Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha - isicabucabu sezingwadule eziphakathi nendawo nezinye izindawo ezinesihlabathi eningizimu ye-Afrika. Kuyilungu lomndeni wesicabucabu se-araneomorphic, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izihlobo eziseduze zalesi spider zitholakala e-Afrika naseNingizimu Melika. Izihlobo zayo eziseduze yizicabucabu ezihlala zodwa ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha
Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha saziwa nangokuthi isicabucabu esinamehlo ayisithupha ngenxa yesimo saso esisicaba kanye nemilenze yangemva kwesikhathi. Kukholakala ukuthi ubuthi bokulunywa yilezi zilwane kuyingozi kunazo zonke izicabucabu. Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha siyinsalela ephilayo eyandulela ukuqhuma kweGondwanaland cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100 eyedlule futhi iyatholakala naseNingizimu Melika. Kunezinhlobo eziyisi-6 ezivamile eNtshonalanga Kapa, eNamibia naseSifundazweni SaseNyakatho.
Bahlangana:
- esihlabathini;
- ezindundumeni zesihlabathi;
- ngaphansi kwamatshe nasemigqondweni enamadwala;
- endaweni eseduze kwemigodi yezintuthwane.
Ividiyo: Isicabucabu Sesanti Esinamehlo Ayisithupha
Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha esivela eNyakatho Kapa naseNamibia sisicabucabu esibulala kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ngenhlanhla, ngenxa yendawo ehlala kuyo, ayivamile futhi kubonakala sengathi ayifuni ukuluma. Noma kunjalo, lesi spider akufanele silashwe, ngoba alikho ikhambi elisebenzayo lokulwa nesihlungu salo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Igama lesayensi lomndeni wesicabucabu esinamehlo ayisithupha nguSicarius, okusho ukuthi "umbulali" no "sica" uyinkemba egobile.
Uhlobo lohlobo lwesicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha lwaqala ukwenziwa ngonyaka we-1878 nguFriedrich Karsch njengoHexomma, okuwukuphela kohlobo lweHexomma hahni. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1879, uKarsh wabona ukuthi leli gama lase lisetshenziswa ngo-1877 ngohlobo lomlondolozi, ngakho-ke washicilela igama elizongena esikhundleni sikaHexophthalma.
Ngo-1893, u-Eugene Simon waguqula i-Hexophthalma hahni wayifaka kuhlobo lweSicarius, kwathi uHexophthalma wagcina engasasetshenziswanga kwaze kwaba yilapho isifundo se-phylogenetic ngonyaka ka-2017 sikhombisa ukuthi izinhlobo ze-African Sicarius, kuhlanganise nesicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha, zazihlukile futhi zavuselela uhlobo lweHexophthalma ngabo. Izinhlobo ezimbili ezintsha zengezwe kuhlobo ngo-2018, kanti uhlobo olulodwa olwamukelwa phambilini, i-Hexophthalma testacea, lufana nesicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha. Inani lezinto eziphilayo kulindeleke ukuthi lenyuke ngokucwaninga okuqhubekayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha
Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha sinamehlo ayisithupha, ahlelwe ngamadayadi ama-3, ahlukaniswe kabanzi emgqeni ogobile. I-cuticle iyisikhumba esinama-bristles agobile futhi imvamisa i-burgundy noma iphuzi ngombala. Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha simbozwe ngoboya obuhle obubizwa ngokuthi ama-bristles (izinwele ezimahhadla, izinwele, izinqubo ezifana nensimbi, noma ingxenye yomzimba) esebenza ukubamba izinhlayiya zesihlabathi. Lokhu kunikeza ukufihla okusebenzayo noma ngabe isicabucabu asingcwatshiwe.
Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha sinobude bomzimba obufinyelela kumamilimitha ayi-15, kanti izidladla zaso zingamamilimitha angama-50 ububanzi. Izinhlobo eziningi zinombala obomvu ngokubomvu noma ophuzi ngombala ngaphandle kwamaphethini acacile. Izicabucabu zesihlabathi ezinamehlo ayisithupha zivame ukuzifihla ngezinhlayiya zesihlabathi eziboshelwe phakathi kwezinwele zomzimba ukuze zihlangane nesizinda sendawo ethile ezihlala kuyo. Izicabucabu zesihlabathi ezinamehlo ayisithupha zinamahloni futhi ziyimfihlo, kepha ziyaluma uma zithintwe ngengozi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izicabucabu zesihlabathi ezinamehlo ayisithupha zingaphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-15, ziphindwe kane ubude kunesicabucabu esivamile.
Lezi zigcawu eziphila mahhala yizilwane zasemhlabeni futhi zinombala ofanayo ophuzi onsundu ophelele. Izicabucabu zesihlabathi ezinamehlo ayisithupha zibukeka zinothuli futhi zinesihlabathi futhi zithatha umbala womhlaba ezihlala kuwo.
Sihlala kuphi isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha?
Isithombe: Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha e-Afrika
Ngokuya ngobufakazi bokuvela kwemvelo, izihlobo zezicabucabu zesihlabathi ezinamehlo ayisithupha kukholakala ukuthi zavela entshonalanga yeGondwana, engelinye lamazwe amakhulu amakhulu ayekhona eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-500 edlule. Ngenxa yokuthi kudala leli lizwe lagcina leli kholoni, lezi zigcawu kwesinye isikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi "izinsalela eziphilayo." Ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje komndeni walezi zigcawu ikakhulukazi e-Afrika naseLatin America. Lokhu kwehlukahluka kukholakala ukuthi kwenzeka ngenkathi amazwe amakhulu ehlukana cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-100 eyedlule, ehlukanisa i-Afrika neMelika.
Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha singatholakala ezifundeni ezinesihlabathi saseNingizimu naseMelika Ephakathi. Lesi sigcawu sihlala ogwadule bese sizingela siqamekele. Ngokungafani nabazingeli abaningi, abalinda inyamazane yabo, isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha asigebhi mgodi. Kunalokho, icasha ngaphansi kwesihlabathi. Inobuthi obungabulala, obungalimaza inhliziyo, izinso, isibindi kanye nemithambo yegazi, futhi kubangele ukubola kwenyama.
Lezi zigcawu azenzi ubulembu, kepha zilala uhhafu esihlabathini, zilindele ukuthi inyamazane idlule. Zandile, kepha zivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezomile. Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha sinomqondo omubi wokuqondisa, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zesicabucabu.
Manje uyazi lapho isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha sihlala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini edliwa yisicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha?
Isithombe: Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha ngokwemvelo
Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha asihambi sizingela inyamazane, silinda nje ukuthi kudlule isinambuzane noma ufezela. Lapho enza lokhu, ubamba inyamazane ngemilenze yangaphambili, ayibulale ngoshevu ayidle. Izicabucabu zesihlabathi ezinamehlo ayisithupha azidingi ukondliwa kaningi, kanti izicabucabu ezindala zingaphila isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokudla namanzi.
Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha sibamba isisulu ngokucasha ngaphansi kwesihlabathi. Uphakamisa isidumbu sakhe, embe umgodi, awele kuwo, bese ezimboza ngesihlabathi esebenzisa izidladla zangaphambili. Ibamba inyamazane ngezidladla zayo zangaphambili lapho isisulu sigijima siwela isicabucabu esifihlekile. Uma kutholakala isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha, sizombozwa ngezinhlayiya ezinhle zesihlabathi ezinamathela ku-cuticle, sisebenza njengesifihla esisebenza kahle.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwalesi spider izinambuzane nawofezela, futhi bangalinda kuze kube unyaka badle inyamazane yabo, ngoba lapho beluma nje inyamazane yabo, ikhubazeka khona manjalo. Ziphila ngokudla izinambuzane ezidlulayo eziphuma ngokushesha esihlabathini lapho ziphazanyiswa. Ngesikhathi sokuzincela, izinhlayiya zenhlabathi zinganamathela ezinweleni ezikhethekile ezimboza imizimba yezicabucabu, ziguqule imibala yazo yemvelo iye kwemvelo.
Ngenkathi ezinye izidumbu kufanele zibhekane nenkinga yokuthola nokubamba inyamazane yazo, lesi sigcawu sivumela isisulu ukuba sisondele kuso. Siphila ngesizotha futhi siphila ngokuhlala phansi, isicabucabu sizifihla ngokungcwaba nokunamathela ezinhlayiyeni zesihlabathi, futhi silinde kuze kube yilapho noma yisiphi isisulu sisondela kakhulu. Ngokushesha nje lapho isisulu sesibonakala, isicabucabu siphuma esihlabathini bese siluma isisulu, ngokushesha sijova ubuthi obubulalayo kuso. Lesi sinambuzane asikwazi ukusebenza, futhi ukufa kwenzeka ngemizuzwana embalwa.
Imiphumela ye-necrotic yobuthi besicabucabu esinamehlo eyisithupha ibangelwa umndeni wamaprotheni ahlobene ne-sphingomyelinase D akhona kubuthi bazo zonke izicabucabu zalolu hlobo. Mayelana nalokhu, uhlobo lwe-genus lufana ne-hermits. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo aziqondakali kahle, futhi imiphumela eningiliziwe yobuthi babo kubantu nakwezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla ayaziwa.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Izicabucabu zesihlabathi ezinamehlo ayisithupha
Ngenhlanhla, lesi sigcawu, njengesicabucabu esiqokiwe, sinamahloni kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi lobu buthi besicabucabu bunobuthi obedlula zonke izicabucabu. Kunombuzo othile maqondana nobungozi obulethwa yisicabucabu. Yize enamahloni kakhulu futhi kungenakwenzeka ukuthi alume abantu, bambalwa (uma bakhona) ababike ubuthi bomuntu ngalezi zinhlobo.
Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi ubuthi bunamandla kakhulu, bunomphumela onamandla we-hemolytic (ukuqhekeka kwamaseli abomvu egazi kanye nokudedelwa kwe-hemoglobin kuluketshezi oluzungezile) nomphumela we-necrotic (ukufa ngengozi kwamaseli nezicubu eziphilayo), okwenza igazi liphume emithanjeni nasekubhujisweni kwezicubu.
Ukulunywa kwesicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha kudala izinkinga eziningi, kufaka phakathi:
- ukuvuza kwemithambo yegazi;
- ukunciphisa igazi;
- ukulimala kwezicubu.
Ngokungafani nezicabucabu eziyingozi ze-neurotoxic, okwamanje ayikho ikhambi lokulunywa yilesi spider, okwenza abaningi basole ukuthi ukulunywa yisicabucabu kungabulala. Bekungekho ukulunywa okuqinisekisiwe kwabantu, bekunamacala amabili okusolwa wona kuphela. Kodwa-ke, kwelinye lalezi zimo, isisulu saphelelwa yingalo ngenxa ye-necrosis enkulu, kwathi kwesinye, isisulu sabulawa ukopha kakhulu, okufana nemiphumela yokulunywa yinyoka.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha kuyaqabukela sihlangane nabantu, futhi noma ngabe siluma, ngokuvamile asilumi. Futhi, njengezicabucabu eziningi, ayijovi ngaso sonke isikhathi ubuthi ngakho konke ukuluma, futhi noma kunjalo, akusho ukujova inani elikhulu.
Ngakho-ke, indlela yokuziphatha ethambile nomlando wemvelo wezicabucabu zesihlabathi ezinamehlo ayisithupha kuholele ekulunyweni okumbalwa kakhulu okubikiwe, ngakho-ke izimpawu zokulunywa kwazo ebantwini aziqondakali kahle.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha
Izicabucabu zesihlabathi ezinamehlo ayisithupha zizala zinamaqanda asongwe izinyanda zikasilika ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-egg sacs. Izicabucabu zivame ukusebenzisa amasiko wokukhwelana (ikakhulukazi ngezicabucabu ezigxumayo ezibukwayo) ukuvumela owesilisa ukuba asondele ngokwanele ukuthi angenise insikazi ngaphandle kokucela impendulo yokudla. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi amasiginali okuqala ukukhwelana ashintshaniswa kahle, isicabucabu sowesilisa kufanele sisuke ngesikhathi esifanele ngemuva kokukhwelana ukuze seqe ngaphambi kokuba insikazi isidle.
Njengazo zonke izicabucabu, isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha siyakwazi ukukhiqiza usilika ngezindlala zesisu. Lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukudala ama-cobwebs afana nezicabucabu ezingabonakala nsuku zonke. Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha asiwenzi ama-webs, noma kunjalo, sisebenzisa leli khono eliyingqayizivele ukwenza izigaxa zikasilika ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-egg sacs ukuzungeza amaqanda aso.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isikhwama seqanda sakhiwa izinhlayiya eziningi zesihlabathi ezinamatheliswa komunye nomunye kusetshenziswa isicabucabu kasilika. Ngayinye yalezi zikhwama zamaqanda ingabamba izingane eziningi.
Lezi zigcawu zichitha ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yezimpilo zazo zisondelene nesihlabathi, ngakho-ke kunengqondo ukuthi zigcina sezicwile kakhulu ezweni. Njengoba lezi zigcawu zicasha ngaphansi kwesihlabathi isikhathi esiningi sezinsuku zazo, lapho owesilisa esondela kowesifazane ukuze azokhwelana, wenza kancane ukuze angabangi ukulwa noma ukuphendula ngendiza kusicabucabu sowesifazane.
Izitha zemvelo zezicabucabu zesihlabathi ezinamehlo ayisithupha
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha
Izicabucabu zesihlabathi ezinamehlo ayisithupha azinazo izitha zemvelo. Bona uqobo bayizitha zalabo abazama ukusondela kubo. Onke amalungu ohlobo lwayo angakwazi ukukhiqiza i-sphingomyelinase D noma amaprotheni ahlobene nayo. Kuyisidakamizwa esinamandla esilimaza izicubu esihlukile emndenini wesicabucabu futhi ngaphandle kwalokho sitholakala kuma-bacterium ambalwa we-pathogenic.
Ubuthi bezinhlobo eziningi zeSicariidae bune-necrotic enkulu empeleni, obukwazi ukudala umonakalo (amanxeba avulekile). Amanxeba athatha isikhathi eside ukuphola futhi angadinga ukufakelwa kwesikhumba. Uma la manxeba avulekile engenwa yigciwane, angaba nemiphumela emibi. Kukaningi, ubuthi buhanjiswa ngumfula wegazi uye ezithweni zangaphakathi, kubangele imiphumela yohlelo. Njengezihlobo zabo eziseduze, izicabucabu ezihlala zodwa, ubuthi besicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha yi-cytotoxin enamandla. Lo shevu uqukethe i-hemolytic necrotic, okusho ukuthi ubangela ukuvuza kwemithambo yegazi nokubhujiswa kwenyama.
Iningi labantu elilunywe yisicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha livele lasondela kakhulu lapho licashe khona. Kunezindlela zokuzama ukunciphisa ukulimala kwesicabucabu, kepha ayikho ikhambi elithile elitholakalayo. Ukugwema ukulimala, kungcono ukugwema lesi spider ngokuphelele, okungafanele kube nzima kubantu abaningi lapho becubungula indawo esihlala kuyo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha
Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezi-38,000 zezicabucabu ezinamehlo ayisithupha sezihlonziwe, nokho, ngenxa yekhono lazo elikhulu lokucasha, kukholakala ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezibalelwa ku-200,000. Indawo yemvelo yesicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha yanda ngokushesha ngenxa yokungafuni kwesicabucabu ukuya kude nasekhaya. Ngokuya ngemininingwane eqoqwe ngokutadisha ama-exoskeletons ahlukahlukene lawa afihliwe yilezi zilwane ezimpilweni zabo, abantu bahlala endaweni efanayo kwabaningi, uma kungenjalo impilo yabo yonke.
Esinye isizathu salokhu ukuthi izindlela zabo zokuhlakazeka azibandakanyi ukuqunjelwa okuboniswa ezinye izinhlobo zezicabucabu. Indawo yokuhlala isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha imvamisa iqukethe imihume engajulile, imifantu, naphakathi kwamanxiwa emvelo. Zivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwesihlabathi ngenxa yekhono labo lokuzingcwaba nokunamathela ezinhlayiyeni zesihlabathi.
Umndeni wakwaSicariidae uqukethe izinhlobo zeLoxosceles ezaziwa futhi eziyingozi. Eminye imikhakha emibili yomndeni, uSicarius noHexophthalma (izicabucabu zesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha) inesihlungu se-cytotoxic kuphela, yize ihlala ezingwadule ezinesihlabathi futhi ayivamisile ukuxhumana nabantu.
Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha Isicabucabu esiphakathi nendawo esitholakala ezingwadule nakwezinye izindawo ezinesihlabathi eningizimu ye-Afrika nezihlobo eziseduze ezitholakala e-Afrika naseNingizimu Melika. Isicabucabu sesihlabathi esinamehlo ayisithupha singumzala wesicabucabu se-hermit esitholakala emhlabeni wonke. Ukulunywa kwalesi sigcawu akuvamile ukubasongela abantu, kepha kukhonjisiwe ukuthi bayabulala onogwaja kungakapheli amahora angu-5-12.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 12/16/2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 01/13/2020 ngo-21: 14
