I-Congoni (Alcelaphus buselaphus), kwesinye isikhathi i-bubal evamile noma eye-steppe, noma i-cow antelope iyinhlobo evela emndenini wama-bovids we-subfamily Bubal. Ama-subspecies ayisishiyagalombili achazwe ngabaphenyi, okuthi kwesinye isikhathi kubhekwe njengokuzimele. Ama-subspecies ajwayelekile yizindebe zokuzingela ezibalulekile ngenxa yenyama yazo emnandi, ngakho-ke zivame ukuzingelwa. Manje kwi-Intanethi kulula ukuthola izimvume zokuzingela, kufaka phakathi i-congoni, ngoba izinhlobo azivamile ukuhamba futhi azifihli, ngakho-ke kulula ukuzingela isilwane.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Kongoni
Uhlobo lweBubal lwavela endaweni ethile eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-4.4 edlule emndenini onamalungu athile: iDamalops, Rabaticeras, Megalotragus, Connochaetes, Numidocapra, Oreonagor. Ukuhlaziywa kusetshenziswa ubudlelwano bamangqamuzana kubantu base-congoni kuphakamise imvelaphi engaba khona empumalanga ye-Afrika. UBubal wasakazeka ngokushesha kulo lonke i-savannah yase-Afrika, esikhundleni samafomu amaningi wangaphambilini.
Ososayensi babhale ukuhlukaniswa kokuqala kwabantu be-congoni baba imigqa emibili ehlukene eminyakeni engaba ngu-500,000 edlule - igatsha elilodwa enyakatho ye-equator nelinye eningizimu. Igatsha lasenyakatho lijikela kwelinye igatsha elisempumalanga nasentshonalanga, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-0.4 edlule. Mhlawumbe ngenxa yokwandiswa kwebhande lamahlathi emvula eCentral Africa kanye nokwehliswa okulandelayo kwe-savannah.
Ividiyo: Kongoni
Uhlu lozalo lwaseMpumalanga lwaveza u-A.b. cokii, Swain, Torah kanye neLelvel. Futhi egatsheni lasentshonalanga kwaqhamuka uBubal kanye neWest African Congoni. Imvelaphi yaseningizimu yaveza i-kaama. Lawa ma-taxa amabili asondele phylogenetically, ahluka kuphela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-0.2 edlule. Ucwaningo luphethe ngokuthi le micimbi emikhulu ekuguqulweni kwengqungquthela ihlobene ngqo nezimo zezulu. Lokhu kungabalulekile ekuqondeni umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo hhayi i-congoni kuphela, kepha nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo e-Afrika.
Irekhodi lamathambo okuqala kakhulu licishe libe yiminyaka engama-70,000 edlule. Izinsalela zeKaama zitholakale e-Elandsfontein, eCornelia naseFlorisbad eNingizimu Afrika naseKabwe eZambia. Kwa-Israyeli, izinsalela zeCongoni zitholakale enyakatho yeNegev, eShephel, eSharon Plain naseTel Lachis. Laba bantu be-congoni ekuqaleni babevalelwe ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeLevant. Kungenzeka bazingelwe eGibhithe, okuthinte abantu baseLevant futhi bayinqamula kubantu abaningi base-Afrika.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani i-congoni
IKongoni iyi-ungulate enkulu, enebude obusuka ku-1.5 kuye ku-2.45 m. Umsila wayo usuka ku-300 kuye ku-700 mm, kanti ukuphakama ehlombe kungu-1.1 kuya ku-1.5 m. ngaphansi kwamehlo, i-tuft ne-rostrum ende emincane. Izinwele zomzimba cishe zingama-25mm ubude futhi zinokuthungwa okuhle. Iningi lesifunda sakhe esikhazimulayo nesifuba, kanye nezingxenye ezithile zobuso bakhe, kunezindawo ezilula zezinwele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abesilisa nabesifazane bazo zonke izinhlobo ezingaphansi komhlaba banezimpondo ezi-2 ezilinganiselwa kubude obusuka ku-450 kuye ku-700 mm, ngakho-ke kunzima ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwazo. Zigobile ngesimo se-crescent futhi zikhula zisuka kwisisekelo esisodwa, kanti kwabesifazane zizacile kakhulu.
Kukhona ama-subspecies amaningana ahlukile komunye nomunye ngombala wejazi, ahluka kusuka kokusobala onsundu kuya kokumpunga okunsundu, nokuma kwezimpondo:
- I-Western Congoni (A. enkulu) - nsundu ephaphathekile enesihlabathi, kepha ingaphambili lemilenze limnyama;
- I-Kaama (A. caama) - umbala obomvu ngokubomvu, isifonyo esimnyama. Ukumakwa okumnyama kuyabonakala esilevini, emahlombe, emuva entanyeni, emathangeni nasemilenzeni. Zihluke kakhulu kwizimagqabhagqabha ezibanzi ezimhlophe ezimake izinhlangothi zakhe nesifuba esiphansi;
- ILelvel (A. lelwel) - nsundu ngokubomvu. Umbala we-torso uhluka kusuka kobomvu kuya konsundu ophuzi ezingxenyeni ezingenhla;
- I-Congoni yaseLiechtenstein (A. lichtensteinii) - nsundu ngokubomvu, yize izinhlangothi zinomthunzi okhanyayo kanye nesigubhu esimhlophe;
- Izinhlobo ezingaphansi ze-torus (A. tora) - umzimba onsundu onsundu ngokubomvu ngokubomvu, ubuso, imilenze yangaphambili nesifunda esikhazimulayo, kepha isisu esingezansi nemilenze yangemuva kumhlophe ngokuphuzi;
- ISwaynei (A. swaynei) iwushukela ocebile ocebile onamachashazi amhlophe acashile empeleni angamathiphu ezinwele ezimhlophe. Ubuso bumnyama, ngaphandle komugqa woshokholethi ngaphansi kwamehlo;
- Ama-subspecies e-Congoni (A. cokii) yiwona avame kakhulu, anikeze igama kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kungenzeka ezinyangeni eziyi-12, kepha amalungu alezi zinhlobo awafinyeleli esisindweni sawo esiphezulu kuze kube yiminyaka emi-4.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-booble iyafana ne-congoni. Ake sibone ukuthi le nhlwathi yenkomo itholakala kuphi.
Ihlala kuphi iCongoni?
Isithombe: I-Congoni e-Afrika
AbaseKongoni ekuqaleni babehlala ezindaweni ezinotshani kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. AmaGrassland nama-shrouds e-sub-Saharan Africa, kanye namahlathi e-miombo eningizimu nasenkabeni ye-Afrika, kuze kufike esiqongweni se-Afrika eseningizimu. Ububanzi busuka eMorocco buya enyakatho-mpumalanga yeTanzania, naseningizimu yeCongo - kusuka eningizimu ye-Angola kuya eNingizimu Afrika. Babengekho ogwadule nasemahlathini kuphela, ikakhulukazi emahlathini ashisayo aseSahara nasemabhodini aseGuinea naseCongo.
ENyakatho ne-Afrika, iCongoni itholakale eMorocco, e-Algeria, eningizimu yeTunisia, eLibya, nasezingxenyeni zoGwadule lwaseNtshonalanga eGibhithe (imingcele ngqo yokusabalalisa eningizimu ayaziwa). Kutholakale izinsalela eziningi zalesi silwane ngesikhathi kumbiwa ezimbiwa phansi eGibhithe naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, ikakhulukazi kwa-Israyeli naseJordani.
Kodwa-ke, indawo yokwabiwa kwe-congoni yehliswe kakhulu ngenxa yokuzingelwa kwabantu, ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo yokuhlala kanye nokuncintisana nemfuyo. Namuhla abaseCongoni sebengasekho ezifundeni eziningi, nezilwane zokugcina ezadutshulwa enyakatho ye-Afrika phakathi kuka-1945 no-1954 e-Algeria. Umbiko wokugcina ovela eningizimu-mpumalanga yeMorocco wawungo-1945.
Njengamanje, i-congoni itholakala kuphela ku:
- IBotswana;
- ENamibia;
- ITopiya;
- ETanzania;
- IKenya;
- I-Angola;
- ENigeria;
- IBenin;
- ISudan;
- IZambia;
- IBurkina Faso;
- E-Uganda;
- ECameroon;
- IChad;
- ECongo;
- E-Ivory Coast;
- IGhana;
- IGuinea;
- Mali;
- ENiger;
- ISenegal;
- Iningizimu Afrika;
- IZimbabwe.
ICongoni ihlala kuma savanna kanye nezindawo ezinotshani e-Afrika. Imvamisa zitholakala onqenqemeni lwehlathi futhi zigweme amahlathi amaningi avalelwe. Abantu bohlobo oluthile balotshwe kwaze kwaba ngu-4000 m eNtabeni iKenya.
Kudlani i-congoni?
Isithombe: Kongoni, noma i-steppe bubal
I-Congoni idla kuphela otshanini, ngokukhetha emadlelweni aphakathi nendawo. Lezi zilwane zincike kakhulu emanzini kunamanye amaBubal, kepha, nokho, zincike ekutholakaleni kwamanzi okuphuza angaphezulu. Ezindaweni lapho amanzi entuleka khona, angaphila ngamakhabe, izimpande nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ukudla kwabo okungaphezu kwama-95% ngesikhathi semvula (ngo-Okthoba kuya kuMeyi) utshani. Ngokwesilinganiso, utshani abukwenzi ngaphansi kuka-80% wokudla kwabo. ICongoni eBurkina Faso zitholakale zondla kakhulu ngotshani obunentshebe ngesikhathi semvula.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-congoni kuqukethe:
- amaqabunga;
- amakhambi;
- imbewu;
- okusanhlamvu;
- amantongomane.
Esikhathini esingavaliwe, ukudla kwabo kuqukethe utshani bomhlanga. ICongoni idla iphesenti elincane leHyparrenia (imifino) nemidumba unyaka wonke. UJasmine kerstingii naye uyingxenye yokudla kwakhe ekuqaleni kwenkathi yemvula. UKongoni ubekezela kakhulu ngokudla okusezingeni eliphansi. Umlomo ohlangene wesilwane wandisa ikhono lokuhlafuna futhi usivumele ukuba sisike utshani kangcono kunamanye ama-bovids. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukutholakala kotshani obumnandi kunqunyelwe phakathi nenkathi yonyaka eyomile, isilwane singazondla ngotshani obuqinile obugugayo.
Izinhlobo eziningi zotshani ziyadliwa ngenkathi eyomile kunangesikhathi semvula. ICongoni ingathola ukudla okunomsoco noma ngotshani obude obomile. Imishini yabo yokuhlafuna ivumela isilwane ukuthi sidle kahle ngisho nasesikhathini esomile, esivame ukuba yisikhathi esinzima sokudla amadlelo ama-artiodactyls. Isilwane singcono ekubambeni nasekuhlafuneni ihlumela elincane lotshani obungapheli ngalezo zikhathi lapho ukudla kutholakala okuncane. Lawa makhono ayingqayizivele avumela ukuthi lolu hlobo lwanqobe ezinye izilwane eminyakeni eyizigidi eyedlule, okwaholela ekusakazekeni ngempumelelo e-Afrika.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Congoni ngokwemvelo
ICongoni yizilwane zomphakathi ezihlala emihlanjini ehleliwe efinyelela kubantu abangama-300. Kodwa-ke, ukuhambisa imihlambi akusondelani futhi kuvame ukuhlakazeka kaningi. Kunezinhlobo ezine zezilwane esakhiweni: ezeduna ezindala endaweni, amaduna amadala angahlobene nendawo, amaqembu ezinsizwa kanye namaqembu ezinsikazi nezilwane ezincane. Abesifazane bakha amaqembu ezilwane ezi-5-12, ngasinye sazo singaba nezizukulwane ezine zezizukulwane.
Kukholakala ukuthi amaqembu abesifazane anamandla amakhulu futhi ukuthi lawa maqembu anquma inhlangano yomphakathi yomhlambi wonke. Izinsikazi ziye zabonwa zilwa zodwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Amawundlu amaduna angahlala nonina kuze kube yiminyaka emithathu, kepha imvamisa ashiye omama bawo ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingama-20 ukuze ajoyine amaqembu ezinye izinsizwa. Phakathi kweminyaka yobudala emi-3 nengu-4, abesilisa bangaqala ukuzama ukuthatha indawo. Abesilisa banolaka futhi bazolwa ngokufutheka uma bephonswa inselelo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: ICongoni ayifuduki, noma ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu njengesomiso, abantu bangayishintsha indawo okuyo kakhulu. Yizinhlobo ezincane ezifudukayo zesizwe saseBubal, futhi ibuye isebenzise inani lamanzi elincane kakhulu futhi inezinga lokunciphisa umzimba eliphansi kakhulu phakathi kwesizwe.
Ukulandelana kokunyakaza kwekhanda nokwamukelwa kwezimo ezithile kwandulela noma ikuphi ukuxhumana. Uma lokhu kunganele, abesilisa bancika phambili bagxume izimpondo zabo zibheke phansi. Ukulimala nokufa kuyenzeka kodwa akuvamile. Izinsikazi nezilwane ezincane zikhululekile ukungena nokushiya izindawo. Abesilisa balahlekelwa yinsimu yabo ngemuva kweminyaka engu-7-8. Ziyasebenza, ikakhulukazi ziyasebenza ngesikhathi sasemini, zidla ekuseni kakhulu nasebusuku futhi ziphumule emthunzini sekusondele emini. I-kongoni yenza umsindo othambile wokukhononda nemisindo yokububula. Izilwane ezincane ziyasebenza kakhulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: ICongoni Cub
Zikhwelana e-congoni unyaka wonke, zineziqongo eziningana kuye ngokutholakala kokudla. Inqubo yokuzalanisa yenzeka ezindaweni ezivikelwe ngabesilisa abanesizungu futhi itholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile emathafeni noma emaphethelweni. Abesilisa balwela ukubusa, ngemuva kwalokho owesilisa u-alpha ulandela owesifazane olengayo uma ese-estrus.
Kwesinye isikhathi insikazi ilula umsila wayo kancane ukukhombisa ukuthinteka kwayo, bese owesilisa azame ukuvimba indlela yakhe. Ekugcineni, insikazi iyama bese ivumela owesilisa ukuba akhuphukele kuyo. Ukushayisana kwamaphutha akukude, kuvame ukuphindwa futhi, kwesinye isikhathi kukabili noma ngaphezulu ngomzuzu. Emihlambini emikhulu, ukukhwelana kungenzeka phakathi kwamaduna amaningana. Ukushayisana kwamaphutha kuyaphazamiseka uma kungenelela omunye wesilisa bese kuxoshwa lowo ongenayo.
Ukuzala kuyahlukahluka kuye ngesizini kuye ngesibalo se-congoni noma ama-subspecies. Inani eliphakeme lokuzalwa libonakala kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya kuNovemba eNingizimu Afrika, ngoDisemba kuya kuFebhuwari e-Ethiopia nangoFebhuwari kuya kuMashi eNairobi National Park. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sihlala izinsuku ezingama-214-242 futhi imvamisa kuba nomphumela wokuthi kuzalwe ingane eyodwa. Ekuqaleni komsebenzi, abesifazane bazihlukanisa ezindaweni zezihlahla ukuze bazalele abantwana.
Lokhu kwehluke kakhulu emikhubeni ejwayelekile yezihlobo zayo zasendle, ezizala ngamaqembu emathafeni avulekile. Omama baseCongoni bese beshiya amaphuphu abo efihlwe esikhotheni amasonto ambalwa, babuya ukuzodla kuphela. Intsha ilunyulwa ezinyangeni ezi-4-5. Isikhathi esiphezulu sempilo yiminyaka engama-20.
Izitha zemvelo zekongoni
Isithombe: Kongoni, noma inyamazane yenkomo
ICongoni yizilwane ezinamahloni futhi eziqaphe ngokweqile ezinobuhlakani obuthuthuke kakhulu. Isimo esizolile sesilwane ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile singaba nolaka uma sicasulwa. Ngesikhathi sokudla, umuntu oyedwa uhlala ehlola imvelo ukuze axwayise wonke umhlambi wengozi. Izikhathi eziningi, onogada bakhuphuka izindunduma zomuhlwa ukuze babone ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngezikhathi zengozi, wonke umhlambi uyanyamalala uqonde ngandawonye.
Ama-kongoni azingelwa yi:
- izingonyama;
- izingwe;
- izimpisi;
- izinja zasendle;
- izingulule;
- izimpungushe;
- izingwenya.
ICongoni iyabonakala kakhulu emadlelweni. Yize zibukeka zingahambi kahle, zingafinyelela isivinini sika-70 kuye ku-80 km / h. Izilwane ziqaphe kakhulu futhi ziyaqapha uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye ezingasetshenziswanga. Ngokuyinhloko bathembela emehlweni abo ukuze babone izilwane ezidla ezinye. Ukuthimula nokushaya ngezinselo kusebenza njengesixwayiso sengozi ezayo. Ikhefu leCongoni liqonde ohlangothini olulodwa, kepha ngemuva kokubona elinye lamalungu emhlambi lihlaselwa ngumzingeli, yenza ujike olucijile lwama-90 ° ngemuva kwezinyathelo ezi-1-2 kuphela ohlangothini olunikeziwe.
Imilenze emide ezacile ye-congoni inikeza ukuphunyuka okusheshayo ezindaweni ezivulekile. Uma kwenzeka kuhlasela okuseduze, izimpondo ezesabekayo zisetshenziselwa ukuvikela kumzingeli. Ukuma kwamehlo okuphakeme kuvumela i-stallion ukuthi ihlole ngokuqhubekayo imvelo yayo, noma ngabe iklaba.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani i-congoni
Isibalo sabantu base-congoni balinganiselwa ezilwaneni ezingama-362,000 (kufaka neLiechtenstein). Lesi sibalo sisonke sithonywe ngokusobala inani labasindile e-A. caama eningizimu ye-Afrika, okulinganiselwa ukuthi babalelwa ku-130,000 (40% emhlabeni wangasese kanye nama-25% ezindaweni ezivikelekile). Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-Ethiopia inamalungu angaphansi kuka-800 ohlobo lwe-Swain olusindile, iningi labantu lihlala ezindaweni eziningana ezivikelwe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinhlobo ezingaphansi kakhulu eziningi ziyakhula, yize kwamanye ama-subspecies kube nokujwayela ukwehla ngamanani. Ngokuya ngalokhu, uhlobo lonke aluhlangabezani nenqubo yesimo sokusongelwa noma sokusengozini.
Ukulinganiswa kwesibalo sabantu eseleyo eseleyo kwakungu: 36,000 West African Congoni (95% ezindaweni ezizungezile neziseduze); 70,000 Lelwel (cishe ama-40% ezindaweni ezivikelekile); Ama-koloni aseKenya angama-3 500 (ama-6% ezindaweni ezivikelekile futhi iningi emahlathini); I-82,000 Liechtenstein ne-42,000 Congoni (A. cokii) (cishe ama-70% ezindaweni ezivikelekile).
Inombolo yeTorah esaphila (uma ikhona) ayaziwa. A. lelwel kungenzeka wahlangabezana nokwehla okuphawulekayo kusukela ngawo-1980, lapho inani lalinganiselwa ku-> 285,000, ikakhulu e-CAR naseningizimu yeSudan. Ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe ngesikhathi sonyaka owomile lilinganise inani lezilwane eziyi-1,070 kanye ne-115. Lokhu ukwehla okuphawulekayo kusuka ezilwaneni ezilinganisiwe ezingaphezu kwezingu-50 000 ngenkathi eyomile yango-1980.
Umlindi weCongoni
Isithombe: Kongoni
ICongoni Swayne (A. buselaphus swaynei) neCongoni tora (A. buselaphus tora) zisengozini enkulu ngenxa yabantu abancane nabanciphayo. Eminye imihlobo engezansi emine ihlukaniswa njengengcuphe ephansi yi-IUCN, kodwa izohlolwa njengengcuphe enkulu uma imizamo eqhubekayo yokongiwa inganele.
Izizathu zokwehla kwesibalo sabantu azaziwa, kepha zichazwa ngokwandiswa kwezinkomo ezindaweni zokondla zase kolgoni futhi, ngezinga elincane, ngokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala nokuzingela. U-Kindon uphawula ukuthi "kungenzeka ukuthi isisindo senkomo esiqine kunazo zonke senzekile ebangeni lazo zonke izinto ezikhanyayo zase-Afrika."
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Endaweni yaseNzi-Komoe, izinombolo zehle ngama-60% zisuka ku-18,300 ngo-1984 zaya ezibalelwa ku-4 200. Ukusatshalaliswa kwemifelandawonye eminingi ye-congoni kuzokwanda kakhulu kuze kube kukhawulwa ezindaweni lapho kulawulwa khona ukuzingelwa ngokungemthetho nokuzingelwa kwemfuyo nezindawo zokuhlala.
I-Congoni incintisana nemfuyo emadlelweni. Izinombolo zayo zehle ngokuphawulekayo kulo lonke uhla lwazo, futhi ukusatshalaliswa kwalo kuya ngokuya kuqhekeka ngenxa yokufuna ngokweqile nokwandiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala nemfuyo.Lokhu sekuvele kwenzekile ebangeni eliningi langaphambili, abanye abantu abalulekile njengamanje bayancipha ngenxa yokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho nezinye izinto ezifana nesomiso nezifo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03.01.
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 12.09.2019 ngo-14: 48
