UVyakhir - ijuba lehlathi lasendle, elikhulu kunawo wonke amajuba eRussia. Inyoni enhle enezwi elihhahhazayo elisabekayo. Ijuba kuphela elikwaziyo ukukha amaqabunga namajikijolo okudla. Ihlangana ngemihlambi emikhulu, izondla ngezinsimu ezivuniwe. Yenza izindiza ezithile zonyaka. Into yokuzingelwa kwezemidlalo nobuciko bokupheka.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Vyakhir
IColumba palumbus yigama lesiLatini lale nyoni elisuka emndenini wamajuba. "IColumba" igama lasendulo lamajuba eGrisi lasendulo, elisuselwa egameni lesiGrikhi elisho "umtshuzi" futhi linikezwa ngokwesiko lamalungu athile ohlobo lokuziphonsa phansi lapho bebaleka. I-etymology yegama elithi "palumbus" ayicaci kahle, kepha kubonakala sengathi futhi lisho ukuthi "ijuba". I-Vyakhir ne-vityuten ngamagama abantu balolu hlobo, umlando wawo ofihlwe ebumnyameni besikhathi.
Ividiyo: Vyakhir
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-subspecies, noma izinhlanga zomhlaba, ezahlukaniswa ngombala nosayizi wendawo emhlophe entanyeni:
- uhlobo lwama-subspecies luhlala eYurophu, eSiberia, enyakatho ye-Afrika;
- ama-Azores subspecies (C. p. azorica) avela eziqhingini zase-Azores amnyama kakhulu futhi akhanya kakhulu;
- Ama-subspecies ase-Iranian (C. iranica), alula kunamajuba aseYurophu;
- ama-subspecies Kleinschmidt (C. kleinschmidti) achazwa evela eScotland;
- Ama-subspecies ase-Asia (C. casiotis, C. kirmanica) - indawo yokuzalwa yama-Himalaya, amabala entanyeni amancane, aphuzi;
- ama-subspecies aseNyakatho Afrika (C. excelsa) cishe awahlukile kwe-European;
- AmaGigi subspecies (C. ghigii) ahlala esiqhingini saseSardinia.
Kunezinhlobo ezingama-33 - 35 kuhlobo. Ngomqondo wanamuhla, amajuba kuphela e-Old World angaphansi kwawo, ngaphandle kwe-cisar eyake yangeniswa. Amajuba aleli qembu avele ngasekupheleni kweMiocene eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili eyedlule futhi ngokusobala ayenokhokho ofanayo nabaseMelika, ababehlala eNew noma e-Old World - ososayensi abakafiki esiphethweni esifanayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani ijuba lezinkuni
IVyakhir ihluke kahle kwamanye amajuba ngosayizi nombala. Leli yijuba elikhulu kunawo wonke asekhaya: ubude bendoda buhluka kusuka ku-40 kuye ku-46 cm, kowesifazane kusuka ku-38 kuye ku-44 cm.Owesilisa unesisindo esingu-460 - 600 g, esifazane sincane kancane. Umzimba uvulekile, uhlanjululwe, unamaphiko amancane futhi umsila omude.
I-dimorphism yezocansi ngombala cishe ayibonakali. Ingubo yabo bobubili ubulili yakhelwe ngompunga ompunga, kwesinye isikhathi amathoni aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ingaphansi lomzimba, kanye nangaphansi kwamaphiko, kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okukhanyayo, okubonakala ngokusobala lapho undiza. Ngaphezulu, emaphikweni asabalalisiwe, umugqa omhlophe ugqamile, ogcizelelwa umbala omnyama onsundu wezindawo zokuvikela ezingaphezulu kanye nezimpaphe ezindiza cishe ezimnyama.
Izimpaphe zomsila zimnyama emaphethelweni. Ezinhlangothini zentamo kunamabala amhlophe acacile, njengomngcele ophakathi kwekhanda eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye ne-goiter eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-nsomi nebele. Kwabesilisa, amabala makhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane. Futhi-ke, kukhona uphawu lokuhweba lokujula - uthingo lwenkosazana oluchichima entanyeni, olubizwa kakhulu kwabesilisa. Uqhwaku luwolintshi ngethiphu ephuzi, imilenze ibomvana, amehlo aphuzi ngokukhanyayo.
Amajuba amancane abomvu kakhudlwana, angenamabala entanyeni nasesinyeni sensimbi. Uqhwaku linsundu ngethiphu elimhlophe. Umhlophe undiza kahle ijuba, okungenani ungenza izindiza zonyaka, okuyinto idolobha lethu i-cisar elingenakho ukukwenza. Ukusuka kumzingeli, kwenza ukushintshana okubukhali emoyeni. Ngesikhathi sisuka, ishaya futhi ishaye amakhwela kakhulu. Uhamba njengawo wonke amajuba ngezinyathelo ezincane anikine ikhanda. Sibambelela ngokuqinile emagatsheni nasezintanjeni. Isikhalo sihoshozela, sihhewula. Isikhathi sokuphila sineminyaka engu-16 noma ngaphezulu.
Ijuba lihlalaphi?
Isithombe: Vyakhir eRussia
Indawo yokwakha izidleke ye-vituten ihlanganisa iYurophu ngaphandle kwenyakatho yeScandinavia (eRussia umngcele osenyakatho ufinyelela e-Arkhangelsk), ingxenye eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeSiberia eya edolobheni laseTomsk empumalanga (ezinye izinyoni ziqhubekela phambili), iCaucasus neCrimea, enyakatho yeKazakhstan, i-Asia Ephakathi, iHimalaya, China, EMpumalanga Ephakathi, eNyakatho Afrika. Eziningi kakhulu zebanga, wenza izindiza zonyaka. Uhlala unyaka wonke eningizimu yeYurophu (kusukela eningizimu yeNgilandi), eningizimu yeTurkmenistan, kwesinye isikhathi uhlala eCaucasus naseCrimea ebusika. E-Himalaya, ezintabeni zase-Afghanistan naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, kubusika kuphela. E-Afrika (i-Algeria, iMorocco kanye neTunisia) zombili izinyoni ezihlala phansi kanye nabafuduki abavela eYurophu banqwabelana ebusika.
IVituten iyinyoni ejwayelekile yasehlathini, kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile lapho ingahlala khona phakathi kwezihlahla. Uhlala emahlathini asezintabeni nasemathafeni anoma yiluphi uhlobo, omabili anqabile futhi aqinile. Ikhetha hhayi amahlathi aminyene, kepha imiphetho nokusula, amabhange emifula, amabhande ehlathi. Ezifundeni ezingenamithi ezingenamithi, zihlala emabhaneni asehlathini, emahlathini asezikhukhuleni nasemasimini. Uma kunokwenzeka, uyakugwema ukusondela ezindaweni zokuhlala, kepha lapho engathintwa khona, ngokwesibonelo, kwelinye izwe laseYurophu, uhlala emapaki asedolobheni, ngaphansi kophahla, kumabhalkhoni nasezinkambu eziseduze. Simakwe emapaki amadala eduze kwaseSt.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ijuba ijuba elijwayeleke kakhulu eNgilandi. Inombolo yayo lapha ingamabhangqa angaphezu kwezigidi ezi-5. Uhlala emapaki nasezivandeni zamadolobha amaningi kanye nemizana yezwe, uzondla ngabantu futhi akabizwa neze ngokuthi "ihlathi".
Manje uyazi lapho ijuba litholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi inyoni idlani.
Idlani ijuba lezinkuni?
Isithombe: Inyoni yamajuba
Ijuba lingadla konke okungadliwa yijuba ngisho nangaphezulu. Amajuba athambekele ekuqoqeni ukudla okuvela phansi, kepha amajuba ezinkuni ahlukile. Angakhipha izingxenye ezidliwayo zezitshalo ngokuhamba phansi futhi ahlale emagatsheni ezihlahla.
Ukudla kwakhe kufaka:
- imbewu yamabele, imidumba, i-cruciferous, i-asteraceae yingxenye eyinhloko yemenyu. Kubandakanya okusanhlamvu okuvuthiwe nokuwile kwamaphizi, okusanhlamvu, i-buckwheat, i-hemp, i-sunflower;
- ukudla okuluhlaza okotshani ngendlela yezithombo zasebusika, kanye namaqabunga amancane anamanzi ezitshalo zasendle, zensimu nezensimu, ezivame ukudlwengulwa kanye neklabishi;
- izithelo ezinamanzi (i-honeysuckle, i-blueberry, i-lingonberry, i-elderberry, i-bird cherry, i-mountain ash, i-blueberry, i-currant, i-mulberry, i-rose hips, amagilebhisi;
- amantongomane, ama-acorn, i-beech, i-pine ne-spruce seed;
- amahlumela adliwa ebusika nasentwasahlobo;
- izinambuzane nama-molluscs;
- imfucuza yokudla ezindaweni zokulahla udoti ezindaweni zokuhlala.
Njengama-granivores amaningi, amajuba ezinkuni agwinya amatshe amatshe - amatshe okusila okusila okusanhlamvu. Isisindo sazo singafinyelela ku-2 g. Ngesikhathi esisodwa, ijuba likwazi ukumunca u-100 g kakolweni, noma u-75 g wama-acorn. Ukusabalala kwengxenye eyodwa noma enye kuncike ezimweni - lapho kulinywa kakhulu indawo, izipho eziningi zemikhakha kumenyu yamajuba. Ungamsola ngalokhu? Ngaphezu kwalokho, akahlali ezonakalisa izitshalo, ngokuyisisekelo uqoqa okusele emasimini ngemuva kokuvuna. Ngalesi sikhathi, amatshwele ayakhula nje, nezinyoni zindiza ngemihlambi emasimini agundwe ukuze zithole amandla ngaphambi kokubaleka. Yilapho kufika isikhathi sokuzingela.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ijuba lezinkuni zejuba
Lezi juba ngokuvamile ziyizinyoni zasehlathini ezifihla buthule emiqhele yemithi ngenkathi yokuzalanisa. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukukhwelana kwamadoda namachwane kuphela okukhonondayo kungakhombisa ubukhona bawo. Isimo sezinyoni siqaphele kakhulu, siphazamisekile, zingaphonsa isidleke ngamaqanda abekiwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, endaweni ezolile, izingulube zokhuni zijwayela umphakathi wabantu kahle futhi zingahlala emadolobheni. Kakhulu bahlala ngababili, kepha omakhelwane bangahlangana eduze kwamanzi noma ezindaweni zokudla, okwenzeka kakhulu ekuseni nangaphambi kokushona kwelanga. Njengoba sebekhulise amaphuphu, babuthana ngemihlambi, emikhulu kakhulu ekwindla.
Izinyoni zihlala unomphela kuphela ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu zendawo yokwakha izidleke, ukusuka enyakatho ziyandiza zibalekele ubusika, noma kunalokho ziye eningizimu. Isibonelo, amajuba aseCrimea andizela eningizimu yeYurophu, kanti abaseNyakatho bafika eCrimea ebusika. Ukuhamba kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, kusuka ngoSepthemba (esifundeni iLeningrad) futhi kuphele ngo-Okthoba (iVolga delta), kepha noma kunjalo, ukuhamba kwayo yonke imihlambi kuthatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga. Imbuyiselo yenzeka futhi ngezindlela ezihlukile. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, izinyoni zivela ekuqaleni kukaMashi, ezingasenyakatho - ngo-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi.
Izinyoni ezifudukayo zihamba ikakhulu engxenyeni yokuqala yosuku; ngokuchitha ubusuku bakhetha indawo yehlathi enezihlahla ezide nokubuka okuhle. Bahlala phansi kuphela ngemuva kokubhekisisa ukuphepha, okwenza imibuthano eminingi phezu kwesayithi. Endleleni eya emuva naphambili, basebenzisa imizila efanayo, kodwa baziphathe ngendlela ehlukile. Entwasahlobo bagijima usuku lonke ngaphandle kokuma, futhi ngesikhathi sendiza yasekwindla bayama ukuzondla emkhakheni wezitshalo zasebusika, iklabishi, emasimini anezinhlamvu ezivuniwe, emahlathini e-oki nasemaphethelweni. Izinyoni ezifukamela ubuthongo zihlala emhlambini futhi zibandakanyeka ekushaneleni yonke into edliwayo evela emasimini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amajuba awalahlekelwa ukuqapha kwawo lapho efaka i-goiter emasimini. Ngakho-ke, bakhetha ukondla phakathi kwezitshalo ezingaphansi, ezingekho ngaphezu kwedolo, noma ngezinhlanga eziphansi. Ukukhombisa ukuphepha kwalesi siza, abazingeli batshala amagwababa agxishiwe namajuba uqobo kuso. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuthola ukuthonya okukhulu, kudingeka isethi ephelele yezilwane ezihlanganisiwe, ezibonisa ukudla, umlindi kanye nabantu abahleli bodwa.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Izinyoni ze-Pigeon
Ijuba liyinyoni ethembekile; lakha ngazimbili ezihlala isikhathi eside. Abashadikazi asebevele bephumelele bandiza besuka ebusika ngababili baye endaweni ejwayelekile, futhi abantu abasha bathola amahafu abo khona lapho. Indoda engasebenzi ivala icebo bese ikhuluma ngamalungelo ayo kuso. Ingoma yothando kaPigeon ifana nokubhonga okuhhahhamezayo, okungathunyelwa cishe njenge-gu-gu-gu.
Ijuba licula phezulu esihlahleni, lisuke ngezikhathi ezithile, lizulazule bese liwela phansi. Ukungafinyeleli esihlahleni, kuyaphakama futhi njalo kaningana. Ngokubona insikazi, indizela kuye bese ihlela ukubuyela kusayithi, immeme ukuthi ajoyine. Umcimbi womshado uhambisana nokukhala okuvala izindlebe nokukhothama ngomsila oxegile. Uma owesifazane evuma, wenza uphawu lokushada. Amajuba aqabula kancane futhi angabandi.
Umbhangqwana ukhetha indawo yokwakha isidleke ngemfoloko emagatsheni noma egatsheni elingenhla ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-2,5 - 20. Indoda iqoqa amahlumela, bese kuthi owakwakhe enze isidleke kubo esifana negwababa: isixha esingama-25 - 45 cm ububanzi nesifo sokudangala phakathi. Ube esebeka amaqanda amabili bese bobabili abazali baqala ukuwafukamela. Lokhu kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli noma ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Amaphuphu wesibili, uma kunokwenzeka, enza phakathi nehlobo.
Ukufukamela kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-17. Lokhu kulandelwa isikhathi sokudla sezinsuku ezingama-26 kuya kwezingama-28, lapho futhi bobabili abazali bebamba iqhaza. Izinsuku zokuqala zondliwa izikhathi eziningana ngosuku ngobisi lwe-goiter, bese kuphela ekuseni nakusihlwa, kodwa sekuvele nenhlanganisela yokusanhlamvu nobisi. Kusukela emavikini amathathu ubudala, amaphuphu aqala ukushiya isidleke sosuku, abuye kusihlwa. Kepha sebephumile ngokuphelele, bahlala bengondli izinsuku ezimbalwa, bathola ukudla kubazali babo. Ngemuva kwenyanga kuphela bazimela ngokuphelele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Usuku lowesilisa luhlelwe kanjena: ukukhwelana ekuseni kuthatha isikhathi esingu-4.2% wesikhathi, ibhulakufesi - 10.4%, ukukhwelwa ntambama - 2.8%, ukuhlanza izimpaphe - 11.9%, ukufukamela - 22.9%, isidlo sakusihlwa - 10.4%, ukuhlanza izimpaphe - 4.2%, ukukhwelwa kusihlwa - 6.2%, ukulala - 27%. Uhlelo lwabesifazane lubukeka kanjena: ibhulakufesi - 10.4%, ukuhlanza - 8.3%, isidlo sakusihlwa - 4.2%, ukufukamela + ukulala - 77.1%.
Izitha zemvelo zejuba lezinkuni
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani ijuba lezinkuni
Endle, ijuba elinonile liyisilwane esihlwabusayo. Izilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye zilola amazinyo futhi, ikakhulukazi, ziqhwitha imilomo.
Phakathi kwezitha:
- i-goshawk ne-sparrowhawk, ishaya inyamazane emoyeni nasemagatsheni;
- i-peregrine falcon ingumzingeli onezimpaphe ongenakuqhathaniswa, oshesha futhi oqinile;
- igwababa elimpunga - "impisi enezimpaphe", ibulala izinyoni ezibuthakathaka, ithatha amatshwele namaqanda ezidlekeni;
- i-magpie ne-jay abakwazi ukubhekana nenyoni yabantu abadala, kepha badla amaqanda - kwezinye izindawo, ngokusho kokulinganisela, kufika ku-40%;
- ingwejeje nayo iyisithandwa esikhulu samaqanda ezinyoni.
Abantu babangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kumajuba futhi banciphise izinombolo zabo zombili ngqo, ngokuzidubula ngenkathi zizingela, nangokungaqondile, ngokushintsha nokufaka ubuthi endaweni yazo. Ukwanda kwesibalo sabantu kuphoqa izinyoni eziqaphileyo ukuthi zishiye izindawo zazo zokwakha izidleke zibuyele emakhoneni asemaphandleni nasendaweni ekude kakhulu, eziya ngokuya zincipha. Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ikakhulukazi iDDT esenqatshelwe manje, kulikhinyabeze kakhulu inani lamajuba. Kanye nokuzizingela, manje okulinganiselwe kakhulu. Kodwa ijuba lezinkuni liyisinambuzane esaziwayo somhlaba wezolimo, ongavumeli ngokuphelele ukuvinjelwa kokuzingelwa kwawo.
Umuntu akakwazi ukungazinaki izinto ezinjalo zokwehla kwabantu njengezimo zezulu. Intwasahlobo ebandayo nehlobo elimanzi kuholela ekudlekeni sekwephuzile, ukuze izinyoni zingabi nesikhathi sokubeka izinyane lesibili. Izimo zasebusika ezingezinhle kanye nokuntuleka kokudla kuholela ekufeni okukhulu: ama-60-70% amajuba amancane kanye nama-30% amajuba amadala ayafa.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Izingulube eziningi zezinkuni zasebusika eKuban. Izinkulungwane zemihlambi zihlanjululwa kancane kuphela ngabazingeli, ngoba imvume yokudubula ayikhishwa minyaka yonke futhi kuze kube nguDisemba 31 kuphela. Ezimweni eziminyene phakathi kwamajuba, isifo se-candidiasis siqala, esidala ingozi enkulu kunokuzingela. Kubhekwa njengokufanele ukwelula isikhathi sokudubula ukuze kwehliswe inani futhi kugweme ukugcwala kwabantu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Vyakhir
Isitokwe somhlaba sezingulube zokhuni sikhulu kakhulu - kunabantu abangaba yizigidi ezingama-51 - 73. Kubandakanya i-Europe, ebanga u-80% wendawo, i-40.9 - 58 yezigidi bukhoma (ngokusho kwedatha ka-2015). Kunabantu abaningi ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseBaltic esisempumalanga. Ngokuvamile, uhla lukhula kancane kancane ngenxa yokwanda okuya eScandinavia naseFaroe Islands (eDenmark). Isizathu salokhu ukuthuthukiswa kwamasimu ezolimo yijuba nokuchichima kokudla kulezi zindawo. Ukuzingela kuvunyelwe eNgilandi, eFrance, eHungary, eScotland.
Ngaphakathi kwendawo ene -utny atholakala ehlakazekile futhi engalingani, ngakho-ke endaweni yaseRussia ajwayelekile, kepha hhayi amaningi. Kunabantu abangabodwana noma imihlambi emincane yezinyoni ezifika kwezili-15. Imihlambi emikhulu, izinyoni ezingama-80 - 150 lilinye, kanye nokugxila kwazo kungabonwa kuphela phakathi nezindiza ezithile zonyaka noma ebusika. Kuban ebusika izinkulungwane zamajuba ziyaqoqana, ebusika lapha phakathi kwezinsimu zikabhekilanga.
Futhi esifundeni saseMoscow amapheya ambalwa manje isidleke, yize ekuqaleni kwama-30s kwekhulu elidlule kwakukhona imihlambi yezinyoni ezingama-40-50. Esifundeni esisenyakatho-ntshonalanga, inani lamajuba lahlala ezingeni eliphakeme kwaze kwaba ngama-70s, ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseLeningrad kwakukhona izidleke eziyi-10 ngekhilomitha elilodwa onqenqemeni lwehlathi. Kepha kusukela ngama-70s, izinyoni ezineshwa zifakwe kuhlu lwezinto zokuzingela futhi ukukhula kwazo kumile. Yize kungakajwayelekile kulezi zindawo.
Ngokuvamile, ukuzingela mhlawumbe akusona isizathu esibaluleke kangaka sokwehla kwenani lamajuba. Ukuzingela amajuba kunemininingwane yawo futhi abazingeli abambalwa abayinaka. Ngakho-ke esifundeni iKaliningrad, lapho izinyoni ziningi, ngokusho kwedatha yango-2008 - 2011. ngabazingeli abangama-35 kuphela kwabayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili ababenesifiso sejuba lezinkuni. Isimo sezinhlobo ngokwe-IUCN "yizinhlobo ezinamanani akhulayo" futhi azidingi ukuvikelwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-Azores subspecies enkuni amajuba abhalwe ku-IUCN RC, ngoba asinda eziqhingini ezimbili kuphela: iPico neSan Miguel. Ama-subspecies eMadeira aqothulwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule.
Ungaphikisana ngokungapheli ngokuthi ukuzingela kubi noma kuhle emhlabeni wezilwane. Abazingeli banezimpikiswano zabo ezikholisayo nokudubula ukuvimbela ukugcwala kwabantu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, indlala nezifo eziwumqedazwe, okukholisa kakhulu kuzo. Into esemqoka kuleli bhizinisi ukwenza ngokuhlakanipha, unikezwe inani lezinyoni. ijuba lezinkuni nomkhuba wenguquko yawo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 28.12.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.09.2019 ngo-23: 47
