Incazelo nezici zolwandle ikhukhamba
Amakhukhamba asolwandle, abizwa nangokuthi ama-holothurians, ama-capsules olwandle, angabahlali bolwandle olujulile, afana nezibungu zomhlaba noma amacimbi. Bayakwazi ukucindezela ngokuqinile ngisho nangokuthinta okuncane, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi bahlotshaniswa nama-capsules amaqanda.
Ikhukhamba lolwandle - echinoderm i-mollusc engenamqolo enezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane. Izinhlobo zalokhu kuphila kwasolwandle ziyehluka ngosayizi, izintambo, kanye nokwakheka kwezinye izitho.
Zinomzimba onemibimbi, onesikhumba esifana nekhukhamba ngenxa yokuma kwawo okusaqanda. Esikhunjeni esinyene, iziqu ezifana nameva ziyabonakala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lomzimba wakhe kunomlomo ozungezwe ama-tentacles, kolunye - i-anus. Ukhukhamba wasolwandle ungaba nemibala ehluke kakhulu - omnyama, onsundu, oluhlaza okotshani, ompunga, obomvu.
Ukhukhamba wasolwandle nawo ayahluka ngosayizi - ezinye izinhlobo zifana nezincane futhi zifinyelela osayizi kusuka kumamilimitha ambalwa kuya kumasentimitha amaningana, ezinye izinhlobo zingafinyelela ubude bamamitha amabili noma amahlanu. Abavukuzi bazingela imidondoshiya enjalo ngomdlandla okhethekile. Amakhukhamba asolwandle asondele kakhulu ama-sea urchins ne-starfish.
Esithombeni ulwandle ikhukhamba
Amakhukhamba asolwandle asendulo ayesaziwa kakhulu esikhathini seSilurian, lona kanye igama elithi "ikhukhamba lasolwandle" elingelesazi sefilosofi esingumRoma uPliny, kanti u-Aristotle wenza izincazelo zokuqala zezinhlobo ezithile.
Cishe izinhlobo eziyikhulu zala ma-mollusk zihlala eRussia, okuthandwa kakhulu yizinhlobonhlobo zaseJapan ulwandle ikhukhamba - cucumaria... Lolu hlobo lwekhukhamba yasolwandle luhlukaniswa ngokwakhiwa kwalo okunempilo nokunambitheka okuhle kakhulu, futhi kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukupheka. Ama-trepang ayizinhlobo zamakhukhamba asolwandle angadliwa.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala ikhukhamba lasolwandle
Ukhukhamba wasolwandle zitholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zolwandle, nasemanzini angajulile eduze nogu, nasezintweni ezijulile zolwandle, nasezintweni zamakhorali, ezindaweni ezishisayo. Zijwayelekile ekujuleni kolwandle cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba.
AmaHolothuri ahamba kancane futhi angamavila, akhasa ezansi, futhi lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuba ngabazingeli. Isikhathi esiningi balala ezansi, "ngohlangothi lwabo". Izinhlobo zasolwandle olujulile zingaba nemilenze emide ye-ambulensi, esebenza njengezinti zezilwane futhi isize ukuhamba ezansi namatshe.
Imisipha ye-echinoderms ithuthukiswe ngokwanele ukuthi ihambe ngezansi iphinde ivumelane ngokuqinile uma kunengozi. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukunamathela emadwaleni noma ukugqekeza kudaka. AmaHolothurians ngokwawo angaba yisisulu sezinkanyezi zasolwandle, izinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans noma ama-gastropods.
Njengezibankwa, uma kwenzeka kuhlaselwa noma enye ingozi, ama-holothurians "ayaqhuma" - asabalalisa imizimba yawo ibe yizicucu. Ngenkathi isitha sikhetha isiqeshana esiphundu, ngalesi sikhathi ingxenye yangaphambili yekhukhamba iyagcinwa.
Uma kunengozi, ikhukhamba lasolwandle lingahlehlisa ingxenye yamathumbu ngeringing ebomvu.
Umzimba wama-echinoderms uvuselelwa ngokushesha ngokushesha. Amakhukhamba olwandle - izilwaneezingavuselelwa uma isigamu somzimba sigcinwa, zingalulama ngisho nasekotini lomzimba wazo. Inqubo yokuvuselela ingathatha isonto elilodwa nohhafu kuye kwayisihlanu.
Ukudla kwekhukhamba kwasolwandle
Uzingela kanjani ukhukhamba wasolwandle? Zonke izinhlobo zamakhukhamba asolwandle zinezindwangu ezikhethekile ezizungeze imilomo yazo. Inani lamathente lingahluka kusuka ku-8 kuye ku-30.
Izintambo zivamise ukuba zifushane, zenzelwe ukuqoqa izakhamzimba ebusweni bomhlabathi. AmaHolothuri nawo anezintambo ezinamagatsha angakwazi ukumboza amanzi amaningi ukuze abambe inyamazane.
Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe ama-plankton, izitshalo, izilwane ezincane kanye nemfucumfucu engokwemvelo engakhishwa esihlabathini esingezansi noma kudaka. Ngezinye izikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi ama-marine orderlies ngoba zihlanza ingaphezulu lezinsalela zezilwane ezifile, zisebenzisa lezi zinto eziphilayo njengezakhi zomzimba.
Izici ezikhethekile zesistimu yokudla okunomsoco wamakhukhamba asolwandle zafundwa ngokucophelela ososayensi baseMelika. Bathole ukuthi ukhukhamba wasolwandle udla ikakhulu ngomlomo, kepha indunu, ebamba iqhaza ohlelweni lokuphefumula kulezi zingenamgogodla ezilula, nayo ingenza umsebenzi wokubamba ukudla. Imisebenzi yokuphefumula nayo yenziwa kulezi zingenamgogodla ngamaphaphu asemanzini.
ERussia, i-cucumaria nezinye izinhlobo zamakhukhamba asolwandle zivamile eSakhalin, ePrimorye, kanye nasezilwandle zase-Okhotsk, eJapan naseBarents, ekujuleni kwesigamu semitha kuya kumamitha ayikhulu.
Ukukhiqiza kanye nokulindela impilo ikhukhamba lasolwandle
AmaHolothuri angama-hermaphrodites, akhiqiza amaseli wegciwane lowesilisa nowesifazane ngokushintshana, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho ngasikhathi sinye. Zizala ngokuzala, zinamaqanda anombala oluhlaza ogqamile, izibungu ezikwazi ukubhukuda zichanyuselwa emaqandeni.
Ukuzalela kaningi kwenzeka kusihlwa noma ebusuku, mhlawumbe ubumnyama bubalulekile. ICucumaria izala kabili, ngoMeyi nangoJulayi. AmaHolothurians ahlala e-Atlantic Ocean azala ngasogwini lwaseSweden ekwindla, kusuka ngo-Okthoba kuya kuDisemba. Ezinye izinhlobo zingazala unyaka wonke. Izibungu zibhukuda eplankton cishe amasonto amabili, bese zicwila phansi.
Amatende okhukhamba asolwandle aqoqa ukudla kusuka phansi
Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-30 zamakhukhamba asolwandle aya ocansini futhi ahlukaniswe abesilisa nabesifazane. Zinakekela amaphuphu futhi ziwaphatha ebusweni bomzimba kanina.
Amacala angajwayelekile okuzala ngokwehlukana nawo aqoshwe futhi achazwa ososayensi: uhhafu womzimba uyakwazi ukuphola ube yivolumu ephelele. AmaHolothuri aphila isikhathi eside ngokwanele, kusuka eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kwelishumi.
Ngenxa yokuthandwa kakhulu kwe-cucumaria kanye nokufunwa kwayo njengomkhiqizo wokupheka, kanye nasekhemisi, kulinywa okwenziwe ngamakhukhamba olwandle, kufaka phakathi eRussia, eMpumalanga Ekude.
Cishe kuyasiza izindawo zasolwandle ikhukhamba umuthi wasendulo wasempumalanga wayewazi, sekuyisikhathi eside ubizwa ngokuthi i-sea ginseng. Inyama yeCucumaria cishe iyinyumba, ayithinteki ngamagciwane namagciwane, la ma-mollusk acebile ngokungajwayelekile kwizakhamzimba, umkhondo wezinto, ikakhulukazi iodine, kanye ne-fluorine, i-calcium, ama-amino acid nokunye.
Ukhukhamba wasolwandle unamakhalori amancane kakhulu, ngakho-ke imikhiqizo yabo ingakha isisekelo sokudla kwalabo abafuna ukunciphisa umzimba. Lo mkhiqizo usetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokuphulukisa evuselela ukuzivikela komzimba, kubantu abaphethwe ukukhathala okwandayo, ukuphelelwa amandla. Ukhukhamba wasolwandle usiza umuntu ukuthi alulame ngokushesha ngemuva kokuhlinzwa noma ukugula isikhathi eside.
Izinzuzo zenyama yekhukhamba yasolwandle ezempilo, ijwayele ukugaya umzimba, ivuselele umsebenzi wenhliziyo, ingasiza ukwehlisa umfutho wegazi, ikhuthaze ukuvuselelwa kwezicubu ngokushesha, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa ekusebenzeni.
Ukhukhamba wasolwandle unomphumela wokwelapha emalungeni futhi usiza isifo samathambo. Izithasiselo zokudla nemithi ekhiqizwayo nayo ikhiqizwa kusuka kukhukhamba wasolwandle.
Ikhukhamba lasolwandle lingathengwa hhayi kuphela ngenxa yezindawo eziwusizo nezokwelapha - izitsha ezimnandi zilungiswa kubo. Ukhukhamba wasolwandle wenza amasaladi amahle kakhulu, ama-molluscs angenamqolo, ngemuva kokuxebuka, okuthosiwe kanye nesitshulu, kanye nasemathinini. Ezinye izinhlobo zamakhukhamba asolwandle zibhekwa njengezibiliboco futhi zidonsela ukunakwa okukhulu.
