Izinhlanzi gourami bahlala endaweni ehloniphekile ohlwini lwezintandokazi zama-aquarists - abanolwazi nabasaqalayo. Abaqalayo bathanda i-gourami ngemvelo yabo engathobekile futhi enokuthula, futhi ama-aquarists anolwazi ayakwazisa umbala nobukhulu obukhangayo obungadonsela ukunakekela kubahlali basemanzini.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Gourami
Ngokwezwi nezwi elihunyushwe lisuselwa kuJavanese, "gourami" lisho "inhlanzi ekhombisa ikhala layo ebusweni bamanzi." Yebo, leli gama liyamangaza kancane uma uthi nhlá, kepha yilokho, okungafani nokunye, eligcizelela isici esiyinhloko salolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi. Bakhombisa impela amakhala abo emanzini! Lesi sici sichazwa iqiniso lokuthi i-gourami inesitho sokuphefumula esikhethekile - i-branchial labyrinth.
Ividiyo: Gourami
Kudala, ososayensi-ichthyologists babekholelwa ukuthi lesi sitho senza sikwazi ukugcina amanzi nge-gourami futhi, ngenxa yalokhu, sisinda esomisweni. Noma umboze ibanga phakathi kokumisa imizimba yamanzi, njengama-jumpers odaka. Kepha njengoba kwanqunywa kamuva, i-labyrinth ivumela i-gourami ukuthi igwinye futhi iphefumule umoya ocebile we-oxygen ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi kuvamisile ukuthi badlule phezu kwamanzi bathathe isiphuzo esinika impilo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uma kwenzeka ukuthi ukufinyelela emanzini kunzima, i-gourami ingahle ife.
Isici sesibili sale nhlobo yezinhlanzi amaphiko okhalo, aguqulwa enkambisweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kulezi zinhlanzi, seziyimicu emide emincane futhi zidlala indima yesitho sokuthinta. Lo mshini uvumela i-gourami ukuba izulazule emanzini anodaka asephenduke indawo yokuhlala ejwayelekile. Kepha noma ngabe uhlala kuma-aquariums ngamanzi ahlanzekile ngokuphelele, i-gourami ayeki ukuzwa konke ngamaphiko abo aguquliwe.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi igama elithi "gourami" uqobo liyiqoqo. Kungaba okulungile ukuqamba izinhlanzi kuphela ezivela kuhlobo lweTrichogaster ngaleyo ndlela, kepha kwenzeka ukuthi abameleli abavela kwamanye ama-aquarists afanayo aqala ukubiza ngokufanisa gourami. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo ezi-4 zingabhekwa njenge- "gourami yangempela": nsundu, iparele, inyanga nenyanga. Ngokuqondene nazo zonke ezinye izinhlanzi ezibizwa ngephutha ngokuthi i-gourami, kepha sezisabalele, lesi sigaba sifaka ukuqabula, ukukhononda, isinqamu, uju noshokoledi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani u-gourami
Izinhlobo eziningi ze-gourami ziyizinhlanzi ezinosayizi ophakathi nendawo, ezifinyelela usayizi we-10-12 cm ku-aquarium, zingabe zisaba khona. Noma, kwesinye isikhathi kukhona nabantu abakhulu - ngokwesibonelo, inyoka gourami (ubude bomzimba okungama-20-25 cm) noma i-gourami yezentengiso (ikhula ize ifike ku-100 cm, kepha ama-aquarists awayithandi le "monster").
Ngokumila, umzimba wenhlanzi uthotshisiwe kancane ukusuka ezinhlangothini bese ulengiswa kancane. Isiphetho se-pelvic senzeka ukusuka maphakathi nesisu futhi singene esikhulisweni esiseduze nomsila. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, enkambweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, amaphiko we-pectoral athathelwe indawo yimicu emide emincane eqondana nobude nomzimba - inhloso yabo yokusebenza yehliselwe ukudlala indima yesitho sokuthinta.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Igama lesiLatini lohlobo lweTrichogaster lakhiwa ngamagama athi "trichos" - intambo ne- "gaster" - isisu. Ukuhlukaniswa kwesimanje kuhlinzeka ngokushintshwa kwegama "gaster" nge "podus" - umlenze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphiko amadevu athintekayo, noma ngabe elahlekile, aqala kabusha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ubulili bunqunywa yi-dorsal fin - kwabesilisa buhlukaniswe kakhulu futhi bukhonjisiwe, futhi "ebulilini obuhle" - kunalokho, buyindilinga.
Umbala womzimba we-gourami uhlukile impela futhi unqunywa yizinhlobo. Inani elikhulu lezinhlobonhlobo zemibala ye-gourami selakhiwe. Kepha naphezu kwakho konke lokhu kwehlukahlukana, iphethini eyodwa yesici ingalandelwa - umbala wabesilisa ukhanya kakhulu kunombala wabesifazane. Ukungcoliswa kwezikali zezinhlanzi ze-gourami kuvame ukuba uphawu lwe-pathognomonic lwezifo eziyingozi.
Manje wazi konke ngokugcina izinhlanzi ze-gourami. Ake sibheke ukuthi zitholakala kuphi endaweni yazo yemvelo.
Uhlala kuphi ugourami?
Isithombe: Gourami eThailand
Yonke i-gourami ivela emanzini ashisayo aseThailand, eVietnam naseMalaysia. Lapho, lezi zinhlanzi zitholakala ngisho nasezindaweni ezingafaneleki kahle zokuphila okunethezekile. AmaGouramis akhula kahle emigqonyeni yemvula, emiseleni enodaka, emiseleni, nasemasimini elayisi agcwele amanzi. Akumangalisi ukuthi amaphiko azo okhalo abe yizitho ezinengqondo - le ukuphela kwendlela yokuhamba emanzini angcolile nodaka.
Ngokwesisekelo saleli qiniso, usosayensi waseFrance uPierre Carbonier, owayengowokuqala kwabaseYurophu ukunaka le nhlanzi, waphetha ngokuthi i-gourami yayihlala ngendlela eyisimanga. Kodwa akazange acabangele iqiniso elilodwa elibaluleke kakhulu - izidingo zalezi zinhlanzi zomoya omusha womkhathi. Ngakho-ke, yonke imizamo yososayensi yokuletha izibonelo ezimbalwa e-Old World yaphela ngenhlekelele: zonke izinhlanzi zafa endleleni.
Lokhu akumangazi, ngoba "abafuduki" ababanjiwe bafakwa emigqonyeni ethululelwe phezulu futhi bavalelwa ngophawu lwendabuko. Ngakho-ke, kwaba nokufa okukhulu kwezinhlanzi - abakwazanga ngisho nokuma ohambweni lwabo lwasolwandle. Kuphela ngemuva kokuthi ochwepheshe base-European ichthyologists bekhulume nabantu bendawo futhi befunda ngemvelaphi yegama lale nhlanzi, imiphongolo yaqala ukugcwalisa u-2/3 kuphela, okwenze ukuthi kube lula ukuletha izibonelo zokuqala ngokuphepha emazweni aseYurophu. Ngo-1896.
Mayelana nendawo yemvelo yokusatshalaliswa kwe-gourami - manje lezi zinhlanzi zihlala eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia futhi cishe zonke iziqhingi ezakhelene nezwekazi. I-gourami enamabala inebanga elibanzi kakhulu - ihlala ezindaweni ezinkulu ezisuka eNdiya ziye eziqhingini zaseMalay. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukuhlukahluka kombala okungenakubalwa - kuya ngendawo. Cishe mayelana. ISumatra neBorneo zikhona yonke indawo iparele gourami. I-Thailand ne-Cambodia zihlala ekhaya le-gourami yenyanga.
Ngenxa yokungathobeki kwabo, i-gourami yethulwe ngokuphepha ezindaweni lapho zazingakaze zitholakale khona ngaphambili: cishe. IJava, emachibini nasemifuleni yase-Antilles.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Imvamisa, ukuvela kwe-gourami kuleyo mizimba yamanzi lapho kungafanele ukuthi ihlotshaniswe nama-aquarists akhulula izinhlanzi zasolwandle emvelweni.
Udla ini gourami?
Isithombe: izinhlanzi ze-gourami
Endaweni yabo yemvelo, i-gourami idla izinhlobonhlobo zezilwanyana ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini nezibungu zomiyane zikamalaleveva. Ukudla kwezinhlanzi nezitshalo akukudeleli - izingxenye ezithambile zezitshalo eziphilayo zihlala endaweni efanelekile kwimenyu yazo. Ngakho-ke, lezi zinhlanzi zikhetha nokudla, kanye nangokukhetha indawo yokuhlala.
Lapho ugcina i-gourami ku-aquarium, kubalulekile ukunakekela ukudla okwehlukahlukene futhi okulinganiselayo. Ngokudla okuhleliwe ngokudla okomile (i-daphnia efanayo), kuyadingeka ukuthi wenze isabelo sokuthi umlomo we-gourami mncane. Ngokufanele, okuphakelayo kufanele kufane "nosayizi".
Kuyadingeka ukubondla izikhathi eziyi-3-4 ngosuku, kepha lawula ngokuqinile inani lokudla okuthelisiwe - udinga ukunikela ngokulingana nenhlanzi engakudla emaminithini ambalwa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-daphnia engadliwe izoqala ukubola, ezongcolisa i-aquarium futhi yehlise ikhwalithi yamanzi. Ama-gouramis ngokungangabazeki azosinda, kepha ama-aesthetics azophazamiseka.
Elinye iphuzu elibalulekile maqondana nokudla okunomsoco we-gourami ukuthi lezi zinhlanzi zingakhuthazelela kalula iziteleka zendlala ende (kufika ezinsukwini ezi-5 kuya kwezingu-10), futhi ngaphandle kwemiphumela yezempilo. Lokhu kuphinde futhi kukhulume ngokuguquguquka okumangalisayo nokusinda kwe-gourami.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Pearl Gourami
Ukukhuthazela okumangalisayo nokuba khona kwesitho sokuphefumula esiyingqayizivele kwenza sikwazi ukujwayela cishe noma imiphi imingcele yamanzi futhi sikhuthazelele kalula ukungabikho kwe-aeration yokufakelwa (yize ezinye izinhlanzi zama-novice aquarists - ama-barbs afanayo, izinkemba nezinkemba, zifa ngokushesha lapho kungekho isihlungi ne-aerator).
Kuyafaneleka ukuqinisekisa ukukhuthazela okuhlukile kwe-gourami ngamaqiniso. Ngakho-ke, lezi zinhlanzi zingaphila ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezinhlotsheni eziningi zobulukhuni nezinkomba ze-asidi.
Kulokhu, amapharamitha afaneleka kakhulu kuzo azoba:
- amanzi ane-asidi (enenkomba ye-asidi pH = 6.0-6.8);
- ubulukhuni obungadluli ku-10 ° dH;
- izinga lokushisa lamanzi lisezingeni lika-25-27 ° С, futhi ngesikhathi sokuzala kudingeka okufudumele kuze kufike ku-28-30 ° С.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbuso wezinga lokushisa ubhekwa njengepharamitha ebaluleke kakhulu, ngoba izinhlanzi ezishisayo zibekezelela kabi, ziqala ukulimaza. Ngakho-ke, kuma-aquariums ane-gourami, i-thermostat ibaluleke ngaphezu kwesihlungi ne-aerator. Empeleni, konke kufana nezimo zokuphila kwangempela.
Izici ezimbalwa ezibaluleke kakhulu ezibalulekile ezimeni zokuphila zokufakelwa. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukubeka i-algae bukhoma ku-gouram aquarium, ukuyibeka ngamaqembu ukuze kube nendawo yokubhukuda. Futhi - kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwe-algae hhayi kuphela, kepha nezitshalo ezintantayo (iRiccia, iPistia).
Ukubaluleka kwezitshalo ezinjalo ukuthi zizothambisa ukukhanya okukhanyayo, okuzokwenza abesilisa bakwazi ukudala izidleke zokuthosa ngamabhamuza (i-gourami, njengendoda ekahle yomndeni, inakekele inzalo yazo). Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izitshalo akumele zimboze indawo engu-100% yamanzi - i-gourami izodada phezulu ngezikhathi ezithile ukugwinya umoya.
Iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu lapho kugcinwa i-gourami ku-aquarium ubukhona bezembozo. Ngosizo lwale divayisi elula, ungaxazulula izinkinga ezi-2. Okokuqala, uzohlinzeka ngokushisa okuzinzile kocingo lomoya nangaphezulu kwamanzi - okugwinya umoya onjalo, i-gourami ngeke ilimaze i-labyrinth yabo ekhethekile yokuphefumula, ebucayi ngokungafani kokushisa. Okwesibili, ingilazi izovimbela ukufa kwabantu abagxuma ngokweqile.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-gourami fish
Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwezinhlanzi ze-gourami kwenzeka ezinyangeni eziyi-8-12. Njengomthetho, owesifazane ubeka amaqanda izikhathi ezingama-4-5 ngezikhathi ezithile zezinsuku eziyi-10-12, ngemuva kwalokho inqubo yokuzalanisa iphela. Inani lamaqanda lingaba yizicucu ezingama-50-200 kudoti ngamunye. I-dimorphism yezocansi ishiwo ngokucacile cishe kubo bonke abamele uhlobo lweGourami. Ngaphezu kokwehluka kokwakheka nokwakheka kwe-fin (okushiwo ngenhla), ngesikhathi sokuzala, izikali zabesilisa zithola umbala ogqamile.
I-gourami yesilisa kuphela ebamba iqhaza ekwakheni isidleke. Okokusebenza esidlekeni kungumoya namathe - inhlanzi inamathela kuyo amagwebu omoya. "Ubuchwepheshe" obulula kakhulu bukuvumela ukuthi wakhe isidleke esinethezekile, osayizi ofinyelela ku-5 cm futhi ongangenelela kuyo yonke inzalo. Njengomthetho, i-gourami ayichithi isikhathi esingaphezu kosuku ukuxazulula "inkinga yezindlu". Bese “inhloko yomndeni” imema insikazi ukuba izale. Indoda idonsa amaqanda ngomlomo wayo iwafake esidlekeni, lapho kwenzeka khona ukukhula kwawo okuqhubekayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ezinye izinhlobo ze-gourami zizala ngaphandle kokumisa izidleke zazo. Kulokhu, amaqanda avele antante ebusweni bamanzi. Noma ngabe bekuyini kithi, kepha owesilisa kuphela onakekela i-caviar.
Izibungu ze-gourami zivela emaqandeni cishe ngosuku noma ezimbili. Izinhlanzi ezisanda kuzalwa zincane kakhulu ngosayizi, ne-yolk sac, esebenza njengomthombo wokudla kubo ezinsukwini eziyi-3-4 ezizayo. "Isitsha" esilandelayo kumenyu ye-gourami ngama-ciliates, i-zooplankton namanye ama-protozoa. Kepha ezimweni zokufakelwa, ngokushesha nje lapho gazinga liphuma esidlekeni, i-gourami yesilisa kufanele isuswe ngokushesha kwi-aquarium: ubaba okhathalelayo ngokweqile angalimaza izingane kalula, azame ukuzibuyisela esidlekeni.
Umzimba we-labyrinthine we-gourami osanda kuzalwa wakhiwa kuphela amasonto ama-2-3 ngemuva kokuzalwa, ngakho-ke ekuqaleni kuzoba wusizo olukhulu ezinganeni ukuba zibe namanzi ahlanzekile ane-aeration enhle. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukususa okuphakelayo okweqile ku-aquarium ngesikhathi esifanele. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, gazinga likhula ngokushesha okukhulu, kepha ngokungalingani, ngakho-ke kunconywa ukuhlela izinhlanzi ngokuhlelekile ngosayizi.
Izitha zemvelo zegourami
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani u-gourami
Ngokwemvelo, izinhlanzi ze-gourami zisongelwa yizo zonke izinhlanzi ezidlayo, kanye nezinyoni zamanzi nezimfudu. Ezinye izitha ze-gourami yi-Sumatran barbs noma izinkemba. Laba bantu abahlekisayo benza ukulimala okuningi ku-gourami ethanda ukuthula, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke bawela emaphikweni nasemadevu abucayi.
Eqinisweni, e-aquarium, bonke ubudlelwane obufanayo phakathi kwezinhlanzi bugcinwa njengasezilwaneni zasendle. Izinhlobo, eziqale zingqubuzana emachibini emvelo, azizwani e-aquarium, lapho ungadingi ubuchopho bakho ngokuthola ukudla nendawo yokuhlala - ukuba khona kwakho konke lokhu kunikezwa ngumuntu.
Ngokuya ngalokhu, i-gourami akumele ifakwe kuma-cichlids amakhulu ase-Afrika naseMelika, kanye nangezinhlanzi zegolide. Lezi zinhlanzi ziyizitha zazo ezifungelwe endaweni yazo yemvelo, ngakho-ke, endaweni evaliwe, ngeke zishiye i-gourami ethanda ukuthula iyithuba.
Futhi emacaleni okuhlukunyezwa ohlangothini lwe-gourami cishe akwenzeki. Isimo esifanayo singabangelwa kuphela izici zomuntu ngamunye zenhlanzi noma ngokuvikelwa kwefry yabo (isidleke ngesikhathi sokuzala). Futhi-ke, uma izimpi zenzeka, khona-ke labo ababambe iqhaza ezingxabanweni bayizihlobo noma izinhlobo ezihlobene kakhulu.
Ukuba khona kwe-aquarium enkulu enezindawo eziningi zokukhosela kungavumelanisa i-gourami ngisho nalezo zinhlanzi lapho ukungaqondani kungenzeka khona endaweni yazo yemvelo (njengama-neon, abancane, i-rasbora).
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Golden Gourami
I-Gourami iyinhlobo yezinhlanzi eziningi kakhulu - abamele izinhlobo zayo eziningi zingatholakala emanzini agelezayo emifula ehlanzekile nemifudlana, nasemizimbeni yamanzi emile, lapho uqala ukuyibona, umuntu okude ne-ichthyology, ebonakala ingakulungeli ukuphila (noma ezindaweni ezinjalo, okungabizwa ngemizimba yamanzi - izinkambu ezifanayo zelayisi ezigcwele amanzi, ngokwesibonelo).
Ezinye izinhlobo ze-genus gourami (isibonelo, ezinamabala nezinsundu) zingakubekezelela kalula ukwanda okuncane kukasawoti. Ngenxa yalesi sici, zingatholakala ezindaweni ezinamagagasi aphezulu nasezizalweni zemifula egelezela olwandle.
Ukuba khona kwesitho esithile sokuphefumula kukhulisa kakhulu amandla wokuguqula we-gourami - ngenxa yalesi sici, bazi izindawo lapho kune-oxygen encane kakhulu emanzini. Ukuhlushwa okutholakalayo akwanele kunoma iyiphi enye inhlanzi, enikeza i-gourami ifomu eliqinile ekwakhiweni kwendawo elangeni. Kuvela ukuthi imvelo uqobo inika lezi zinhlanzi indawo yamahhala.
Elinye ikhono elihlukile le-gourami ukumelana kwabo nezici ze-anthropogenic - bahlala emizimbeni yamanzi lapho kulahlwa khona imfucumfucu yezimboni noma izibulala-zinambuzane ezivela emasimini ezolimo.
Ngokuphathelene nezimo zokufakelwa - lapho ukhetha i-aquarium, umuntu kufanele acabangele, okokuqala, ubukhulu bezinhlanzi ezindala ze-gourami. Uma i-aquarium enomthamo wamalitha angama-20 noma ngaphezulu ilungele imifino noma uju gourami - kubantu abambalwa, izinhlobo ezinkudlwana kufanele zinikeze okungenani amalitha angama-80-100. Kunengqondo ukugcina abesifazane abangama-3-4 kowesilisa ngamunye. Ukwehlisa ukuhlukunyezwa okungaphakathi. Ngezansi udinga ukubeka inhlabathi emnyama ukuze umbala wenhlanzi ye-gourami ubukeke uhluke kakhulu.
UGourami - izinhlanzi ezinokuthula, ezijwayela ngokuphelele cishe noma yiziphi izimo zokuphila. Isimo kuphela ukuthi ubuso bamanzi kufanele buxhumane nomoya, ngoba uma kungenjalo lezi zinhlanzi ngeke zikwazi ukuphefumula ngokuphelele futhi zizofa. Azisekho izidingo ezikhethekile zokuzalela kwazo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03.12.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 07.09.2019 ngo-19: 34
