Impisi yeTundra - umhlaseli womndeni we-canine, ongowenhlobo yezimpisi, enye yama-subspecies ayo, ahlala enyakatho yeRussia. Igama lesiLatini nguCanis lupus albus futhi lachazwa ngo-1872 ngu-Arthur Kerr. Uchazwa futhi ngu-Ognev ngo-1929 njengempisi ye-turukhan (turuchanesicus); UDobovsky ngo-1922, njengempisi yaseKamchatka (kamtschaticus); UDubovsky ngo-1922 njengempisi kaDubovsky ngo-1929
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Impisi yeTundra
Impisi inezinhlayiya eziningi (ezinye izazi zezilwane zihlukanisa kuze kufike ku-25), kepha umehluko wangaphandle uyasulwa. Izilwane ezidla ezinye zingahlukaniswa ngokucacile ngamaqembu amakhulu amathathu: ama-tundra ngabanye, ihlathi ne-desert-steppe. Bonke banokhokho abafanayo. Kukholakala ukuthi izidlakela ze-tundra zikhulu kakhulu kunamanye ama-subspecies, kepha akunjalo. Uboya obuntofontofo obuvikela izimpisi budala ivolumu enkulu, kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi izilwane zibukeka zikhulu ngokukhethekile.
Lesi silwane sivumelaniswa nezimo ezinzima ze-arctic. Kunokwehluka okumbalwa kakhulu phakathi kwabakhileyo emathafeni engxenye yeYurophu yaseRussia, eWestern Siberia, eTaimyr naseYakutia. Ziyafana ngokubukeka nangendlela yokuphila nezidlakela ezihlala e-Alaska nasethunzini laseCanada. Ngokuvamile, izilwane zingatholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile ze-tundra eseningizimu ne-tundra yehlathi. Ngaphakathi kwalezi zindawo, ukubekwa endaweni kuncike ekutholakaleni kwezinsizakusebenza zokudla - ama-ungulates, amathuba okuzizingela, ekujuleni nasekhwalithi lekhava leqhwa.
Ividiyo: Tundra Wolf
Izimpisi zeTundra ziyizilwane ezihlanganayo, kepha umuntu angakhuluma ngeqembu lilonke uma kukhona ubudlelwane obuqinile phakathi kwamalungu omphakathi futhi basebenza ngokubambisana. Umnyombo ngumbhangqwana ongumama. Owesilisa ungumholi ekubonakalisweni kwamandla, futhi umlingani wakhe unquma umzila wepakethe. Lapho ihlakazekile, abantu abasha bahlala bazi ukuthi impisi eyikuphi ikuphi ngokuhhewula nokumaka. Izidlakudla zabantu abadala abasezingeni eliphansi zenza i-nucleus yepakethe nababili bomama futhi zilawule indlela yokuziphatha kwamanye amalungu, zicime ulaka lwawo futhi zigcine isakhiwo.
Abantu abavuthiwe ngokocansi abasezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, abalawulwa ngokuqinile, abashiya umhlambi, bahlala bodwa noma bahlangane eqenjini. Izingane ezinonyaka owodwa noma abafikayo banesimo sokulondoloza. Banomdlandla futhi banelukuluku lokwazi, bangabokuqala ukufunda futhi badlulisele kulwazi lwephakethe mayelana nesisulu sokuzingela esizayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani impisi ye-tundra
Impisi eyi-tundra iyisilwane esikhulu esidla ezinye, imingcele ejwayelekile yowesilisa esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk yile:
- umzimba - 118-137 cm;
- umsila - 42-52 cm;
- ugebhezi -25-27 cm;
- isisindo - 40-43 kg.
Insikazi ibonakala ngezinkomba ezilandelayo:
- umzimba - 112-136 cm;
- umsila - 41-49 cm;
- ugebhezi - 23.5-25.6 cm;
- isisindo - 36-37 kg.
KuTaimyr kunabantu abakhulu, ubude bomzimba obungu-123-146 cm, nesisindo singama-46-48 kg, kunezimpisi ezifika kuma-52 kg. Isilwane sinezinwele ezinyene futhi ezinde. Ithambile futhi iyathambile uma uyithinta.
Izinwele ubude yilezi:
- Imihlahlandlela - 15-16 cm;
- unogada - 8-15 cm;
- ngaphansi - 7 cm.
Ngombala, ama-tundra subspecies alula kakhulu kunaleli lehlathi, ompunga okhanyayo onombala obomvu-mpunga ngaphansi nangaphansi okumpunga ngaphansi. Ama-Shades ahluka kusuka kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (okuncane) kuya kokumpunga ngokubomvu (okudala). Abantu abadala nabo bakhanya ngombala. Ekuqaleni kobusika, izilwane zinemibala emnyama, entwasahlobo ziyabuna futhi zibe lula. Azikho izilwane ezicishe zibe mhlophe, njengasenyakatho ekude yeNyakatho Melika. Ngombala, izilwane ezivela eNhlonhlweni yaseKola nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia ngokweqile ziyefana nozakwabo basehlathini.
Izinyawo ziboshwe kahle ngezinwele eziqinile phakathi kwezinzwani. Lokhu kwandisa indawo yokusekela, ebalulekile lapho uhamba eqhweni. Izidladla ezinamandla ziqoqwa ngesigaxa, emaphepheni i-epithelium i-keratinized. Izinqe zangaphambili ziyindilinga, ezangemuva ziseqanda. Lapho isebenza, imilenze yangemuva inyathela umzila wale ngaphambili; uchungechunge lwamathrekhi luyabonakala eqhweni. Lapho ikhava isijulile, umhlambi uhamba ngokulandela ngqo ithrekhi ukuze kungenzeki ukuqonda ukuthi zingaki izilwane ezidlulile.
Ihlala kuphi impisi yetundra?
Isithombe: Impisi yeTundra eRussia
E-Kola Peninsula, le mpisi subspecies ayivamile. E-Karelia, ukhetha izindawo lapho kuhlala khona abantu, ihlathi elincanyana kanye nasogwini loLwandle Olumhlophe. Ku-tundra nasehlathini-engxenyeni engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, izimpisi zenza ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. Ehlobo, bathuthela e-tundra, kanti ebusika baya emngceleni ne-tundra yehlathi.
E-Peninsula yaseKinin, izidumbu ze-tundra zitholakala unyaka wonke. Isibalo esikhulu sabantu baseYurophu nezimpisi ezivela ebusika iTundan tundra ebusika esifundeni seCzech Bay. Ehlobo, bashiya ngokuphelele lezi zindawo futhi imingxunya yabo isivele itholakala ngasemifuleni iVolonga, iTravyanka, iSchuchaya, i-Indiga, iBelaya, iSvetlaya, iKamennaya Viska, iVelti, iNeruta, iSule.
Abantu abahlala eTundan naseMalozemel'naya tundra bathuthela egqeni laseTiman futhi abangaveli ogwini. Ehlobo, izimpisi ze-tundra zenza imingxuma entshonalanga yeBolshezemelskaya tundra, ezindaweni eziphezulu ze-Adzva, iBolshaya Rogovaya, iChernaya, iKorotayka, iSilovaya, iKara imifula, ogwini lwePai-Khoi. Ebusika, bathuthela ehlathini-itundra ukusuka ePechora bend ukuya enkambweni engenhla ye-Usa. Abanye babo badlula izintaba ze-Ural.
E-Urals nase-Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, lezi zilwane ziningi endaweni enamathafa amaningi, kepha zihlela izimbobo ingxenye enkulu, endaweni eseningizimu ye-tundra ne-forest-tundra. Ku-Arctic tundra, impisi ayivamile, njengoba ihlala eduze nezindawo zokuhlala kwabantu kanye nemihlambi yezinyamazane ezifuywayo. Kunezimpisi eziningi engxenyeni eseningizimu yeTundra Western Siberia, ikakhulukazi enyakatho-mpumalanga, lapho kuhlala khona izidleke zasendle nezasekhaya. Izidli zingatholakala emlonyeni we-Yenisei, ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphansi le-Olenek, Yana, Lena.
Esifundeni saseVerkhoyansk, iKolyma neChukotka, izidlova ezimpunga zivamile. Zitholakala naseziQhingini zaseLyakhovsky, kodwa kuphela ehlobo, nasebusika, zilandela imihlambi yezinyamazane, zifudukela ezwekazini. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, umhhume uvikeleke kahle. Izindawo zokuzingela ziyahlukahluka. Ku-tundra, izindawo zokuphumula zosuku ikakhulu zisezigodini zemifula, emahlathini e-willow ne-dwarf birch. E-Yamal naseBolshezemel'skaya tundra, izilwane ezidla ezinye zivame ukwenza imihume yazo ezihlahleni ezigodini zemifula noma emithambekeni eyomile, emasimini angenhla kwesikhukhula, nasemifuleni yamanzi emihlathini eyomile. Zizinze kakhulu ogwini.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona impisi ye-tundra. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idlani impisi yetundra?
Isithombe: Impisi ye-Eurasian tundra
Kuyisilwane esidla ezinye futhi kuyisisekelo sokudla - izilwane ezincelisayo eziphakathi nendawo nezinkulu, zivame ukungavuleki. Inani lazo linquma inani lezimpisi. Ehlobo, kunezinhlobonhlobo zokudla okutholakalayo - izilwane eziphakathi nezincane. Ngenkathi ebandayo, ukudla okuyinhloko kwempisi ye-tundra kuyizinyamazane zasendle nezasekhaya, ikakhulukazi amathole nemikhomo. Kusuka ezilwaneni ezinobukhulu obumaphakathi - izimpungushe ezibandayo, izimpungushe, izimpungushe, nasezilwaneni ezincane - amagundane ahlukahlukene, izinhlanzi, izinyoni - i-ptarmigan. Izimpisi zingadla izidumbu, ziphange izicupho nezicupho zabazingeli.
Ehlobo, izinyoni zibamba iqhaza elikhulu ekudleni: imihlambi yamahansi e-molting, amatshwele, amaqanda ezinye izinyoni ezifudukayo. Njengoba ngaphandle kwe-Taimyr, ama-reindeer asendle angavamile kwezinye izifunda ze-Far North, ama-reindeer afuywayo abaluleke kakhulu ehlobo, ikakhulukazi imihlambi ihlupheka ngesikhathi sokuzala. Cishe ama-36% wezinyamazane abulawa yizimpisi ze-tundra entwasahlobo nasehlobo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umhlambi wezimpisi ezingama-5-7 tundra ungashayela udle inyamazane enesisindo esingaba yi-120 kg ngasikhathi. Kuphela izimpondo, amathambo, isibazi esisele endaweni yomkhosi. Kepha lapho uvula izimpisi, okuqukethwe esiswini akukho ngaphezu kuka-2-3 kg, kuze kufike ku-6 kg.
Ukudla kugaywa ngokushesha okukhulu. Isisu sezimpisi ezibanjwe emahoreni ambalwa ngemuva kokudla okunomsoco singenalutho. Isidingo sokudla sansuku zonke sincike kwisizini futhi singama-4-6 kg. Izilwane ezidla ezinye zingazidlela inzuzo ukuze zisetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo futhi zifihle inyamazane yazo ebekiwe. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngempisi ye-tundra.
Ebusika, ezindaweni lapho imfuyo isesibayeni, izimpisi zidla konke ezingakuthola, kuze kuyowela emathuneni ezinkomo ngisho nozakwabo. Abazingeli bavame ukubona ukuthi izimpisi zidla kanjani izilwane ezidla ezinye ezidutshulwa endizeni noma zihlangana nezidumbu zezilwane ezichotshozwe ngabantu besizwe sazo noma umhlambi oluma izinsalela zempisi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Impisi yeTundra emvelweni
Izimpisi zeTundra, ezondla inyamazane yezicupho nezicupho zokuzingela, izidumbu, imfucuza yolwandle, zihlala ngazimbili noma zodwa, ikakhulukazi ezindala ezindala ezingakwazi ukuzala.
Amaphakethe ezimpisi ahlukanisiwe futhi anobutha kozakwabo abavela kwamanye amaqembu, kepha ukulwa phakathi kwabo akuqubuki. Ukuvikelwa kwendawo kwenzeka ngaphandle kokuxhumana nabantu bakwamanye amazwe ngokumaka umchamo, indle, uketshezi lwezindlala zangasese nezangasese, "amathuna" nokuhewula. Izidlakela, ukuxosha inyamazane nokungena endaweni engaphandle, kuyishiya, amamaki wokuhlangana. Ngenxa yalokhu kuziphatha, imingcele yendawo yamaphakethe igcinwa iminyaka eminingi. Uma ubukhulu bomhlambi buyehla kakhulu, ngisho nebhangqa elilodwa lingagcina isiza ngaphakathi kwemingcele ebekiwe.
Kunezindawo ezingathathi hlangothi u-2-4 km ububanzi, ezisebenza njengesiphephelo lapho ama-ungulates asendle angasinda ebusika. Emini, izimpisi ziya ezindaweni ezivikelekile, ikakhulukazi uma kubanda, kunomoya futhi kunomswakama. Uma somile futhi sithule, zingahlala ngokuvulelekile. Entwasahlobo, ebusika, ekwindla, ngesikhathi sokuphila kokuzulazula, izilwane ezidla ezinye zilala nomaphi lapho kufanele zilale khona. Umsebenzi onamandla awunamathele kakhulu ekushintsheni kwemini nobusuku, ngoba ku-tundra akukho mehluko ocacile phakathi kwesikhathi sosuku. Ehlobo, izilwane zihlala eduze komgodi.
Iningi lezimpisi ze-tundra zizulazula unyaka wonke ngaphandle kwezizathu zokuzingela unomphela. Kabili ngonyaka zihamba ngamameridian, zilandela imihlambi yezinyamazane eziqhutshwa. Zilandela i-reindeer eningizimu kuya emngceleni wamahlathi, kepha azingeni shí kule ndawo, yize kulapho iningi lemihlambi lisebusika.
Izidlakudla zihlala ehlathini-tundra, emigodini ye-moss, lapho iqhwa lingashoni khona futhi lijiyile. Lapha zondla i-ptarmigan, unogwaja, u-elk ubusika emaxhaphozini. Baphinde banamathele ezigodini zemifula eziseduze nemizana. Ku-Nenets nat. E-Okrug, ngaphezu kokufuduka kwesizini, kunokufuduka kwemihlambi esuka eBolshezemelskaya kuya eMalozemelskaya tundra, futhi akukho kushintshwa okuphindayo okuye kwabonwa. Enyakatho yeYurophu, ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile kwezimpisi ze-tundra kungama-200-300 km.
Ebusika, zimbalwa izilwane ezidla ezinye ezihlala emathafeni; zihambela ogwini lolwandle, lapho zihlala eduze kwemihlambi emincane yezinyamazane ezingabazingeli bezimpungushe noma amakamu okudoba, lapho zondla khona imfucumfucu evela kuzinyamazane nezinhlanzi. Enyakatho yeYakutia, izimpisi ze-tundra zilandela izinyamazane njalo eziQhingini zaseNovosibirsk nasemuva.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Impisi yeTundra
Izilwane zihlala zodwa futhi zihlala zithembekile kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yazo. Ukuvuthwa kwezimpisi kwenzeka ngo-2-3 g. I-Techka kuma-bitches iqala ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari-Mashi. Ngaphambi kokuqala kobuthakathaka, imihlambi iyahlakazeka, kuqala eqinile, bese kuba ama-peyarkas, bese kuthi abantu abafikile bahlukaniswe. Abesilisa abavuthiwe bayinaka impisi, baxoshe abantu abasha, bahambe eqhweni kuqala. Lair lahlelwe emithambekeni eseningizimu, lapho iqhwa lincibilika ngokushesha, lifudunyezwa ilanga.
Izidumbu zeTundra zihlela izindawo zokuhlala:
- emigodini yobumba abamba ngokuzimela noma basebenzise imingxuma yezimpungushe nezimpungushe ezibandayo. Umgodi uqala ngomsele wokungena wemitha elilodwa nohhafu, bese uhamba ngomgwaqo ongaphansi komhlaba ububanzi obungu-0.5-0.6 cm, ubude obungu-2-10 m. Isakhiwo siphela ngekamelo lokudlela elingama-cm ayi-150x100x70. Itholakala ekujuleni kwe-1.5-3 m. Azikho izinto zokulala ezindlini egumbini;
- ezindaweni ezinamadwala i-lair inesakhiwo esifanayo, kepha zimfushane;
- ezindaweni zokukhosela zemvelo: imifantu nemigede enamadwala, osebeni lomfula olunamawungezi;
- e Kaninskaya tundra izilwane ezidla ezinye zihlala emagqumeni ehlobo. Esifundeni esiphakathi kwemifula kaLena noKhatanga, imisele ayidluli imitha elilodwa nohhafu, kanti ukujula kwayo kungaphansi kwemitha. Ensimini ye-Anadyr, izimpisi zithwala inzalo emigodini yobumba.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-62-75. E-Nenets Okrug, ngokwesilinganiso, owesifazane unemibungu engu-6.5, kuhlobo kusuka ezinganeni ezi-1 kuye kwezi-9. E-Yamalo-Nenets Okrug, ngokwesilinganiso - 3-4, imfucumfucu ayifinyeleli imidlwane emi-5. Umama wesifazane ufika emgodini omdala, ama-primiparous afuna indawo entsha engekude nendawo abazalelwa kuyo.
Amankonyane avela ngenkathi efudumele lapho ukwanda kokudla kukwanda. Zibonakala zingaboni, ukuvuleka kwezindlebe okuzwayo kuvaliwe. Isisindo esingu-400 g. Babona kahle ezinsukwini eziyi-10-12, emasontweni ama-2-4 banamazinyo, emasontweni amathathu baqala ukukhasa baphume emgodini. Ekuqaleni, umama akasuki emgodini, ubaba uletha isisulu noma abuyise kabusha ukudla okugayiwe uhhafu. Izingane ezisukela enyangeni eyodwa ziqala ukuthatha lokhu kudla, yize zondla ngobisi oluya enyangeni eyodwa nohhafu ubudala.
Ngalesi sikhathi, umama udla kuphela okusalile. Ngenyanga nohhafu, izingane zibaleka zicashe engozini, emasontweni amathathu abantu abadala bayazishiya, ziyozingela. Izilwane azizivikeli izingane zazo futhi, lapho zihlaselwa, zibaleke. Kepha, ngokulandela umuzwa womama, impisi eyinkosikazi ingathola amawundlu athathwe emgodini futhi aqaphe eduze kwendawo akuyo.
Izitha zemvelo zezimpisi ze-tundra
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani impisi ye-tundra
Kuphela ngama-20% wamazinyane empisi asinda ebudaleni. Isikhathi sokuphila se-tundra wolf cishe siyiminyaka eyi-12. Lezi zilwane ezinkulu azinazo izitha, ngaphandle kwemvelo uqobo, ebeka lezi zilwane ohlakeni oluqinile lwezimo zezulu zaseNyakatho Ekude. Ubusika obubandayo, ukuntuleka kokuphakelayo kuthinta inani labantu kanye nokufa.
Abadli abakwazi ukubhekana nezimpisi bangabanye bakhe. Abantu abadala, abagulayo, nababuthakathaka bahlukaniswa ngokushesha ngumhlambi, okuthi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, usize abantu abanamandla basinde, ngakolunye uhlangothi, abamele abahle kakhulu bezimpisi ze-tundra bahlala bephila.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kwakunezimo lapho impisi, eyayifakwe ubuthi ngesithiyelo se-strychnine futhi yagingqwa ngokudlikizela, yahlukaniswa ngaso leso sikhathi yadliwa yiphakethe.
Lezi zilwane zidliwa imikhaza. Izilwane ezihlaselayo mancane amathuba okuthi zithintwe ukhwekhwe kunezimpungushe. Izimpisi nazo zihlushwa yizintwala, amafuza, ama-nematode, ezinye zazo zitheleleka ngenxa yezinhlanzi. Phakathi kwezifo zezilwane ezimpunga, amarabi ayingozi kakhulu. Uma kwenzeka ukugula, isilwane silahlekelwa yisixwayiso semvelo, sihlasela abantu. Izimpisi emvelweni ziyizinqolobane eziyinhloko zegciwane lamarabi.
Izilwane ziyamelana nezifo, ukusabalala kwezifo kuvinjelwe indlela yokuphila ehlukile. Lokhu kuyi-subspecies epulasitiki yemvelo evumelana nezimo ezahlukahlukene; ayinazitha ngaphandle kwabantu. Izimpisi zilimaza ukufuya nokuzingela, futhi ukuzingela kuvunyelwe yonke indawo e-Arctic. Ukujaha nokudubula izisulu ezidubulayo kuvame ukwenziwa kusuka ezindizeni nasezindiza ezinophephela emhlane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Impisi ye-pundatory tundra
Impisi ye-tundra ine-psyche ethuthuke kakhulu, eyivumela ukuthi ibe nezinga elihle lokusinda, yize kunomzabalazo oqhubekayo phakathi kwabantu nabantu abadlayo. Le subspecies ihlala kuwo wonke ama-tundra. Ayitholakali kuphela eziqhingini zaseSolovetsky, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya.
Kunzima ukuthola inani eliphelele labadli, ngisho cishe, ngoba indlela yokubalwa kwemali ayiphelele. Inombolo esifundeni saseYenisei ingahlulelwa kusuka kudatha ye-96, lapho kubhalwa izingcezu ezingama-215 zemindeni yezimpisi ze-tundra. Umndeni ngamunye unabantu abangu-5-9. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu, inani lezimpisi lincane, ngokwesibonelo, eTundra tundra, ngokwesilinganiso, kutholwa umuntu oyedwa nge-1000 km², futhi ekwindla cishe kuneziqhwaga ezi-3 nge-1000 km².
Ukufa komama bexabana ngenxa yokudla kuyinto ebalulekile ekulawuleni isibalo salezi zilwane. Okokuqala, lezi yizilwane ezibuthakathaka nezigulayo. Ukufuya ama-reindeer minyaka yonke kulahlekelwa yingxenye enkulu yemfuyo yayo kusuka ezimpisini. Isibonelo, eminyakeni eyishumi, kusukela ngo-1944, e-Yamalo-Nenets National. isifunda sabhujiswa ngabadli bezinyamazane eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-75. Ukunciphisa inani lezimpisi, kusetshenziswa indiza. Kweminye iminyaka, i-95% yezilwane yabulawa ngosizo lwayo, esikhathini esisuka ku-55 kuya ku-73 sekhulu elidlule, ama-59% ezimpisi abhujiswa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Impisi ye-tundra ihamba kakhulu, ingahamba amabanga amade. Ukulandelwa kusuka endizeni, iphakethe lezimpisi lamboza ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-150 ngamahora angama-20. Izimpisi ezimbili zimboze ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-70 ebusuku.
Lokhu okungaphansi kwezimpisi kukalwe njengokukhathazeka Okuncane. Ukuqothulwa kwe-tundra wolf kwenziwa zombili ngezindlela ezisebenzayo: indiza, ehamba ngeqhwa, ukubhujiswa kwama-broods, ukuphishekela ama-skis nezinyamazane, kanye nokwenziwa: izicupho, izithiyo ezinobuthi. Impisi yeTundra - isilwane esihle, esinezici zokuziphatha esizalwa naso kuphela futhi kufanele sigcinwe. Izilwane zaseRussia kanye nezwe akufanele zibe mpofu ngohlobo olulodwa, ngoba ngeke kube lula ukulubuyisa.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 11/14/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 04.09.2019 ngo-23: 07
