Inqe likaGriffon Uhlobo olungajwayelekile lwenqe losayizi omangalisayo onamaphiko afinyelela kumamitha amathathu, kanye nenyoni yesibili ngobukhulu eYurophu. Kuyinqe elidala lomhlaba futhi liyilungu lomndeni wama-hawk odlayo. Isuka ngokubabazekayo kwimisinga yokushisa ifuna ukudla ezindaweni ezifudumele, ezinamandla zamazwe azungeze iMedithera.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Griffon Vulture
IGriffon Vulture iyiVulture Old World enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, iSpain Highlands, iRussia eseningizimu kanye neBalkan. Empunga phezulu nangokubomvu ngokubomvu ngemithambo emhlophe ngezansi, le nyoni icishe ibe yimitha ubude. Uhlobo lwamanqe luqukethe izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ezifanayo, kufaka phakathi ezinye zamanqe ajwayelekile. ENingizimu ye-Asia, izinhlobo ezintathu zamanqe, i-Asian griffon vulture (G. bengalensis), inqe elinezimpondo ezinde (G. ukudambisa izinhlungu kubangela ukwehluleka kwezinso kumanqe.
Ividiyo: Griffon Vulture
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Inqe, i-griffon vulture ende engenazintambo ukuvela kwezinyoni ezisebenzisa uqhwaku lwazo ukuvula izidumbu zezilwane ezifile. Ukungabikho kwezimpaphe entanyeni nasekhanda kwenza le nqubo ibe lula. Eminyakeni eminingana edlule eSaudi Arabia, inhloli yamanqe yabanjwa ngamathrekhi enzwa ye-GPS yaseTel Aviv University. Lo mcimbi uholele ekukhuleni kwezinhloli zezinyoni.
Ziyizinyoni ezinomsindo ezikhulumisana zisebenzisa imisindo ehlukahlukene, njengokuhayiza nokuhhewula ngenkathi udla, kuyilapho ukuxoxa ngezihlahla kuzwakala lapho enye inyoni ivala.
Izimpiko ezinkulu zisiza lezi zinyoni zikhuphukele phezulu emoyeni. Lokhu kuzisiza ukuthi zilondoloze amandla angaqedwa uma zishaya amaphiko azo. Umbono wabo oyingqayizivele ubasiza babone isidumbu phezulu emoyeni. Amanqe aseGriffon angakwazi ukufudumeza umzimba ngaphandle kosizo lwe-metabolism, oluwavumela ukuthi anciphise amandla nokulahleka kwamanzi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani inqe le-griffon
Ingxenye engenhla yomzimba we-griffon vulture imnyama bhuqe, kanti amaphiko amnyama impela ngokukhazimula okumnyama. Umsila mfushane futhi umnyama. Umzimba ongezansi unemibala ehlukahlukene esukela kokunsundu kuya konsundu ngokubomvu. Intamo ende, enqunu imbozwe okufushane, okunokhilimu omhlophe phansi. Ezansi, ngemuva kwentamo, ukungabi namaphiko kushiya isikhumba esingenalutho, esinombala onsomi, esifana nalezo kwesinye isikhathi azikhombisa ngokuzithandela esifubeni sakhe, nokuyinto ekhombisa ukuphola kwakhe noma ukuthokoza kwakhe, kusuka kokumhlophe kuya kokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka bese kuba bomvu, kuye ngokuthi kusuka kumzwelo wakhe.
Kuqubuka izimpaphe zezimpaphe ezimhlophe noma ezimhloshana entanyeni nasemahlombe. Amehlo ansundu asagolide aphilisa ikhanda, afakwe uqhwaku olunamandla noluphaphathekile oluxhunyiwe olwenzelwe ukudabula inyama. Abantu abangavuthiwe banomfanekiso wabantu abadala, kepha bamnyama. Kuzobathatha iminyaka emine ukuthola izimpaphe zabantu abadala.
Ukundiza kwenqe griffon kuwukubonakaliswa kwangempela kobuhle. Ithatha isikhathi eside, ingahambisi amaphiko ayo, cishe okungenakucatshangwa futhi kukalwe. Ende futhi ebanzi, aphatha kalula lomzimba onombala ocacile uqhathanisa nezimpaphe ezimnyama zokuqala nezesibili. Lapho inyoni isuka phansi noma odongeni olumqansa, yenza ukushaywa kwamaphiko okuhamba kancane nokujulile, lapho umoya ugijimela khona futhi uphakamise umhlaseli. Ukuhlala kuhle njengoba kusondela kuye: amaphiko anciphisa ngempumelelo ukushaya, futhi izidladla zihlala kude nomzimba, zilungele ukuthinta idwala.
Uhlala kuphi amanqe?
Isithombe: IGriffon Vulture eRussia
Ngokwemvelo, inqe le-griffon lihlala ezindaweni ezinezintaba nezinamagquma eNyakatho Afrika nase-Eurasia eseningizimu. Angaphila amamitha angu-3000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezingaphansi kwe-griffon vultures:
- okuqanjwe ngegama G. f. IFulvus, edlulela ngaphesheya kwesizinda saseMedithera, kusuka enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, i-Iberia Peninsula, eningizimu yeFrance, kufaka phakathi iziqhingi zaseMajorca, iSardinia, iCrete neCyprus, iBalkans, iTurkey, iMiddle East, i-Arabia ne-Iran kuya e-Asia Ephakathi;
- ama-subspecies G. fulvescens atholakala e-Afghanistan, ePakistan nasenyakatho neNdiya kuze kufike e-Assam. EYurophu, ibuyiselwe ngempumelelo emazweni amaningana lapho inyamalale khona phambilini. ESpain, inani elikhulu labantu ligxile enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-quadrant, ikakhulukazi eCastile naseLeón (eBurgos, Segovia), e-Aragon naseNavarra, enyakatho yeCastile La Mancha (enyakatho yeGuadalajara neCuenca) nasempumalanga yeCantabria. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunabantu abaningi ababonakalayo eningizimu nasentshonalanga yenhlonhlo - ezintabeni ezisenyakatho ne-Extremadura, eningizimu yeCastile La Mancha nasezintabeni eziningana zase-Andalusia, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni zaseJaén naseCadiz.
Njengamanje, ama-Eurasian Griffon Vultures azalela eSpain naseGreat Cause eMassif Central (France). Atholakala ikakhulu ezindaweni zaseMedithera, ezidleke endaweni yaseBalkan, eningizimu ye-Ukraine, ogwini lwase-Albania naseYugoslavia, afinyelela e-Asia adlule eTurkey aze afike eCaucasus, eSiberia naseNtshonalanga yeChina. Zivame ukutholakala eNyakatho Afrika. Inani elikhulu labantu baseYurophu ngabantu baseSpain. Njengoba ivikelwe kakhulu futhi ibuyiswa ngempumelelo eFrance, le nhlobo, isengozini yezingozi ezahlukahlukene.
Izizathu zalokhu ziningi:
- isimo sezulu esibuhlungu sentaba ephakeme sibangela ukufa kwamachwane;
- ukudliwa kwezidleke nokususwa kwamaqanda namachwane;
- imfuyo endle iyancipha futhi ayivezi izidumbu ezanele zamakholoni;
- izilinganiso eziqhubekayo zezokwelapha zokungcwaba izilwane ezifile ziphanga izidlo zalezi zinsiza;
- ukusikeka okunobuthi kwenyama emiselwe izimpungushe futhi kudliwe ngokufa ngamanqe afayo ngenxa yayo;
- izintambo zikagesi;
- izingcezu ezilahlekile zomthofu wokuhola.
Manje uyazi lapho inqe griffon itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idla ini inqe legriffon?
Isithombe: IGriffon Vulture indiza
IGriffon Vulture ithola ukudla kwayo ngenkathi indiza. Uma umuntu ongaba yisisulu ezwa umoya omncane, bazowusebenzisa ukuze bandize. Uma ilanga lishisa, inqe le-griffon likhuphukela esibhakabhakeni lize libe yindawo okungafinyeleleki kuyo. Lapho undiza amahora amaningi, ngaphandle kokususa amehlo akhe phansi, namanye amanqe, okuthi, ngokushintsha okuncane kwesimo sengqondo noma indiza, aveze isilwane esifile esizobanika ukudla.
Ngalesi sikhathi, uyehla asondele namanye amanqe, azulazule ngaphezulu kwendawo engenhla kwesidumbu. Bese baqala ukujika okuqhubekayo, ngamunye ebuka omunye ngaphandle kokuthatha isinqumo sokuhlala phansi. Eqinisweni, amanqe aseGibhithe nama-corvids avame ukufika kuqala futhi adle izingxenye ezithambile zesisulu. IGriffon Vultures bese isungula ubukhosi bayo, iqoqa kusuka ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ukuhlangana endaweni efanayo ebekelwe imingcele. Ezinye zazo zitshuza ngaphandle kokuhlala, kanti ezinye zizungeza esibhakabhakeni.
Ekugcineni, omunye wabo uhlala kude nohlaka, cishe amamitha ayikhulu. Bonke abanye balandela ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngemuva kwalokho kuqale umzabalazo wobukhosi kanye nokubuswa kwesikhashana kwabanye. Ngemuva kokuphikisana okuningana nokunye ukubonakaliswa kokwesabisa, inqe, eliqine kakhulu kunezinye, liqonda ngqo esidunjini, lapho inqe elivele selibusile lavula isisu salo laqala ukudla ingaphakathi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amanqe aseGriffon adla kuphela izidumbu. Abalokothi bahlasele isidalwa esiphilayo futhi bangaphila isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokudla.
Inqe yaseGriffon ibamba iqhaza eliyingqayizivele eketheni lokudla, okwenza ingabuyiselwa endaweni. Ukhethekile ekudleni izilwane ezifile futhi ngaleyo ndlela uvimbela ukusakazeka kwezifo futhi athuthukise uhlobo "lokusebenzisa kabusha kwemvelo".
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyoni Griffon Vulture
Imibukiso yezindiza iyisikhathi esibalulekile empilweni yenqe griffon. Lezi zindiza zenzeka ngoNovemba-Disemba futhi zingumbono ongenakulibaleka kulabo abanethuba lokuzibona. Noma lezi zikhangiso zingezinhle njengezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye, ziwuphawu lwamadiphu amafushane enziwa zombili izinyoni zihlangene, lapho enye isukela enye ngesikhathi sokuqala kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Lezi zindiza zingenzeka unyaka wonke, futhi zivame ukuqoqa ezinye izinyoni ezijoyina ezedlule.
Ekuphakameni okuphezulu, umbhangqwana wamanqe we-griffon uzungeza kancane, unamaphiko usabalele futhi uqine, usondelene noma uvuleke kahle kangangoba ubonakala uxhunywe ngocingo olungabonakali. Ngakho-ke, zindiza esibhakabhakeni, ngemizuzwana emifushane, zilandelana noma zindiza ngokufana, ngokuvumelana okuphelele. Lo mbukwane ubizwa nge- "tandem flight".
Ngalesi sikhathi, amanqe e-griffon alala lapho kuzokwakhiwa khona isidleke esizayo. Zakha izidleke emakoloni, zihlangana ngazimbili ngazimbili ziye esidlekeni endaweni efanayo. Amanye amakoloni angaqukatha amakhulu ngamabili. Zitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ezahlukahlukene, kwesinye isikhathi zifinyelela kumamitha ayi-1600-1800, kepha imvamisa zingamamitha ayi-1000-1300.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Inhlobo ethanda ukuzijabulisa kakhulu, inqe le griffon lakha imivimbo emikhulu ngokwenani lezindawo ezinikeziwe. Zivame ukutholakala endaweni efanayo nekoloni lokuzalela, noma eduze kakhulu.
Amanqe aseGriffon akha isidleke emgodini wamatshe okunzima ukufinyelela kuwo abantu. Yenziwe ngezinti eziphakathi nendawo isentimitha elilodwa kuya kwamabili ububanzi, utshani namagatsha amahle kakhulu. Isidleke siyehluka kwenye inqe ye-griffon siye kwesinye futhi ngisho nonyaka kuya kwesinye ngababili abafanayo. Kungaba ngamasentimitha angama-60 kuye kwayi-120 ububanzi. Ingaphakathi lakhona lingafakwa kahle ngotshani, noma umgodi olula ohlanganiswe nezimpaphe zamanye amanqe atholakala ebhakedeni eliseduze. Umhlobiso uyashintsha kanye nohlamvu lomnikazi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Griffon Vulture eCrimea
Inqe lesifazane i-griffon lizalela iqanda elilodwa elimhlophe kuphela, kwesinye isikhathi ngoJanuwari, ikakhulukazi ngoFebhuwari. Bobabili abalingani bayashintshana ngokufukamela iqanda elilodwa okungenani kabili ngosuku. Izinguquko zinomkhosi omkhulu, izilwane ezidla ezinye zenza ukunyakaza okumangazayo nokuhamba ngokucophelela.
Ukufukamela kuhlala kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-52 kuye kwezingu-60. Iphuphu libuthakathaka kakhulu lapho lichanyuselwa, liphansi kancane, futhi linesisindo esingaba amagremu ayi-170. Izinsuku zokuqala zokuphila kwabo ziyingozi, ngoba bayiswa ezintabeni nasendaweni ephakeme kakhulu. Iqhwa ligcwele ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka, futhi amaphuphu amaningi awakwazi ukumelana nalezi zimo ezinzima, naphezu kokunakwa kwabazali bawo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Inqe laseGriffon lithanda ilanga futhi lizonda imvula. Yingakho abazali befuya njalo izinkukhu futhi benikana amathuba njalo.
Lapho inamasonto amathathu izelwe, iphuphu limbozwe ngokuphelele ngokujiyile futhi izinsimbi zalo zokuqala ezibuthakathaka ziyaqina. Abazali bayondla phakathi nezinsuku zokuqala nge-pasty mass ejwayelekile. Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, usevele esesisindo esingu-6 kg.
Kule minyaka, abantu abasha banokuphendula okukhethekile uma besongelwa noma bethunjwa. Uhlanza aqonde ngqo ngevolumu enkulu yenyama ephekwe ngokweqile. Ukwesaba ukusabela noma ulaka? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akazivikeli kwabangenayo futhi akalumi, yize, ngokuthembeka ezimweni zabazali bakhe kuguquka, kwesinye isikhathi angaba nolaka. Izimpaphe zivela ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingaba ngu-60 bese zisheshe zifane nezabantu abadala.
Kuthatha izinyanga ezine ezigcwele ukuthi inqe elincane likwazi ukundiza ngokukhululeka. Kodwa-ke, akazimele ngokuphelele, futhi abazali bakhe basamncelisa ukudla. Intsha ivamise ukulandela abantu abadala beyofuna ukudla, kepha azihlali eduze kwezidumbu, zikhetha ukubuyela ekoloni zihlale ndawonye kuze kufike lapho abazali bazo babuya bazondla kakhulu.
Ngemuva kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, amanqe e-griffon, azalela engxenyeni esenyakatho yebanga noma ezinkangala, aya eningizimu, kepha kuyaqabukela emabangeni amade kakhulu. Iningi, noma kunjalo, libonakala lihlala phansi.
Izitha zemvelo zamanqe e-griffon
Isithombe: Griffon Vulture
Amanqe aseGriffon awanazilwane ezizingelayo. Kepha izinsongo abhekene nazo zinentshisekelo ethile. Njengamanje, usongo lwabo olukhulu ukushayisana nentambo zikagesi nezimoto njengoba zizulazula zifuna ukudla nobuthi.
Lapho isilwane sasepulazini sifa, umlimi angafaka ushevu esidunjini ukuze aqede izilwane ezingafuneki (ezifana nezimpungushe noma izingwe). Lawa ma-poison awakhethi futhi abulala noma yini edla inyama. Ngeshwa, leli nenqe liphinde lizingelelwe izinhlayiya (noma imithi yendabuko eyingxenye yesiko lobuthakathi).
Abanye abalimi babambe iqhaza ekuvikeleni amanqe e-griffon futhi bandise amathuba abo okusinda ngokusungula izindawo zokudlela zezinyoni. Isibonelo, lapho enye yezinkomo zabo ifa, umlimi uzothatha isidumbu asiyise “endaweni yokudlela” ayishiye lapho ukuze amanqe athole isidlo sasemini esithule.
ESerengeti, ngokwesibonelo, ukubulawa kwezilwane ezidliwayo okwakusetshenziswa amanqe e-griffon ukudla i-akhawunti ye-8 kuya ku-45% wezidumbu, kanti izidumbu ezisele zivela ezilwaneni ezifele ezinye izizathu. Kepha njengoba amanqe athola ukudla okuncane kakhulu kusuka ekubulaweni kwabadliwayo, kwakudingeka bathembele kokudla kwabo, ikakhulukazi izidumbu, ezazitholwa ngezinye izizathu. Ngakho-ke, la manqe asebenzisa ukudla okwehluke ngokuphelele ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye futhi kungenzeka ukuthi abe ngabaqaphi babantu abafudukayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani inqe le-griffon
Isibalo sabantu benyoni ye-griffon balinganiselwa kubantu abavuthiwe abangama-648,000 kuya ku-688,000. EYurophu, inani labantu lilinganiselwa kuma-32,400-34,400 ngababili, okungabantu abangama-64,800-68,800 abavuthiwe. Ngokuvamile, lolu hlobo okwamanje lubhekwa njengolunobungozi obuncane, futhi namuhla inani lalo liyanda. Ngo-2008, kwakukhona cishe ama-30,000 ngazimbili ezizalanayo eSpain. Iningi labantu baseYurophu lihlala lapha. E-Castile nase-Leone, cishe amapheya angama-6,000 (24%) akha cishe ikota yabantu baseSpain.
Ngemuva kokuncipha kwabantu ngekhulu lama-20 ngenxa yobuthi, ukuzingela nokuncishiswa kokuphakelwa kokudla, lolu hlobo lwande kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva kwezinye izindawo, ikakhulukazi iSpain, iPyrenees yaseFrance nePortugal. EYurophu, inani labantu abazalanayo lisukela kumabhangqa ayi-19,000 kuya kwangama-21,000, cishe ngamabili angama-17 500 eSpain nango-600 eFrance.
Ukusetshenziswa kobuthi ngokungemthetho kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yokufa kwabantu okungeyona eyemvelo kumanqe e-griffon, kanye nezingozi zomugqa kagesi. Amanye amapulazi omoya asendaweni eseduze nezindawo zokuphakela kanye nemizila yokufuduka inamazinga aphezulu okufa. Isikhathi eside sokuzala se-griffon vulture siyenza isengozini enkulu yokuphazamiseka okubangelwa ezemidlalo.
Ngenxa yendawo yayo enkulu yokuzalanisa kanye nenani elikhulu labantu, i-griffon vulture ayithathwa njengesongelwa umhlaba wonke. Kodwa-ke, ibhekene nezinsongo eziningana, ezinjengalezi ezivela kubalimi ababeka izidumbu ezinoshevu ukulawula izinkumbi zezilwane ezizingelayo. Ezinye izinsongo ezinzima zibandakanya inhlanzeko eyenziwe ngcono kwezolimo nokunakekelwa kwezilwane, okusho ukuthi zimbalwa izilwane ezifuywayo ezifayo kanye namathuba ambalwa amanqe. Baphinde bahlupheke ngokudutshulwa okungekho emthethweni, ukuphazanyiswa nokushaqeka kukagesi ezintambo zikagesi.
UGriffon Vulture Guard
Isithombe: Griffon Vulture ovela eRed Book
Inqe legriffon lake lasabalala eBulgaria.Kodwa-ke, ngawo-1970s okuqala - ikakhulu ngenxa yokwehla kokutholakala kokudla, ukulahleka kwendawo, ukushushiswa kanye nobuthi - bekukholelwa ukuthi sekunyamalale ngokuphelele. Ngo-1986, eduzane nedolobhana elincane laseMadzharovo eziseMpumalanga Rhodope Mountains, kwatholakala ikoloni lamanqe okuthiwa ama-griffon, aqukethe cishe izinyoni ezingama-20 namabhangqa amathathu azalanayo. Njengomphumela wemizamo eqhubekayo yokongiwa kwemvelo, kungalesi sikhathi esiphansi lapho inani lamanqe eBulgaria eqhubeka nokubuya kwawo njengamanje.
Kusukela ngo-2016, iRewilding Europe, ngokubambisana neRewilding Rhodopes Foundation, iBulgaria Society for the Protection of Birds (BSPB) kanye nabanye abalingani abaningi, isungule iphrojekthi yeminyaka emihlanu ye-LIFE Vultures. Ukugxila endaweni yokubamba izintaba iRhodope Mountains eBulgaria, kanye nengxenye yezintaba iRhodope enyakatho neGrisi, iphrojekthi ihlose ukuxhasa ukubuyiselwa nokwandiswa kwenani labantu bamanqe amnyama namanqe e-griffon kule ngxenye yamaBalkan, ikakhulukazi ngokwenza ngcono ukutholakala kwezilwane zemvelo nokunciphisa ukufa kwabantu izinto ezifana nokuzingela ngokungemthetho, ubuthi nokushayisana ngezintambo zikagesi.
Inani lamanqe e-griffon engxenyeni yamaGrikhi yezintaba iRhodope nawo ayanda. Kwaqoshwa ngamabili ayisishiyagalombili, okwenza inani eliphelele lamaRhodope Griffon Vultures laba ngamabhangqa angaphezu kwekhulu. AbakwaCaput insulae eCroatia banesikhungo sokuhlumelelisa amanqe anoshevu, alimele nentsha ama-griffon, avamise ukuphela olwandle ngesikhathi sezindiza zokuhlola, lapho enakekelwa khona aze abuyiselwe emvelweni. Ama-labyrinths aklanywe kahle futhi ahlelekile eTramuntana naseBelezh yizindawo ezinhle zokuhlola imvelo.
Inqe likaGriffon Yintamo enkulu enkulu enenhloko nentamo emhlophe, umzimba onsundu ngokukhanyayo nezimpaphe ezimnyama eziphikisanayo. Izidleke zazo kumakholoni asezinsikeni zamadwala, zivame ukutholakala emihlambini engaxegi izulazula ezigodini nasezintabeni, kepha njalo ifuna ukukhuphuka nokugeleza kokushisa. Kuseseyinkukhu ejwayelekile kunazo zonke ebangeni lalo lokuzalela.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 22.10.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 12.09.2019 ngo-17: 50
