I-Wryneck Iyinyoni encane efudukayo yase-Old World, isihlobo esiseduze se-woodpeckers futhi esinemikhuba efanayo: ihlala emigodini futhi idla izinambuzane. Isici esiyingqayizivele yikhono lokulingisa inyoka emgodini. Yonke indawo, yize kungatholakali kaningi emahlathini aseRussia. Kuyimfihlo futhi kungabonakali.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Vertice
Uhlobo lwezinduna (Jynx) lumelelwa yizinhlobo ezimbili - i-pinwheel ejwayelekile (i-Jynx torquilla) ne-red-throated (Jynx ruficollis). Okuvamile kusakazeke kakhulu, kuyaziwa futhi kufundwe kakhulu. Igama lesiLatini lohlobo lohlobo lisuselwa egameni lesiGrikhi elisho "ukujija". Ibonisa isici esivelele kunazo zonke sale nyoni: lapho yethukile futhi ishukunyiswa, ithatha ukuma okuyisici futhi ngokuhayiza isonta intamo yayo njengenyoka.
Abamele i-pinwheel ejwayelekile evela ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zobubanzi obukhulu banezici ezihlukile, umehluko ubonakala kakhulu kumbala wezimpaphe nephethini yayo, ngokwengxenye ngosayizi.
Ividiyo: Isipina
Ngesisekelo salezi zibonakaliso, izinhlobo ezi-4 kuya kwezingu-7 ziyahlukaniswa, eziyisithupha zazo ziyaziwa yinyunyana yezinyoni:
- uhlobo lwama-subspecies luhlala kakhulu eYurophu;
- ama-subspecies uZarudny (J. t. sarudnyi) avela eNtshonalanga Siberia alula futhi ahlukahluka kakhulu ohlangothini olungezansi;
- ama-subspecies ama-Chinese (J. chinensis) ahlala ezindaweni eziseSiberia empumalanga ye-Yenisei, China, Kuril Islands, Sakhalin;
- Ama-subspecies ase-Himalaya (J. himalayana) ahlala ezintabeni ze-Himalaya, ehambela phezulu nangaphansi;
- ama-subspecies uChuzi (J. tschusii) ahlala eningizimu yeYurophu, okuncane kunakho konke futhi anombala obomvu;
- ama-Moorish subspecies (J. mauretanica) ahlukanisiwe ezintabeni ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, lawa ngabantu abahlala phansi.
Impisi enentamo ebomvu ihlala ezindaweni ezingama-savanna ase-Afrika, eningizimu yeSahara. Unombala onsundu onsundu, ingaphansi lomzimba libomvu. Imikhuba iyefana njengenjwayelo, kepha uhlala phansi. Umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwama-twirls nabagawuli bezinkuni wonkana unobufakazi obuncane bezinto ezibonakalayo, kepha singasho ukuthi abamele umndeni cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 edlule base betholakele e-Eurasia naseMelika. Amafomu wanamuhla avela kamuva - cishe eMiddle Miocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-10 - 15 edlule).
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ngabe i-turntable ibukeka kanjani
I-whirligig ejwayelekile incane - ingama-17 - 20 cm ubude, i-wingspan ingama-25 - 30 cm ububanzi, kanti isisindo singama-30 - 50 g. Inekhanda elikhulu, isici sabagawuli bezinkuni, nolimi olude lokukhipha izinambuzane kunoma iyiphi imifantu. Imilenze yexoxo eline-poison dart ifakwe izinzwane ezi-4, ezimbili zazo ziqondiswe phambili kuthi ezimbili zibhekiswe emuva. Kodwa-ke, intamo ejikelezayo ayiphelele njengesiqandisi sokhuni: uqhwaku olufushane aluqinile njengeshizela lomgawuli, futhi umsila omncane, oyindilinga, oqukethe izimpaphe ezithambile, awukuvumeli ukuncika kuwo lapho ufika esiqwini esiqondile.
I-dimorphism yezocansi ayicaci. Bobabili abesilisa bagqoka umbala ovikelayo we-unisex. Ngokuvamile, sinombala onsundu ngokunsomi futhi sihlukahluka kakhulu, i- "chintz". Ikhanda liyimpunga, umugqa omnyama udlula esweni. Umphimbo nesifuba kuphuzi. Umzimba ongenhla ubumnyama, unezinkomba ezimnyama, ezihlangana zibe umugqa oqhubekayo ku-nape nasemhlane. Isisu esikhanyayo esinamachashazi amancane, sakha imivimbo emphinjeni, njengekhukhamba. Izimpaphe zamaphiko zinombala onsundu, zinhlobonhlobo kakhulu, ezinemibala ekhanyayo nemnyama nemivimbo. Iso limnyama, njengesikhumba semilenze.
Entwasahlobo, abesilisa abanesizungu bayacula, okungukuthi, bakhipha uchungechunge olufushane, kuze kufike ku-4 ngomzuzwana, izingcingo. Abesifazane babaphendula ngomoya ofanayo, futhi emva komshado bayeka ukucula. Uma kwenzeka kwenzeka i-alamu kuphela lapho umuntu engezwa ukukhala okufishane futhi okubukhali kubo futhi.
Uhlala kuphi u-turtleneck?
Isithombe: Inyoni
Indawo yokwakha i-pinwheel ejwayelekile ihlanganisa ugu lwaseMedithera lwase-Afrika futhi igijimela e-Eurasia isuka eScandinavia naseSpain iye eJapan. Cishe ihlala yonke indawo yehlathi, ngokwengxenye i-steppe ngisho nendawo eyihlane. Izinyoni zaseYurophu ikakhulukazi zihlala emazweni aseMedithera naseScandinavia, inani labantu elingandile litholakala eYurophu Ephakathi.
ERussia, umngcele wendawo esenyakatho ugudla ngokufana kuka-65 ° N. sh. engxenyeni yaseYurophu, ngo-66 ° eNtshonalanga yeSiberia futhi isondela enyakatho, ifinyelela kuma-69 ° eKolyma. Umngcele wendawo eningizimu ugudla iVolgograd, ngo-50 ° N. (Ural) nokuqhubekela phambili eKazakhstan, eMongolia, eNyakatho neChina. Abantu abahlukene batholakala ezindaweni ezinezintaba zase-Asia Ephakathi naseChina.
Ngokuqala kwekwindla, cishe kuwo wonke amaphuzu endawo yokwakha izidleke, izintambo zezikelemu ziyafudukela ngaseningizimu, nazo ezibahlukanisa nabagawuli bezinkuni:
- ukusuka eMedithera bathuthela ezindaweni eziningi eziseningizimu;
- kusukela ezintabeni zase-Asia Ephakathi behlela ezigodini;
- lezo ezidleke enkabeni nasenyakatho yeYurophu naseNtshonalanga yeSiberia zindiza zize zinqamule iSahara ziye ezindaweni ezingamahlathi kanye namahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Afrika, ziye eCongo naseCameroon;
- ama-spinnecks asuka eCentral Siberia naseMpumalanga Ekude aya eNdiya, eningizimu yeJapane naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia;
- abanye abantu abavela eMpumalanga Ekude bandizela e-Alaska, beshintshana ngomshini ngensipho.
Ukuze izidleke, ufudu ovamile ukhetha amahlathi amadala ahlanganisiwe futhi ahlanzekile angenawo umhlonyane nezihlahla eziyize (linden, birch, aspen). Ezindaweni, ngokwesibonelo, eScandinavia, ihlala emahlathini e-coniferous. Izidleke zaseVietnam endaweni elula, evame ukuphazanyiswa izindawo zokuhlala: emaphethelweni, emaphethelweni okususa, emabhande ehlathi, ngasogwini lwemizimba yamanzi. Umakhelwane nabantu abesabi futhi bungahlala ezingadini nasemapaki.
Ngokuvamile, le nyoni itholakala endaweni yehlathi nase-steppe, ngoba ayithandi amahlathi aminyene, kanye nezikhala ezivulekile ngokuphelele. Ukufuduka kuphela ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwesizini kungabonakala phakathi kwezinkundla, izimfunda nezindunduma zasogwini. Izintambo zezikelemu zilala kakhulu ezindaweni ezivulekile ezinezitendi ezingamahlathi ezingandile, ngokwesibonelo, ama-savanna. Into esemqoka ukuthi kukhona ukudla.
Yini edla isibungu?
Isithombe: IVerticea eRussia
Isisekelo sokudla kwalolu hlobo sakhiwe izinambuzane, kuze kube sezingeni elincane - imikhiqizo yezitshalo:
- izintuthwane zazo zonke izinhlobo (ihlathi elikhulu, ubumba ophuzi, i-turf nezinye) - isisulu esiyinhloko sezinyoni ngesikhathi sokudla, esakha cishe ingxenye yokudla; ikakhulukazi kudliwa izibungu neziphungumangathi;
- ezinye izinambuzane kuzo zonke izigaba zentuthuko: amabhungane (amagxolo amabhungane, amabhungane, amabhungane namabhungane aphansi), ama-aphid, izimvemvane ezincane, i-orthoptera, izimbungulu, ama-cicadas, izintethe, izimpukane, omiyane namanye ama-dipter,
- izikelemu ezinamafutha amancane (umhlaba);
- i-woodlice nezicabucabu ziwela emlonyeni wazo, ngoba zivame ukucasha ngaphansi kwegxolo;
- amaqanda ezinyoni ezincane, isibonelo, i-tit enkulu iya kokondla amaphuphu;
- ama-slugs, ama-gastropods amancane wasemhlabeni nonoshobingo ngezinye izikhathi baba yizisulu zabo;
- Izithelo ezinamanzi namajikijolo (ipheya, kamalibhele, amajingijolo, ijikijolo) kudliwe ekudleni kwezitshalo;
- Izingcezu zocwecwe, zensimbi noplastiki zitholakala esiswini, kepha mancane amathuba okuthi zigwinywe ukwanelisa indlala.
Umlomo womlomo ubuthakathaka kakhulu ukuba ungakhonkotha amagxolo njengezinqolobane zezinkuni noma ukumba emhlabathini. Bangakwazi ukuklabalasa ngaphansi kwezikali zamagxolo, emifantwini, otshanini nasemhlabathini ovulekile, besebenzisa ulimi olude oluguquguqukayo njengophenyo. Ikhono lokuhamba ezindaweni eziqondile liyabasiza ekutholeni ukudla hhayi kuphela emhlabathini, kodwa futhi naseziqwini zezihlahla.
Lapho bondla amatshwele, abazali benza isilinganiso sezindiza ezi-5 kuye kwezingu-10 ngehora emini, kuya ngeminyaka yabondliwayo. Ezincane zilethwa ikakhulukazi iziphungumangathi nezibungu zezintuthwane, ezindala - ukudla okuhluke kakhulu. Ibanga abandiza ngaso sonke isikhathi befuna amabanga okudla kusuka ku-20 kuye kuma-350 m.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izazi zemvelo zaseNdiya, zibuka isishingishane sasebusika, zathola ukuthi ibidla inyoni encane. Ibambe inyoni ngezidladla zayo, lesi siqubu ngobuciko sahlwitha isidumbu. Bekuhlala kungacaci ukuthi ngabe nguye uqobo owabulala inyoni noma wacosha isisulu somuntu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Spinner emvelweni
Ngesikhathi sokufuduka nokulala ubusika, izintambo ze-whip-neck zingahlangana emhlanjini omncane wezinyoni eziyi-10-12, kepha ehlobo zihlala zihlukana ngazimbili. Iqembu ngalinye "livale" indawo yalo, ligcina ibanga eliphakathi kwezidleke okungenani li-150 - 250 m. Kuzimo ezimbi kakhulu lapho zihlala khona eduze komunye nomunye. Bagcina imfihlo, abakhangisi ngokuba khona kwabo.
Isikhathi esiningi, izinyoni zondla ngokukhuphuka emagatsheni naseziqwini zezihlahla ziqhubeke ziqoqe izintuthwane nezinye izinto ezingaphansi kwegxolo nangaphansi. Imvamisa yehlela phansi, lapho inyakazisa khona ngokushesha okukhulu futhi ibhalansi ngomsila oweluliwe. Ngokuqhubekayo zihlwitha izinambuzane otshanini nakudoti, azilahlekelwa ukuqapha, ziqaphe njalo indawo ezungezile. Ukundiza kwama-turntable kuhamba kancane futhi akulingani, kepha ngandlela thile angabamba izinambuzane ezindizayo.
Inyoni ehleli esihlahleni iqala ukuma ngendlela ethile, ikhanda layo liphakeme futhi umlomo wayo uphakanyisiwe. Mhlawumbe le yindlela alingisa ngayo isiqubu. Lapho abantu ababili behlangana, kepha hhayi abashade nabo, benza uhlobo oluthile lwesiko: baphonsa amakhanda abo aphakanyisiwe, bavule imilomo yabo banikine amakhanda abo, kwesinye isikhathi bewabeka eceleni. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi kusho ukuthini lokho.
Isici sokuqala sama-turntable yisimo sabo uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi. Inyoni, iphazamisekile esidlekeni noma ibanjiwe, yehlisa amaphiko ayo, yelule umsila wayo, yelule intamo yayo bese iyizungezisa njengenyoka, bese iphonsa ikhanda layo emuva, bese iyiphendula ngapha nangapha. Izimpaphe ezisekhanda ziyama. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ihlaba umkhosi njengenyoka futhi konke lokhu, kuhambisana nomphumela wokumangala, kudala umbono ophelele wesirhubuluzi esihlaselayo. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, le nyoni izenza sengathi ifile bese ilenga ezandleni zomzingeli ngamehlo avaliwe.
Ukufika kwentwasahlobo akubonwa, imvamisa ebusuku. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeRussia zifika engxenyeni yokuqala ka-Ephreli, enyakatho - engxenyeni yokuqala noma ngisho nasekupheleni kukaMeyi (Yakutia). Zindiza futhi zingabonakali ekwindla, ziqala ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, kwesinye isikhathi nangoNovemba (eKaliningrad).
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Inyoni
Ama-Vertices awazihluphi ngokukhetha umlingani ofanele futhi njalo ngonyaka, uma ebuya eningizimu, athola omusha. Maphakathi neRussia, ukuhlangana kokuqala kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi - ekuqaleni kukaJuni.
Indawo efanelekayo esidlekeni ingaba kunoma yikuphi ukuphakama kuze kufike ku-3 m, ingaphansi kakhulu kunalokho: umgodi esiqwini esibolile, ku-hemp, emgodini wezinkonjane eweni lomfula, umgodi odongeni lwesibaya. Izinyoni zithanda izindlu zokufakelwa: izindlu zezinyoni namabhokisi ezidleke. Ikakhulukazi bavame ukwakha isidleke emgodini, kepha bona ngokwabo, njengabagawuli bezinkuni, abakwazi ukuphuma bese befuna esenziwe ngomumo. Akunandaba ukuthi konke kumatasa yini. I-turntable ixazulula inkinga yezindlu kalula: ikhahlela abanikazi. Ngaphandle kokuthi, empeleni, zincane, ezinye izinhlobo zokubamba izimpukane.
Indoda ithola indawo enhle bese iqala ukucula, ibize lentokazi. Uma engaphenduli kungakapheli izinsuku ezimbili, ushintsha indawo. Uma ephendula, uzolinda aze asondele kancane kancane, ngezikhathi ezithile emmemeza.
Aziqoqi noma yiziphi izinto zokwakha futhi ziyaneliseka ngezinsalela zothuli nezidleke ezindala, uma zisemgodini. Kulolu doti, insikazi izalela (5) 7 - 10 (14) amaqanda amhlophe ayi-16 - 23 × 13 - 17 mm ngosayizi. Abashadikazi bafukamela amaqanda ngamunye ngamunye, yize owesifazane enza lokhu kaningi, amasonto ama-2. Ziziphatha ngokuthula eduze kwesidleke, uma kunengozi ziyaba yiqhwa, zizenze amagxolo. Kodwa uma isitha sinamathela emgodini, khona-ke inyoni ikhombisa inombolo yayo yomqhele ngenyoka.
Amachwane awazalwa ngasikhathi sinye kanti izigaba zeminyaka eyehlukene ziseduze komunye nomunye, okudala ukuncintisana okungenampilo. Abazali babondla izinsuku ezingama-23 kuya kwezingama-27 kuze kube yilapho izingane ziqala ukundiza ngasekupheleni kukaJuni. Ngemuva kwalokho abazali bangabeka inzalo entsha.
Izitha zemvelo ze-whirligig
Isithombe: Ngabe i-turntable ibukeka kanjani
I-turtleneck ayinazitha ezithile; ingasongelwa yibo bonke abathanda amaqanda, amatshwele nenyama yenkukhu.
Le nyoni incane, ayikwazi ukuzivikela futhi abaningi bangayicasula, ngokuqala ngezihlobo:
- abagawuli bezinkuni abakhulu, isibonelo, ama-variegated amakhulu, baxosha izinyoni emigodini abayithandayo;
- izinyoni ezidla inyama - ubhungane, ikhayithi elimnyama, oheshe kanye noKlebe (sparrowhawk kanye negoshawk) zihlasela izinyoni ezindala;
- ukukhuphuka kwemartens, empeleni i-marten, i-ermine, isable kungabhubhisa izidleke;
- izingwejeje ziyathanda ukuzitika ngamaqanda ezinyoni namachwane futhi ziyakwazi ukungena emigodini;
- wonke umuntu unama-parasites, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuncela igazi (amazenze, izintwala, imikhaza), izikelemu kanye nabaphenyi. Njengoba izintambo zezikelemu zifuduka, zingatheleleka ngama-parasites lapho ziphumule bese uziletha ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke. Lo mzuzu wokuxhuma emvelweni usaqondakala kabi kakhulu.
Isimo sezulu esinemvula namakhaza siphazamisa ukukhula kwamachwane futhi kubambezele ukuvela kwawo, okwandisa amathuba okudliwa. Iqhaza elibi lomuntu empilweni yama-vertices libonakaliswa ekucekelweni phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala, ikakhulukazi, ukuncishiswa kwezihlahla nezihlahla ngazinye, ukuhlanzwa kwamahlathi emithini endala ebolile neziqu. Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kubukela phansi kakhulu isisekelo sefolishi, okungenani ezindaweni ezinamapulazi amakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amabele amakhulu angabhubhisa izidleke zama-turtlenecks futhi abulale amatshwele empini yezindawo zokwakha izidleke. Lokhu kuyathakazelisa, ngoba ama-swirls enza okufanayo nge-titmice enhle. Amabele anolaka futhi ashesha ngokwengeziwe, ama-turtlenecks makhulu, ngakho-ke impi phakathi kwalezi zinyoni isezingeni elilinganayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Vertice
Isimo sezinhlobo ngokusho kwe-IUCN: Ukukhathazeka Okuncane. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani lezinyoni emhlabeni liyizigidi eziyi-15, ububanzi bubanzi. Kwezinye izifunda, inani le-whirligig lehle kakhulu noma lanyamalala (iNgilandi, iPortugal, iBelgium, iNetherlands, iJalimane, iDenmark), kepha kukonke kusekhona abaningi. ESpain ngamabhangqa ayizinkulungwane ezingama-45, eFrance afinyelela ezinkulungwaneni eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu, eDenmark cishe ngamabhangqa ayi-150 - 300; eFinland - cishe izinkulungwane ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-19, eSweden kuze kufike ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-20, inani lezinyoni e-Italy liyanda.
ERussia kusuka ezinkulungwaneni eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-300 kuya kwezingu-800 zezinyoni. Ubuningi besibalo sezinyoni esifundeni esifanayo bungahluka kusuka kumabhangqa angama-20 kuye ku-0.2 nge-km2 kuya ngohlobo lohlaza. Ngokuyinhloko, esifundeni saseTambov, ukuminyana kwamahlathi ophayini kungama-8 ngazimbili / km2, emahlathini aqinile - 8, kuxubile - 7.5, emahlathini e-alder - 7.5. Lezi zinyoni zivame kakhulu futhi ziningi ezifundeni zaseRostov naseVoronezh, eNtshonalanga Siberia zitholakala yonke indawo, kodwa ngezikhathi ezithile; zivamile esifundeni saseKemerovo, eKrasnoyarsk Territory naseTuva.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ENgilandi, amawrensi afakwa izidleke kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Ngokuphelele, ngo-1954 kwakukhona izidleke eziyi-100-200 ezakhiwe, ngo-1964 - 26 - 54 izidleke; ngo-1973 - zingadluli izidleke ezi-5. Ngo-1981, yize kwahlangatshezwana nezinye izinyoni, azizange zizale.
Ngasikhathi sinye, inani lalezi zinhlobo lehla eScandinavia nasemazweni aseYurophu Ephakathi. Izizathu ezingaba khona ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nezindawo zokuncamela ezidonsa. Indima ebalulekile yadlalwa ngokucekelwa phansi kwezindonga ezizungeze amasimu, ukusika i-kup kanye nezihlahla ezilodwa, nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.
I-Wryneck isilwane esithakazelisayo nesingavamile. Mhlawumbe uzokwazi ukuhlangana epaki lomuzi noma engadini yakho le nyoni enesizotha ngezimpaphe eziqondayo, okuziphendukele kwemvelo ngesipho esimangalisayo - ikhono lokuveza inyoka. Esinye isiqinisekiso sokuthi azikho izilwane ezingathandeki. Noma ngubani, umuntu kufanele afunde okuningi ngaye, ugcina amathalente amangalisayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 19.11.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 16.09.2019 ngo-21: 39
