Amanzi vole Ingabe igundane elidla inyama. Ukhombisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene ahlobene nokudla emanzini nokumba imifudlana, imifula namachibi. Olunye uhlobo oluncane kunazo zonke igundane elidla izinhlanzi laseNingizimu Melika elinobude bomzimba obungu-10 kuya ku-12 cm nomsila ocishe ulingane. Indawo yamanzi eyinsimbi egolide evela e-Australia naseNew Guinea yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke, enobude obungu-20 kuya ku-39 cm nomsila omfushane (20 kuya ku-33 cm).
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Vole Water
Yize wonke ama-voles amanzi engamalungu omndeni wakwaMuridae, angaphansi kwemindeni emibili ehlukene. Izinhlobo zeHydromys, iCrossomys neColomys zihlukaniswa emndenini wakwaMurinae (Amagundane Omhlaba Omdala namagundane), kanti izinhlobo zaseMelika zingamalungu omndeni wakwaSigmodontinae (Amagundane Omhlaba Omusha namagundane).
Ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Asia noma ezindaweni ezingezona ezishisayo, ama-voles amanzi awekho. I-niche yemvelo yama-voles amanzi ihlala ngemikhono nezimpungushe ezidla inyama. I-European vole water (Genus Arvicola) nayo kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngamagundane amanzi. Ama-voles wamanzi kukholakala ukuthi avela eNew Guinea. Ilungiswe kahle impilo yasemanzini ngenxa yemilenze yayo yangemuva enezintambo ezinejazi nejazi elingangenwa manzi, i-vole yamanzi ihlukaniswa ngosayizi wayo omkhulu nomsila omude onethiphu emhlophe.
Ividiyo: Water Vole
Izici ezibalulekile ezisiza ukuhlukanisa i-vole yamanzi kwamanye amagundane zifaka:
- amazinyo angaphandle: i-pair eyodwa yama-incisors afana ne-chisel ane-koqweqwe lwawo oluphuzi oluqinile ezindaweni zangaphakathi;
- ikhanda: ikhanda eliyisicaba, ikhala elide elibushelelezi, elinamadevu amaningi, amehlo amancane;
- izindlebe: izindlebe ezincane eziphawuleka;
- izinyawo: izinyawo ezingemuva ezinebhedi;
- umsila: ujiyile, unethiphu emhlophe;
- Umbala: iyahluka. Cishe umnyama, mpunga ngombala onsundu noma omhlophe ko-orange. Uboya obujiyile, obuthambile, obungangeni manzi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-vole yamanzi
Abaningi bethu baye baba nokuhlangenwe nakho okungathandeki kokuzwa amagundane asekhaya eluma ebusuku, isilwane sasendle esingafuneki esingasabalalisa izifo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-vole yamanzi yase-Australia, yize ingeyomndeni owodwa, iyisilwane somdabu esikhangayo.
IVole yamanzi igundane elihlukile eligxile empilweni yasemanzini. Iyigundane elikhulu ngokwedlulele (umzimba walo ulinganiselwa ku-30 cm ubude, umsila walo ufinyelela ku-40 cm ubude, futhi isisindo salo cishe siyi-700 g) sinemilenze ebanzi yangemuva enezintambo ezinamakhasi amancane, uboya obude obudonsa amanzi nobude obukhulu nezintshebe eziningi ezizwelayo.
Imilenze yangemuva emide, emide ebanzi ye-vole yamanzi inemingcele yezinwele ezilukhuni futhi inendawo yempandla enezintambo ezibonakalayo phakathi kwezinzwani. Basebenzisa imilenze yabo yangemuva emikhulu, enengxenye yewebhu njengezigwedlo, kuyilapho umsila wabo ojiyile usebenza njengephini lokuqondisa. Umzimba uhlelekile, ohluka ngombala kusuka kokumpunga kuya kokucishe kube mnyama ngemuva nokusuka kokumhlophe kuye kolintshi esiswini. Njengoba izilwane ziguga, uboya obusemhlane (emuva noma phezulu) buguquka bube umbala onsundu ngokumpunga futhi bungambozwa ngamabala amhlophe.
Umsila ujiyile, imvamisa unezinwele ezijiyile, kanti kwezinye izinhlobo izinwele zakha i-keel eceleni kwangaphansi. Ukhakhayi lwendawo evulekile lwamanzi lukhulu futhi luhlangene. Amehlo mancane, amakhala angavalwa ukuvimba ukuphuma kwamanzi, nengxenye engaphandle yezindlebe incane futhi iyathambile noma ilahlekile. Ngaphezu kwesidingo sawo esisobala samanzi, ayizindawo eziguquguqukayo, ezikwaziyo ukuhlala ezindaweni eziningi zasemanzini, zombili ezemvelo nezokufakelwa, ezintsha, ezinosawoti kanye nosawoti. Bajwayele ukugwema imisinga yamandla aphezulu, bakhetha ukuhamba kancane noma amanzi azolile.
Ihlala kuphi ivole yamanzi?
Isithombe: I-Water vole emanzini
Indawo evame ukutholakala emanzini ivame ukutholakala emanzini angenasawoti noma amachibi, kufaka phakathi amachibi amanzi angenasawoti, imifudlana, amaxhaphozi, amadamu nemifula yasemadolobheni. Ukuhlala eduze kwamachibi anamanzi angenasawoti, imilambo nemifula, kanye nasezixhaphozini zemihlume ezisogwini, kuyabekezelela izindawo zokuhlala zasemanzini ezingcolile kakhulu.
Lezi zinhlobo zihlala ezindaweni eziningi ezihlala emanzini angenasawoti, kusukela emifuleni engaphansi komfula kanye neminye imizila yamanzi angaphakathi nezwe kuya emachibini, emaxhaphozini nasemadamu wamapulazi. Inani labantu lingaba khona emigodini yokuhambisa amanzi, yize ivole yamanzi ibonakala ingajwayelekile kakhulu emibhedeni yemifula yangempela. Izilwane zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezindawo zasemadolobheni futhi zibe ngolunye lwezinhlobo ezimbalwa zomdabu ezisizakele, okungenani kwezinye izindawo, emisebenzini yabantu.
Ama-voles amanzi ohlobo lwe-Hydromys ahlala ezintabeni nasemathafeni asogwini e-Australia, eNew Guinea nakwezinye iziqhingi eziseduze. Igundane elingenamanzi (iCrossomys moncktoni) lihlala ezintabeni ezisempumalanga yeNew Guinea, lapho lithanda khona ukubanda, imifudlana esheshayo, ezungezwe amahlathi emvula noma utshani.
Indawo yase-Afrika yamanzi ingatholakala nasemifudlaneni emingcele yamahlathi emvula. Ama-voles amanzi ayi-11 we-Western Hemisphere atholakala eningizimu yeMexico naseNingizimu Melika, lapho ajwayele ukuhlala ngasemifudlaneni emahlathini emvula kusuka olwandle kuya emadlelweni asezintabeni ngenhla komugqa wesihlahla.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona i-vole yamanzi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idlani i-vole yamanzi?
Isithombe: I-vole water vole
Ama-voles amanzi ayizilwane ezidla inyama, kanti ngenkathi ebamba iningi lezisulu zawo emanzini angajulile eduze nogu lolwandle, anekhono nasekuzingeleni emhlabeni. Ngokuyinhloko izidlo ezidla inyama, futhi ukudla ezikudlayo kuyahluka ngendawo.
Izisulu zingabandakanya ama-crayfish, ama-invertebrate asemanzini, izinhlanzi, izimbaza, izinyoni (kufaka phakathi izinkukhu), izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, amaxoxo kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo (kufaka nezimfudu ezincane). Baye babonwa futhi ngasemizileni yamanzi yedolobha ngenkathi bezingela amagundane amnyama. Futhi, ama-voles amanzi angadla izidumbu, imfucuza yokudla, isitshalo esingahleliwe, futhi kuye kwabonwa ukuthi kwebela ukudla ezitsheni zezilwane ezifuywayo.
Ama-voles amanzi yizilwane ezihlakaniphile. Bakhipha izimbaza emanzini bazishiye elangeni zivuleke ngaphambi kokudla. Abaphenyi bathole ukuthi baqaphele kakhulu ngezicupho, futhi uma bebanjiwe, abenzi iphutha elifanayo kabili. Uma bengabanjwa ngengozi kwizicupho zenayiloni, ngokunokwenzeka bazozihlafuna. Kodwa-ke, njengezimfudu nama-platypus, ama-voles amanzi angaminza uma ebanjwe ogibeni lwezinhlanzi.
Ama-voles amanzi ajwayele ukuba namahloni futhi angavami ukubonwa edla, noma kunjalo, kunophawu olulodwa olukhombisa ukuba khona kwabo umkhuba wabo wokudla etafuleni. Ngemuva kokuthi isisulu sibanjiwe, siyiswa endaweni elula yokudla njengempande yesihlahla, itshe noma ugodo. Amagobolondo alahliwe e-crayfish kanye nezimbaza "etafuleni" elinjalo, noma inhlanzi edliwayo esakazeke emzimbeni wonke wamanzi kungaba uphawu oluhle lokuthi i-vole yamanzi ihlala eduze.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ama-voles amanzi athanda ukuqoqa ukudla bese edla “etafuleni lokudla”.
Ukuhlwa cishe isikhathi esihle kakhulu sokubona ama-voles amanzi, njengoba ejwayele ukusebenza kakhulu ngemuva kokushona kwelanga, kepha lezi zilwane zehlukile kumagundane ngenxa yokudla okuzenzekelayo ngesikhathi sasemini.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Vole Water eRussia
Igundane lamanzi liyigundane lasebusuku. Izindunduma ezakhiwe zokwakha izidleke kanye nemikhombe yemvelo noma yokufakelwa eseduze noma ngaphezulu kwetshe lamagagasi asetshenziselwa ukukhosela emini naphakathi kwemijikelezo yamagagasi. Izakhiwo zokufakelwa zingasetshenziselwa ukukhosela lapho ingekho enye indawo efanelekile ekhona.
I-vole yamanzi ichitha ingxenye enkulu yosuku lwayo emihosheni osebeni lomfula, kepha isebenza kakhulu lapho kushona ilanga lapho iphaka, yize yaziwa nangokuthi idla emini. Wakha isidleke esifulelwe ngotshani emnyango womgodi wakhe, ovame ukufihlwa phakathi kohlaza futhi wakhiwe ekugcineni kwemigudu osebeni lwemifula namachibi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Iminki evota amanzi ivame ukufihlwa phakathi kohlaza futhi yakhiwe osebeni lwemifula namachibi. Umnyango oyindilinga unobubanzi obungu-15 cm.
Iningi lamanzi asemanzini angabagijimi abanekhono kanye nezilwane ezinolaka ezingaphansi kwamanzi, kepha i-vole yamanzi yase-Afrika (iColomys goslingi) izulazula emanzini angajulile noma ihlale onqenqemeni lwamanzi ngephunga elimanzi. Indawo yamanzi ivumelane kahle nempilo nabantu. Bekuvame ukuzingelwa uboya, kepha manje sekuyinhlobo evikelekile e-Australia futhi inani labantu kubonakala selitholile emiphumeleni yokuzingela.
Kodwa-ke, izinsongo ezikhona njengamanje ezinhlotsheni zifaka:
- ushintsho lwendawo yokuhlala oludalwa ukuncishiswa kwezikhukhula, ukufudukela emadolobheni kanye nokugeleza kwamaxhaphozi;
- izilwane ezidliwayo ezifana namakati, izimpungushe nezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama;
- izilwane ezincane nazo zisengozini yokudliwa yizinyoka nezinhlanzi ezinkulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Vole Water
Abesilisa bamanzi bahamba ngokuzithandela bavikela indawo yabo. Bashiya iphunga elibi kakhulu lokumaka umhlaba wabo. Akugcini nje ngokunuka, ama-voes wamanzi anolaka futhi azovikela ngamandla indawo yawo, engaholela ezimpini ezinamandla nezitha, okuholela kwesinye isikhathi ukulahleka noma ukulimala kwemisila yazo. I-vole yamanzi ingumzingeli onolaka, ethanda izimpande zezihlahla osebeni lomfula ukuze zondliwe njalo.
Kuncane okwaziwayo nge-biology yokuzala yalolu hlobo. Kukholakala ukuthi izala unyaka wonke, kepha ukuzalanisa okuningi kwenzeka kusukela entwasahlobo kuze kube sekupheleni kwehlobo. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi izici zomphakathi, iminyaka yomuntu ngamunye kanye nesimo sezulu nakho kungaba nomthelela ezikhathini zokuzalela. Izilwane ezineminyaka yobudala exubile nobulili zingabelana ngomgodi ofanayo, yize kuvame ukuba khona kuphela owesilisa ocansini. Umgodi ungasetshenziswa iminyaka eminingana ngezizukulwane ezalandela.
Izinsikazi zivame ukuzala zinezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili ubudala futhi zingaba nodoti abangafika kwabahlanu, ngalinye linezingane ezintathu kuya kwezine ngonyaka. Cishe ngemuva kwenyanga encela, amawundlu ayalunyulwa futhi kufanele akwazi ukuzondla. Bathola inkululeko emasontweni ayisishiyagalombili bezelwe.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Imvamisa, ama-voles wamanzi ahlala endle iminyaka engaphezulu kwe-3-4 futhi iningi lodwa.
Kungumhlobo onzima futhi oqinile obekezelela ukuhlasela kwabantu nokushintsha kwendawo yokuhlala.
Izitha zemvelo zama-voles amanzi
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-vole yamanzi
Ngesikhathi sokudangala ngawo-1930, kwavinjelwa ukungeniswa kwezikhumba zoboya (ikakhulukazi i-muskrat yaseMelika). I-vole yamanzi yabonwa njengendawo efanelekayo, futhi intengo yesikhumba sayo yenyuka isuka kosheleni abane ngo-1931 yaya kosheleni abayishumi ngo-1941. Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-voles amanzi ayezingelwa futhi abantu bendawo bezinhlobo bancipha futhi banyamalala. Kamuva, kwethulwa umthetho wokuvikela futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi inani labantu laphola.
Yize bekuzingelwa ngokweqile ngawo-1930, ukwabiwa kwama-voles amanzi akubonakali kushintshe kakhulu selokhu kwahlala i-Europe. Njengoba izindlela zokuphathwa komhlaba ezisemadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemakhaya ziqhubeka nokuthuthuka, kunethemba lokuthi nendawo yokuhlala kwalesi silwane esaziwa kancane sase-Australia nayo izothuthuka.
Izinsongo ezinkulu kuma-voles wamanzi namuhla ukuguqulwa kwendawo okuvela ekunciphiseni kwezikhukhula kanye nokugeleza kwamaxhaphozi, kanye nokuhlaselwa yizilwane ezifakiwe ezifana namakati nezimpungushe. Izilwane ezisencane nazo zisongelwa izinyoka nezinhlanzi ezinkulu, futhi ama-voes abantu abadala angazingelwa izinyoni ezidla inyama.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Vole water vole
Njengezinhlobo zezinhlobo zamanzi, indawo evumela amanzi imele inkinga encane yokongiwa kwemvelo, yize inqubo yokusebenza kwamanzi ngokungangabazeki ishintshe indawo ehlala kuyo, futhi ububanzi bayo njengamanje cishe buyafana nalobo obabuhlala ngaphambi kokuhlala kwabantu baseYurophu.
I-vole yamanzi ithathwa njengesilokazane ezindaweni eziniselwa ngenkasa (njengaseMurray) lapho icasha khona emiseleni nakwezinye izakhiwo zokuphathwa kwamanzi kanye nezinkasa zokunisela, okudala ukuvuza kwesinye isikhathi nokuwa kwezakhiwo. Eminye imithombo, noma kunjalo, ibheka lo monakalo njengongabalulekanga kangako kunomonakalo wezinhlanzi ezinamanzi angenasawoti, abantu bazo abalawulwa yi-vole yamanzi. Kodwa-ke, i-vole yamanzi ibhalwe njenge-Vulnerable eQueensland (i-Nature Conservation Act 1992) nakuzwelonke (i-Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999) eyaziwa njengeyona nto ebaluleke kakhulu yokongiwa ngaphakathi koHlaka Lokusebenza Olubaluleke Kakhulu I-Back-Track e-Australia.
Indawo yamanzi isengozini enkulu yokulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala, ukwehla nokuwohloka. Lokhu kube ngumphumela wentuthuko yasemadolobheni, ukumbiwa kwesihlabathi, ukubuyiswa komhlaba, ukudonswa kwamaxhaphozi, izilwane zasendle, izimoto zokungcebeleka, ukukhishwa kwamanzi angcolile kanye nokungcola kwamakhemikhali (ukugeleza okuvela emazweni ezolimo nawasemadolobheni, ukuvezwa inhlabathi ene-sulphate ene-asidi kanye nezehlakalo zokungcola endaweni esogwini). Lezi zinqubo ezehlisa isithunzi zinciphisa izinsizakusebenza ezingaba khona zokondla namathuba okuzalela, zikhuthaza ukungena kokhula futhi zenyuse ukudliwa kwezilwane zasendle (izimpungushe, izingulube namakati).
Amanzi vole - igundane lasebusuku lomhlabathi. Kutholakala ezindaweni eziningi ezihlala emanzini, imvamisa emaxhaphozini kasawoti asogwini, imihlume, kanye nezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi eziseduze namanzi ahlanzekile e-Australia. I-colonizer enhle futhi kungalindelwa ukuthi ibe yinkomba efanelekile yokuba khona kwesisulu sayo samanzi kanye nekhwalithi isiyonke yemizimba yamanzi lapho ihlala khona.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 11.12.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/08/2019 ngo-22: 11
