Wonke umuntu, mhlawumbe, ujwayelene ne-minke enhle futhi ecekeceke kangako, efana ama-bass emfula, enendawo yokuhlala unomphela emadamini ahlukahlukene. Abadobi bathi i-perch ingabanjwa ngezindlela ezihlukile. Inyama yalesi silwane esidla izinhlanzi imhlophe futhi imnandi impela. Ake sizame ukudalula zonke izimfihlo zempilo yalesi sakhamuzi samanzi angenasawoti, siveza ukubukeka kwaso, imikhuba, imikhuba yokudla, sicaphuna amaqiniso athile athakazelisayo ngempilo yesilwane.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: perch river
I-river perch ibizwa nangokuthi ejwayelekile, ingeyesigaba senhlanzi e-ray-finned, uhlobo lwe-perch perch kanye nomndeni we-perch. Uma siphendukela emlandweni, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi owokuqala owachaza ngokwesayensi umgodi womfula kwakungu-ichthyologist waseSweden uPeter Artedi, lokhu kwenzeka eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu namashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili. Incazelo yezinhlamvu ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-morphological, ngokusho kwezincazelo ze-Artedi, yenzeka ngokubheka izingqimba ezihlala emachibini aseSweden. UCarl Linnaeus wanikeza lesi sigaba ukuhlukaniswa ngo-1758, ngokususelwa kokuqukethwe okuvela kuPeter Artedi. Ngama-20s wekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, le nhlanzi yafundwa ngokuningiliziwe ososayensi baseFrance u-Achille Valenciennes noGeorges Cuvier, abanikeze ezinye izimpawu zezinhlanzi zangaphandle.
Njengamanje, i-river perch ibhekwa njengenhlanzi efundwe kahle, cishe yonke into iyaziwa nge-taxonomy yayo, i-morphology, izigaba zokukhula nokukhula. Echaza indawo ehlala umfula, umuntu angehluleka ukusho isembatho sayo esinemigqa futhi esihlabayo, okungumehluko omkhulu wezinhlanzi. Ngokuvamile, le nhlanzi inamagama amaningi. KuDon kubizwa ngokuthi "ama-chekomas", ezingxoxweni abadobi bavame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-humpback, itilosi, i-minke. Ukubalulwa kokuqala kwalokhu kubuya kwaqala ngo-1704, yize kwaziwa ukuthi yavela ebukhulwini bobuciko bomlomo babantu phambilini.
Abaphenyi bathole ukuthi umsuka wegama elithi "perch" yiSlavic ejwayelekile futhi lisho ukuthi "iso" (iso). Kukholakala ukuthi leli bekuyigama lenhlanzi enamehlo amakhulu noma igama le-perch, ngoba inendawo emnyama ephikisanayo ekugcineni komhlane, efana neso. Kukhona enye inguqulo, esakaza ngemvelaphi ye-proto-Indo-European yegama lezinhlanzi, elihunyushwe ngokuthi "libukhali".
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: UMfula perch uyiqhawe elijwayelekile lobuciko bemibhalo nobuciko, ubalulwe futhi emisebenzini eyahlukahlukene yasendulo, ekhonjiswe kubuciko babadwebi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-perch iyabonakala kwizitembu zokuposa ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene, futhi kwamanye amadolobha aseJalimane nawaseFinland, le nhlanzi ihlobisa amajazi awo ezikhali.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Fish perch fish
Ubude besilinganiso semifula yomfula buba phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-45 kuye kwangama-50, kanti isisindo sayo sisuka ku-2 kuye ku-2.1 kg. Yiqiniso, kunezinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu, kepha azivamile kangako, kepha ezincane zisakazeke yonke indawo, konke kuncike echibini nasendaweni lapho kutholakala khona. Umzimba we-perch ucindezelwe eceleni, umbozwe izikali ezincane kakhulu, eziminyene kakhulu ze-ctenoid. Umbala womzimba uphuzi ngokuluhlaza okotshani, uhlotshiswe ngemivimbo emnyama, emaceleni, enqamulezayo, inani lakhona elingashintsha, kepha imvamisa alidluli izingcezu eziyi-9. Umbala omhlophe uyabonakala esiswini. Amaphiko amabili ahlukaniswe kahle aqhamuka ngemuva, eyokuqala yeqa umphetho wesibili ngobude nokuphakama.
Njengoba sekushiwo, i-dorsal fin yokuqala inebala elimnyama ekugcineni, okuyisici esivelele salolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi. Ubude bamaphiko we-pectoral bufushane kunamaphiko we-ventral. Umbala wokuqala we-dorsal unombala ompunga, bese owesibili uphuzi ngokuluhlaza okotshani. Amaphiko endunu nezindwangu akhombisa umbala ophuzi ngokusawolintshi noma obomvu. Umbala wamaphiko we-pelvic ulula ngokuhlelwa okubomvu okucebile. Ngokuqondene ne-caudal fin, kumnyama ezansi, futhi umbala obomvu ubonakala eduze kwethiphu nasezinhlangothini. Isigcwagcwa se-perch evuthiwe kunalokho sibuthuntu, futhi i-hump encane iyabonakala ngemuva kwekhanda. Ukuphela komhlathi ongaphezulu kuqondana nolayini omile ohamba maphakathi nendawo yamehlo ezinhlanzi, i-iris yawo ephuzi.
Phezulu kwe-operculum, izikali ziyabonakala ngenhla, lapho umgogodla (ungaba kabili) one-serrated preoperculum etholakala. Amazinyo ezinhlanzi amile okwe-bristle, atholakala emigqeni yolwanga nasendaweni yomhlathi. Amazinyo awabonwa ku-perch. Ulwelwesi lwe-gill alunaswanga ndawonye, izihlathi zezinhlanzi zimbozwe izikali, azikho izikali eziseduze ne-caudal fin. Amafry anezikali ezibucayi, eziqina kancane, ziqine futhi ziqine.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-Cavaliers asezindaweni zemifula anezikali eziningi kunabesifazane, kwabesilisa, kunemisebe eminingi e-spiny endaweni ye-dorsal fin yesibili, kepha kwabesifazane umzimba mude namehlo awabi makhulu njengawesilisa.
Ihlala kuphi ipherch perch?
Isithombe: I-river perch emanzini
I-river perch ingatholakala cishe yonke indawo, indawo yayo yokuhlala ibanzi kakhulu.
Ungumhlali wase:
- imifula;
- amachibi;
- amachibi (kokubili aphakathi nendawo namakhulu);
- izindawo zasolwandle ezinamanzi anosawoti.
Ngokuqondene nephuzu lokugcina, uLwandle iBaltic lusebenza njengesibonelo salokhu, okungukuthi, izindawo zamaphethelo alo iRiga neFinland, abadobi bezemidlalo bavame ukubamba izinhlanzi ezindaweni ezinjalo. Ezweni lethu, i-perch ayitholakali kuphela emanzini e-Amur nasendaweni yemifula yawo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ososayensi bakhombe izinhlanga ezimbili zentsimbi ezihlala ndawonye emizimbeni efanayo yamanzi, zifaka ibhakede (herbal) elincane futhi elikhula kancane kanye nomfowethu omkhulu okhula ngokushesha (ejulile).
Emigodini yemifula nemifudlana, lapho amanzi ebanda kakhulu, ngeke uthole izindawo zokuhlala, azithandi ama-biotopes anjalo. Imifula emangelengele yezintaba enomsinga osheshayo, le nhlanzi nayo iyadlula. I-perch ejwayelekile ixazululwa emizimbeni yamanzi eNyakatho ye-Asia futhi ikuyo yonke indawo eYurophu. Abantu bamletha emazweni ezwekazi lase-Afrika elishisayo, lapho inhlanzi yayigxila kahle khona. I-perch nayo yethulwa eNew Zealand nase-Australia. Phambilini, bekuthathwa ngokuthi uhlobo olujwayelekile lwamanzi aseNyakatho Melika, kepha-ke ososayensi bakhethe le ndawo njengohlobo oluhlukile, olubizwa ngokuthi "pherch yellow".
Ezinye izifunda namazwe lapho kubhaliswa khona indawo evamile yomfula zifaka:
- Spain;
- I-Great Britain;
- ECyprus;
- China;
- EMorocco;
- Ama-Azores;
- Igalikuni;
- IMontenegro;
- I-Albania;
- ISwitzerland;
- I-Ireland nabanye abaningi.
Idlani ipherch yomfula?
Isithombe: perch river
I-River perch iyisilwane esidla ezinye, ebusuku ayisihambi, ngakho-ke izifunela ukudla emini, imvamisa ekuseni kakhulu. Ekuseni, abadobi bavame ukubona ukubhoboka kwamanzi nezinhlanzi ezincane zigxumela ngaphandle kwekholamu lamanzi, okuwuphawu lokuzingelwa kwephiko lomfula, elingenakulinganiswa ekudleni, kepha njalo elinganeliseki.
Kumenyu ejwayelekile ye-perch ungabona:
- gazinga nezinhlanzi ezincane;
- amaqanda ezinye izakhamuzi zasemanzini;
- izimbaza;
- izibungu zamanzi;
- zooplankton;
- izibungu zezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene;
- amaxoxo.
Ukwakheka kokudla kuncike kubudala nobukhulu bezinhlanzi, kanye nasesizini. Ama-perch juveniles ahola impilo eseduzane, efuna iplankton encane kunazo zonke. Lapho ubude bepherch bukhula ngokusobala (kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-6 cm), izinhlanzi ezincane, zombili ezinye izinhlobo nezinhlobo, ziqala ukuba khona ekudleni kwayo. Izinhlanzi ezinosayizi oqinile zinamathela endaweni engasogwini, lapho zizingela khona ama-crayfish, i-verkhovka, i-roach, futhi zidle amaqanda ezinye izinhlanzi. Ama-perches amakhulu kaningi awasazi isilinganiso sokudla futhi angazihlobisa ukuze imisila yezinhlanzi ezingagwinywa ngokuphelele iphume emlonyeni wabo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izicubu ze-algae namatshe amancane zivame ukutholakala esiswini se-perch, ezisiza ekugayeni kahle. Ngokuphathelene nokuminza, i-perch idlula ngisho ne-pike, idla ngemodi ejwayelekile, futhi inani lezingxenye zalo liqinile kakhulu.
Uma sikhuluma ngezinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi ezidliwayo, khona-ke singabhala:
- i-stickleback;
- minnow;
- ama-gobies;
- ukukhula kwe-carp;
- kufiphele.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Big perch perch
Ehlobo, ama-perches osayizi ophakathi akhetha ukuchitha isikhathi ezindaweni ezigcwele kakhulu nasemifudlaneni. Ama-perches avuthiwe abuthana emihlambini emincane (kufika kwabamele i-10). Izikole zezilwane ezincane zikhulu kakhulu, zingabala izinhlanzi eziyikhulu. Ama-perches athatha isigqoko sokucekela phansi amadamu, izinkuni ezinkulu zokukhukhumeza namatshe. Emahlathini otshani angaphansi kwamanzi, awukwazi ukuwabona ngokushesha ngenxa yombala wawo oluhlaza okotshani, ngakho ngobuciko azingela izinhlanzi lapho ziqamekele khona, lapho azifihla khona ngobuciko. Abantu abakhulu bathanda ukujula, bathumele emachibini nasemigodini enezingqinamba.
Amahora kusihlwa nasekuseni alezi zinhlanzi kubhekwa njengokuzingela. Ngokungafani nezinhlanzi ezinkulu, izilwane ezisencane zizingela ezikoleni, ziphishekela ngentshiseko nangokuhlasela ngolaka izisulu ezingaba khona. Ezimthende ziyakwazi ukusheshisa zifike kumamitha angu-0.66 ngomzuzwana. Lapho ibhakede lihlasela inyamazane, umphetho wayo osemhlane wayo uqala ukuqhuma ngendlela ethile. Ngokuvamile, izingqimba zemifula zingabizwa ngokuthi izinhlanzi ezidlayo ezidliwayo ezi-crepuscular-daytime ezizingela lapho kukhanya (umngcele wemini nobusuku). Lapho ubumnyama buwela, izilwane ezidla ezinye ziyayeka ukusebenza.
Izici eziyinhloko ezithinta ukusebenza nokuthuthukiswa kwembumbulu zifaka:
- izinkomba zombuso wokushisa kwamanzi;
- amahora aphelele emini;
- ukugcwaliswa kwamanzi oksijini;
- ibhalansi (isakhiwo) sokudla.
Lapho izidumbu zamanzi zijule kakhulu, ama-perches awacwilisi ngaphansi kwamanzi, ehlala eduze nendawo lapho amanzi enomoya-mpilo omningi khona. Ehlobo, abanye abantu bathutha kancane ukuze bathole isisindo esengeziwe ebusika, lapho izinhlanzi zibuyela ezindaweni ezikahle ukuze ziphumule. Ekwindla, ipherch yakha imihlambi emikhulu efuduka iye ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle. Uma kubanda futhi kubanda, inhlanzi inamathela ezansi, ibe ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-70. Njengasehlobo, ebusika, ipherch iyasebenza uma kukhanya.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Amapheya amabili omfula
Ama-perches ajwayelekile avuthwa ngokocansi asondele eminyakeni emibili noma emithathu ubudala. Bathuthela ezindaweni ezizalanayo bebonke, bezulazula beba imihlambi eminingi. Inqubo yokuzalela uqobo yayo yenziwa ezindaweni zamanzi emifula angajulile, emanzini ahlanzekile, lapho umsinga untekenteke kakhulu. Izinga lokushisa kwamanzi kufanele libe phakathi kwama-degree ayi-7 kuye kwangama-15 anophawu lokuhlanganisa. Amaqanda avundiswa yimbokodo yesilisa anamathisela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezingodo zangaphansi kwamanzi, amagatsha acwilisiwe, izimpande zezihlahla ezikhula ogwini. I-clutch ye-perch caviar ifana neribhoni lentambo, ubude bayo buyahluka ngaphakathi kwemitha elilodwa; iribhoni elinjalo lingaqukatha amaqanda amancane asuka ku-700 kuya ku-800,000.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ezindaweni eziningi, zifuna ukuzalisa ibhakede ngokusebenzisa imishini ekhethekile ngenxa yokuthi le nhlanzi inenyama enambithekayo nenempilo.
Ngemuva kwamaviki ama-3 noma ama-4, amaqanda aqala ukuqhuma, akhiphe i-perch gazinga ekukhanyeni. Izinyanga zokuqala zokuphila, izingane zidla ama-plankton asogwini, futhi lapho zikhula ngaphezulu (kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-10 cm), isimo sazo sokuzingelwa sizibonakalisa ngokugcwele, izingqimba ezincane ziqala ukuzingela izinhlanzi ezincane. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isilinganiso sobude besikhathi sokuphila kwembungu cishe siyiminyaka eyi-15, yize abanye abantu bengaphila kuze kufike ku-25, labo bantu abaneminyaka eyikhulu yezinhlanzi batholakala emachibini aseKarelian. Abaphenyi baqaphele ukuthi ubude besikhathi sokuphila besilisa bufushane kancane kunesabesifazane.
Izitha zemvelo zamanzi omfula
Isithombe: I-river perch ngaphansi kwamanzi
Yize intshontsho lamanzi angenasawoti liyisilwane esidlayo, imvamisa esebenza njengesitha somuntu, yena uqobo unabahlukumezi abaningi abangafuni ukukudla.
Ngokuyinhloko, izinhlanzi ezidlayo ezinobukhulu obukhulu zingezitha zezitha, phakathi kwazo okufanele kushiwo:
- pike;
- ipiki perch;
- i-burbot;
- inhlanzi eyikati;
- uhlobo lwenhlanzi;
- i-eel.
I-perch idliwa ngenkuthalo yizinyoni ezihlala eduze kwamanzi: ama-loon, ama-tern, ama-gull, i-osprey. I-perch ingadliwa kalula ngama-otters nama-muskrats. Akufanele sikhohlwe ngokudla abantu, okuyisici sezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi, kufaka phakathi i-perch. I-perch enkulu, ngaphandle kokunakwa okukhethekile kwezibopho zomndeni, iyakwazi ukugwinya umfowabo omncane. Izimo ezinjalo zivame ukwandiswa ekwindla. Ngakho-ke, amantshontsho athosiwe nosayizi omncane asengozini enkulu, amaqanda e-perch nawo angadliwa ngezinye izakhamuzi zasemanzini.
Izitha eziyinhloko zamapherki zingabekwa ngokuqiniseka njengomuntu, ngoba ibhakede yinto efiselekayo yokubanjwa ngabadobi be-amateur, phesheya kwezilwandle nasezindaweni zombuso wethu. Kwamanye amadamu, ukudotshwa kwezinhlanzi okuthengiswayo kwenziwa futhi kusetshenziswa ama-trawls. Njengoba sekushiwo, inyama ye-perch inokunambitheka okuhle kakhulu, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene (ukubhema, ukuthosa, usawoti, iqhwa, njll.). Izinhlanzi ezisemathinini nemicu yenziwa ngepherch perch.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: perch river
Indawo yokuhlala yale ndawo enkulu kakhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo zomlando zokuhlala kwayo, ikhuphuke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi abantu bayiletha kwamanye amazwe lapho yayingakaze ihlale khona ngaphambili. Ebuningini bezifundazwe eziningi, ipherch perch ayihlukaniswa njengezinhlobo ezivikelekile zezinhlanzi, yize kunemikhawulo ethile maqondana nokudoba, kepha izinyathelo ezinjalo zisebenza cishe kuzo zonke izinhlanzi zasemanzini angenasawoti. Ngisho nasesimweni esisodwa, le mikhawulo iyahlukahluka, konke kuya ngesifunda. Isibonelo, eGreat Britain kunemikhawulo yokuvinjelwa kwezinkathi ezithile zonyaka, futhi ngobukhulu bezinye izifundazwe akunakwenzeka ukubamba izinhlanzi ezingakafiki usayizi othize, kufanele ziphinde zibuyele emanzini.
Kufanele kungezwe ukuthi ukuminyana kwabantu be-perch kuhlukile emizimbeni yamanzi ehlukene. Kwezinye izindawo kukhulu, kwezinye kuyisilinganiso, konke kuncike esimweni sezulu, ekuphakelweni kokudla, esimweni somzimba wamanzi, ebukhoneni bezinye izidalwa ezinkudlwana kuwo. Uma sikhuluma ngqo ngezwe lethu, kufanele kungezwe ukuthi ipherch isabalale cishe yonke indawo ngobukhulu bayo, iyinhlobo ejwayelekile yezinhlanzi zamachibi amaningi futhi ayiyona eyeyabameleli beNcwadi Ebomvu, engakwazi kodwa ukujabula. Ngokwesimo se-IUCN, i-redfish ayikhathazi kangako maqondana nosayizi wezinhlanzi zayo.
Ekugcineni ngithanda ukungeza ukuthi i-handsome ama-bass emfula ubukeka ehloniphekile futhi enemibalabala, isudi yakhe enemigqa iyamfanela ngale ndlela, futhi ulayini wamaphiko abomvu-owolintshi unikeza yonke inhlanzi isithombe ukukhanya nokukhanga. Akumangalisi ukuthi le nhlanzi yayiyiqhawe lemisebenzi eminingi yezincwadi, ngoba inenhlanhla ekhethekile futhi iba. Kuyathenjwa ukuthi isimo esivumayo maqondana nenani labantu abahlala ezingcenyeni zezinhlanzi sizoqhubeka nokuhlala sinjalo ngokuzayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 16.02.2020
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 23.12.2019 ngo-16: 33
