike kakhulu ekutheni waqaphela nini umuntu nokuthi ngubani owayekhona ngaphambili.
Uyakwazi ukubona abantu bekha amajikijolo noma amakhowe, bese ebonakala ngabo bonke ubukhazikhazi, ecasulwa ukumemeza okukhulu komuntu noma ukuhleka. Ngemuva kwalokho, uvamise ukwenza ukweqa okuncane kepha okubukhali kuye phambili, uyahefuzela ngokunganeme, kepha akahlaseli.
Ngemuva komzuzu, umnikazi wehlathi uyaphenduka futhi ahambe kancane, aqalaze kaningi ayeke. Ukushintshashintsha kwemizwelo esheshayo kuyinto evamile kumabhere.
Esinye isibonelo, lapho ibhere lihlangana nomuntu ngengozi futhi ngokuzumayo, ngokwesaba, njengomthetho, lithulula amathumbu. Yilapho kwaqhamuka khona igama lalesi sifo "isifo sebhere".
Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi amabhere ansundu alala ubusika bonke. Ngaphambi kokulala, zisebenza ngokukhethekile ukuze zithole amafutha anele.Isisindo sebhere elinsundu ekwindla landa ngama-20%. Ukuya endaweni yomgodi (ukucindezeleka okuqoqwe i-windbreak noma indawo ecashile ngaphansi kwezimpande zesihlahla esiwile), ibhere liyavika, limise imizila.
Ibhere lihlala ku-animation emisiwe kusuka ezinyangeni ezi-2,5 kuya kwezi-6, kuya ngendawo yokuhlala nezinkomba zezulu. Ephusheni, izinga lokushisa komzimba ligcinwa ku-34 ° C. Abesilisa nabesifazane abalinde inzalo balala ngokwehlukana. Amabhere anamawundlu onyaka wokuqala - alala ndawonye. Izidladla ezincelisayo zivamile ezinganeni kuphela.
Ukulala kwamabhere kuzwela kakhulu. Uma umvusa phakathi nobusika, ngeke esakwazi ukubuyela ukulala futhi uzulazula ehlathini leqhwa, eswele ukudla, ethukuthele futhi ecasukile.
Into embi kakhulu ukuhlangana nebhere lokuxhuma. Ngokungafani nezinye izikhathi, nakanjani uzohlasela. Ngesikhathi sobusika isisindo sebhere elinsundu incipha ngesilinganiso sama-80 kg.
Ukudla kwebhere onsundu
Amabhere ansundu adla konke. Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe izimpande ezahlukahlukene, amajikijolo, ama-bulb, amahlumela amancane ezihlahla. Ingxenye yesitshalo ingama-75% wokudla kwezinyawo.
Bavakashela izivande, amasimu ommbila, i-oats nokunye okusanhlamvu. Babamba izinambuzane: amabhungane, izimvemvane, bachitha izintuthwane. Kwesinye isikhathi, amabhere ansundu azingela izibankwa, amaxoxo, amagundane amancane nezinhlanzi.
Amabhele avame ukubonakala emifuleni eseduzane ngesikhathi sokugijima kwama-salmon. Zibhukuda kahle futhi ngobuchule zibamba izinhlanzi ezizalela. I-Carrion ngomunye umthombo wokudla.
Yize ukuzingela kungelona isu lokudla lamabhere ansundu, angakwazi ukuhlasela izinyamazane, izinyamazane ngisho ne-elk. Zisebenza ngokukhethekile kusihlwa - ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa noma kusihlwa, yize zikwazi ukuzulazula ehlathini nangosuku olumhlophe.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila sebhere elinsundu
Amabhere athola inzalo ngezikhathi ezithile zeminyaka emi-2-4. Ukugeleza kuqala ngoMeyi futhi kungathatha izinsuku eziyi-10 kuye enyangeni. Amabhere abesilisa ngalesi sikhathi abonakala ngokubhonga okukhulu nangokuzwakala nokuziphatha okunolaka. Ukulwa phakathi kwezimbangi yinto eyenzeka njalo futhi kuvame ukuphela ngokufa kwelinye lamabhere.
Ibhere likhulelwe cishe izinsuku ezingama-200. Ukukhula kwemibungu kwenzeka kuphela uma kungena ebusika. Amantshontsho (imvamisa 2-3) azalelwa emgodini phakathi nobusika, isithulu, impumputhe kanye ne-pubescent engalungile. Ngemuva kwamasonto ama-2 baqala ukuzwa, ngemuva kwenyanga - ukubona. Isisindo somntwana osanda kuzalwa cishe siyi-0.5 kg, ubude buyi-20-23 cm.
Kuyamangaza ukuthi umehluko wemvelo womama uhluke kanjani emgodini nasemva kokushiya. Uma ibhere livuswa, lizoshiya indawo yalo yokuhlala nezinsana ezingenangqondo ezingenakuzivikela futhi ngeke liphinde libuyele kule ndawo.
Umama wondla amaphuphu izinsuku ezingaba yi-120, bese beguqula ukutshala ukudla. Ubisi lweBhele lunomsoco ophindwe kane kunobisi lwenkomo. Imvamisa, amawundlu avela enzalweni edlule abanakekela abafowabo abancane, abanakekele futhi azame ukubavikela. Umuntu angasho ngokungananazi ngebhere elinsundu: akayena ubaba.
Ngeminyaka engu-3, amabhere amancane ayakwazi ukwenza ucansi futhi ekugcineni avalelise kunina. Zizokhula eminye iminyaka engu-7-8. Isikhathi sokuphila ehlathini cishe iminyaka engama-30, ekuthunjweni - kufika ku-50.
Encwadini Ebomvu, ibhere elinsundu ibonakala njenge "zinhlobo ezisongelwayo". Kule planethi, phakathi kwamahlathi angaweleki, kunabantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-200, lapho kuhlala khona indawo eyiRussian Federation abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-120.
Ekilasini labo, amabhere ansundu angenye yezilwane ezinhle kakhulu nezinamandla, kepha njengabanye abamele izilwane zomhlaba, azikwazi ukuzivikela ngokuphelele kubantu. Njengoba zizingelwa ngenhloso yokuthola izikhumba, inyama nenyongo, ziyaqothulwa ngokungenasihawu namuhla.
