IPiraruku - inhlanzi enkulu nenhle kudala isuthisa abantu ababehlala e-Amazon. Unenyama emnandi kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho kunenqwaba yayo - ngaphezu kwekilogremu elikhulu. Maye, ngenxa yokudoba ngokweqile, inani labantu liyancipha minyaka yonke, futhi phela i-piraruku iyinhlanzi efundwe kancane futhi yasendulo, yingakho ithakazelisa kakhulu ososayensi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Piraruku
IPiraruku ibhekwa njengezidalwa eziphilayo. Izinsalela zasendulo kakhulu zabamele abomndeni wakwa-Arawan, okuyiyo le nhlanzi, zitholwe eMorocco futhi zineminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-140-145. Ngakho-ke, babhekisa ekugcineni kweJurassic noma ekuqaleni kweCretaceous. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ngisho nokuthi uhlobo lwe-piraruku lwavela ngemuva kwesikhashana, futhi abamele balo ababehlala kule planethi cishe babehlukile kulabo besimanje. Kepha lokhu kuboniswa kuphela yi-morphology yasendulo yenhlanzi, kepha azikho izinsalela zemivubukulo eziqinisekisa le nguqulo ezisatholakala.
Ividiyo: Piraruku
Noma kunjalo, lokhu kungenzeka, ngoba ngosizo lwezifundo zofuzo kwatholakala ngokuphelele ukuthi umndeni wakwa-Aravan wahlukana ne-oda le-Aravana phambilini, emuva esikhathini seTriassic, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-220 eyedlule. Kwabe sekuba nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zaseNingizimu Melika nezase-Afrika (maphakathi nesikhathi seJurassic), kanti ezase-Asia nezase-Australia zahlukana ekuqaleni kweCretaceous. Ngakho-ke, kungashiwo ngokuqiniseka ukuthi okhokho abaseduze be-piraruku babehlala eMhlabeni ngisho nangesikhathi seMesozoic, kepha ukuthi babefana kangakanani nayo akukasungulwa ngokuphelele. Izinsalela zenhlanzi, ezifana kakhulu kangangokuba abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi le yi-pyraruku, ingekaMiocene.
Ngenxa yalokhu, kufanele sivume ukuthi kuze kube manje kunezikhala eziningi emininingwaneni yokuvela kwezinhlobo ezivela emndenini wakwa-Aravan, okumele zigcwaliswe ngemicabango. Kuyacaca ukuthi lo mndeni ngokwawo ngowasendulo, kodwa ukuthi kudala kangakanani uhlobo ngalunye lwavela kuwo kusazobonakala. IPiraruku uqobo yahlala isikhathi eside ingahlolisiswa isikhathi eside, futhi kuphela emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule okuye kwasebenza kule ndawo lapho kwacaca khona ukuthi le nhlanzi ihluke ngezindlela eziningi. Okuningi ngaye akukasungulwa ngokuthembekile. Kuchazwe nguR. Schintz ngo-1822, igama lesiLatini lithi Arapaima gigas.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-piraruku
Phakathi kwezinhlanzi zamanzi angenasawoti, i-piraruku ingenye yezinkulu kakhulu. Abantu abadala bavame ukukhula babe ngamamitha ama-2, futhi ezimweni ezinhle bangafika ku-3 m, abantu abakhulu kakhulu bangadlula ngisho namamitha ayi-4.Isisindo senhlanzi singu-100-150 kg, ezimweni ezingavamile singasondela kuma-200 kg.
Ipiraruka inomzimba omude, embozwe izikali ezinhle ezinkulu. Inhloko yezinhlanzi ivuleke kakhulu, okuyinika ukubukeka kokudla, futhi ayikhohlisi, ngoba i-piraruku empeleni iyisidlakela esisheshayo nesinobuciko. Ngokubukeka, kubonakala futhi ukuthi kude kangakanani nekhanda i-dorsal fin etholakala - ihlala cishe ingxenye yesine yomzimba wezinhlanzi emsileni uqobo.
I-anal fin itholakala ngokulandelana ngqo ngaphezulu kwayo. Kanye nesiqu esifushane somsila, bakha uhlobo lwesigwedlo: inhlanzi ingayishwibeka ngamandla, ithole ukushesha ngokushesha, okuwusizo kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzingela. Amaphiko alo wepectoral mancane futhi atholakala eduze kwesisu. Ingaphambili le-piraruku linombala ompunga ngombala womnqumo, futhi kuvame ukuba nombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Eyangemuva yehluke kakhulu kunayo: imnyama kakhulu, ekuqaleni ibomvu ngokukhanyayo, futhi emsileni yona ibomvu kakhulu. Abesifazane babanzi kunabesilisa, futhi imibala yabo ayisebenzi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayoIzikali zepiranha ziqine ngokungavamile, okuyisindisa ezinhlanzini ezisondelene nezidlayo ezifana nama-piranhas - azikwazi ukuluma ngayo, ngakho-ke zikhetha umgomo olula.
Uhlala kuphi uPiraruku?
Isithombe: Piraruku e-Amazon
UPiraruku uhlala eSouth America. Ensimini yamazwe anjenge:
- IBrazil;
- IPeru;
- EGuyana;
- EVenezuela;
- I-Ecuador.
Kuzo zonke lezi zifundazwe, imifula igeleza isuka echibini lase-Amazon, futhi le nhlanzi ihlala kuyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zimbalwa i-piraruki ezitholakala ngqo e-Amazon, ngoba ithanda imifula namachibi acebile ngohlaza, kungcono ngamanzi azolile, futhi i-Amazon ayifani ncamashi nencazelo enjalo: umfula onesiphepho futhi ogeleza ngokugcwele. IPiraruku ihlala ikakhulukazi emifuleni ethulile, emincane noma emachibini, kwesinye isikhathi nasezixhaphozini. Uthanda amanzi afudumele, ibanga lokushisa elilungile lingu-25-30 ° C. Amabhange amangelengele azoba ukuhlanganisa okuphawulekayo. Ngesikhathi esomile, ihlala emifuleni nasemachibini, ngesikhathi semvula iya emahlathini agcwala amanzi.
Indawo yokuhlala i-piraruku ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili nguMfula iRio Negru: amanzi alo mfula omkhulu wase-Amazon ane-asidi, akabathandi futhi akahlali kulo mfula, kanti kutholakala abantu ababili abahlukene entshonalanga nasempumalanga yawo. Yize lesi sigaba singesona esiqine kakhulu, ngoba umehluko phakathi kwabantu uncane: iPiraruku mhlawumbe ibhukuda iRio Negra. Okusho ukuthi, izinhlanzi ezinhlangothini zombili zalo mfula zixubana, kepha hhayi kaningi.
Amathuba okuhlangana ne-piraruka endaweni ethile anganqunywa ikakhulukazi yimifino: lapho izitshalo ziningi emfuleni, ziyanda. Ngokufanelekile, ungcezu olubanzi lwezimila, olubizwa ngokuthi idlelo elintantayo, lungabonakala eduze nogu. Ngakho-ke, kuningi i-piraruku etholakala eRio Pacaya, lapho kukhula khona amadlelo amaningi ama-mimosa antantayo nama-hyacinths, le nhlanzi itholakala kaningi phakathi kweVictoria regia kanye ne-ferns. Uhlala ezansi impela, futhi ukhetha ukuthi bekungalingani, kugcwele imigodi.
Kwethulwa emifuleni yaseThailand naseMalaysia: isimo sezulu lapho siyifanela kahle, ukuze izinhlanzi ziphumelele ngempumelelo endaweni entsha, futhi inani labantu liyanda. Kwamanye amazwe anezimo zezulu ezifanayo, umsebenzi wokuzalisa nawo uyaqhubeka. Manje uyazi lapho i-piraruka itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idla ini ipiraruku?
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi zasePiraruku
IPiraruku yisilwane esidla ezinye, kanti isisekelo sokudla kwaso ngezinye izinhlanzi. Uvame ukuzingela ezansi, amunce inyamazane futhi ayigaye ngqo ngolimi lwakhe: inzima kakhulu, abantu bendawo bayisebenzisa njenge-sandpaper. Ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi ezincane, i-piraruku endala kwesinye isikhathi ingazingela ezinkulu, futhi nezinyoni zamanzi zanele.
Ama-Amphibian namagundane asengozini eduze kwawo lapho ebhukuda ewela umfula ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwesizini, nezinye izilwane ezincane eze ukuzophuza. IPiraruku yisilwane esesabekayo nesinobuciko, esikwazi ukuhudula inyamazane sisuke ogwini njengoshaka. Abantu abadala bakhetha inyamazane yabo futhi abazingeli wonke umuntu, kepha ama-pyrukos akhulayo adinga ukudla ngaso sonke isikhathi, ukuze bakwazi ukubamba noma yini ebonakala idliwayo kuphela.
Bayadla:
- inhlanzi encane;
- imfanzi;
- inyoka;
- izinyoni;
- izilwane ezincelisayo;
- izinambuzane;
- izibungu;
- isidumbu.
Kodwa-ke bathanda izinhlanzi, futhi ikakhulukazi bathanda ipiraruka - uhlobo lomndeni. Kepha i-piraruck yokuzalanisa ngeke izinike ukuphumula zonke ezinye izilwane ezincane, futhi lapho kuqala isikhathi semvula nemifula ye-Amazon ichitheka phezu kwamahlathi, ibuye izingele izilwane zasehlathini.
Ngokwandayo, le nhlanzi ikhiqizwa ngokungeyikho. Kulesi simo, ukuze sikhule ngokushesha, sondliwa ngokudla okunothile kwamaprotheni, njengezinhlanzi, izinkukhu, ama-amphibians, ama-mollusks, inyama yenkomo. Ukuze i-piraruka ingalahli isimo sayo, kwesinye isikhathi kuyadingeka ukwethula izinhlanzi eziphilayo echibini nazo, ezizobamba zona. Uma bengondlekile, bazoqala ukuzingela izihlobo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-piraruku yezinhlanzi zasendulo
Ngosayizi wayo, i-piraruku iyasebenza kakhulu: ihamba kakhulu futhi ngokushesha, ngaso sonke isikhathi ifuna umuntu ongayidla. Kwesinye isikhathi ingabanda okwesikhashana: lokhu kusho ukuthi inhlanzi kungenzeka ukuthi ithole inyamazane futhi manje ayifuni ukuyethusa, noma isaphumule nje. Ukuphumula okuncane kangaka kwanele kuye: ngemuva kokuchitha isikhathi esinganyakazi cishe isigamu somzuzu, uphinde aqale ukubhukuda.
Izingela kaningi ngenhlanzi engezansi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ingakhuphukela phezulu, futhi igxume ukuphuma emanzini ukuze ibambe inyamazane. Lokhu kungumbono ohlaba umxhwele, ngoba i-pyraruku endala inkulu kakhulu, iphusha amanzi ngosizo lomsila wayo onamandla futhi yeqe iye phezulu, kwesinye isikhathi iphakeme kunamamitha ama-2.
Ngemuva kokugxuma okunjalo, ihlala phansi ngomsindo omkhulu bese ifafaza amanzi kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, bese kuthi, kanye nesilwane, ibuyele ezansi. Kepha uvuka kuye hhayi kuphela ukuzingela: futhi udinga ukukwenza ukuze aphefumule.
Ipharynx nesibhuku sokubhukuda se-pyraruku kugcwele izicubu ezifana namaphaphu, ngenxa yalokho ethola umoya-mpilo hhayi emanzini kuphela, kodwa futhi nomoya ngqo. Lesi sicubu sathuthuka ngenxa yokuthi amanzi emifula namachibi ase-Amazon anomoya-mpilo omncane kakhulu wenhlanzi enkulu kangako.
Ukuphefumula, i-piraruku encane ivela njalo emizuzwini emi-5 kuya kwengu-10, kanti umuntu omdala njalo ngemizuzu eyi-15-20. Lapho iphakama, kuqala kuvela izishingishane ebusweni bamanzi, zikhule yonke indlela kuze kuvele i-piraruku uqobo, ivule umlomo wayo kakhulu futhi idonsa umoya - umbono othakazelisayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Le nhlanzi inelinye igama - i-piraruku. Yanikezwa amaNdiya futhi ihunyushwa kalula - "izinhlanzi ezibomvu". Yanikezwa amabala abomvu emaphikweni nasezikalini, kanye nombala wenyama.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi zasePiraruku
Ukuzala kokuqala kwenzeka ngonyaka wesihlanu wokuphila, lapho ubude bezinhlanzi bufinyelela ku-160-210 cm.UPiraruku uzala kusukela ngo-Ephreli, ukhetha la manzi angajulile anesihlabathi esingezansi, futhi ngasikhathi sinye namanzi ahlanzekile ngangokunokwenzeka. Izinhlanzi zihlela isidleke kusengaphambili: zenza umgodi obanzi ofinyelela kuma-20 cm ukujula, lapho insikazi bese ibeka khona amaqanda.
Indoda nayo inemithwalo yemfanelo, ihlala eduze ne-clutch futhi ivikela kuqala amaqanda, bese kuba gazinga, avela ngokushesha okukhulu: izinsuku eziyi-1.5-2 ngemuva kokuzala. Insikazi nayo isebenza ekuvikeleni, kepha, ngokungafani nendoda, ehlala esidlekeni, ikwenza ngezindlela ezikude kakhulu, isabisa noma yiziphi izilwane ezizingelayo ezibhukuda kuye ngamamitha ayishumi nambili.
Masinyane ngemuva kokuvela, izibungu zondla izinsalela zesikhwama se-yolk. Into ikhishwa kwizindlala ezisekhanda lowesilisa, ezibakhangayo, ngenxa yokuthi bahlala emhlambini - phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi badla le nto, kepha lokhu akulona iqiniso.
Amafry akhula ngesivinini esihle kakhulu, futhi ngokushesha aphenduke izidlakela ezincane uqobo. Ngezinsuku ezingu-7-10, kancane kancane baqala ukuzingela, bedla ama-plankton. Bese bashintshela ezinhlanzini ezincane, futhi kancane kancane inyamazane yabo iba yanda ngokwengeziwe.
Lapho zinezinyanga ezi-3, ziqala ukushiya umhlambi, le nqubo ingathatha ezinye izinyanga ezimbalwa ize inyamalale ngokuphelele. Lapho izingane ziqala ukubhukuda zodwa, ukukhula kwazo kwehla, kepha ziyaqhubeka nokwengeza u-3-7 cm ngenyanga onyakeni wokuqala.
Izitha zemvelo zepiraruk
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-piraruku
Cishe azikho izilwane e-Amazon ezikwaziyo ukuzingela ngempumelelo i-piraruka: zinkulu kakhulu futhi zivikelwe kahle ngezikali zazo eziqinile. Ngakho-ke, izinhlanzi ezindala azinazo izitha zemvelo, noma kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi ama-caimans ayazidla.
Kepha lokhu akuqinisekisiwe, futhi uma kunjalo ngempela, kwenzeka ngokungavamile, futhi abantu abagulayo kuphela ababamba ama-caimans. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ososayensi ngabe sebekwazile ukugcina inqubo yokuzingela, noma ngabe bathola izikali ze-pyraruca esiswini se-caimans. Ezinye izilwane zasemanzini ezihlala e-Amazon, noma ngokwethiyori, azikwazi ukubhekana ne-piraruka endala.
Lokhu kuyenza ibe yisitha esikhulu somuntu, ngoba sekuyisikhathi eside abantu bezingela izinhlanzi ngenkuthalo. KumaNdiya, le yinhlanzi eyintandokazi, okungamangalisi: inkulu, ukuze umuntu oyedwa obanjiwe anele abantu abaningi, futhi futhi amnandi. Kulula futhi ukuyithola ngenxa yokuthi intanta ukuze iphefumule, ngenkathi yenza umsindo omkhulu.
Babamba le nhlanzi ngosizo lwama-harpoon noma amanetha, ngaphezu kwenyama, amathambo ayo nawo ayaziswa: enza izitsha ngawo, asetshenziswa emithini yesintu, futhi enza amafayili ezinzipho esikalini, izivakashi ezithanda ukuwathenga ikakhulukazi. Ngenxa yenani elinjalo kubantu, kubhubha ikakhulukazi ezandleni zomuntu.
Kancane kancane, lokhu kuthinta izinhlanzi ezisencane: izidalwa ezahlukahlukene ziyazizingela, yize usongo luncishiswe kakhulu iqiniso lokuthi abazali banakekela amaqanda futhi bathosa, bewavikela ngokuqapha. Ama-piraruku amancane aya ukubhukuda kwamahhala asekhulile futhi akwazi ukuzimela, kepha ekuqaleni angasongelwa yizilwane ezinkulu zasemanzini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uma owesilisa onesikole sefry efa, bangadla nomunye owenza okufanayo, futhi uzovikela ifry "eyamukelwe" njengeyakhe.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Piraruku
Ngenxa yokudoba okusebenzayo, inani labantu be-piraruku lehlile, ikakhulukazi, abantu abakhulu sebengavamile. Ukuvikela izinhlanzi, akuvunyelwe ukubamba izinhlanzi kwezinye izindawo, yize kungafakwanga kwiRed Book: uhla lwayo lubanzi ngokwanele, nokuthi inani labantu ngokubanzi alikakasungulwa.
Akwaziwa ngisho nokuthi sehlile yini: lokhu kwehlulelwa ukuthi ziningi kakhulu izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezibanjiwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, uma abantu bendawo bebehlala bedla i-piraruka njalonjalo, manje sekuya ngokuya kuba yisibiliboco: kusenokwenzeka ukuyibamba ezindaweni eziningi, kepha akuselula kangako ukuyibamba.
Kukholakala ukuthi umonakalo omkhulu ikakhulukazi ezinhlanzini ubangelwe ukuthuthukiswa kokudoba ngenetha maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule: kuphela abantu abakhulu kuphela ababulawa ngoswazi, futhi lezo ezazincane zathatha indawo yazo, futhi zonke izinhlanzi zabanjwa nenetha. Ukulwa nalokhu, kwavinjelwa ukuthengiswa kwepirate engaphansi kwemitha nengxenye ubude.
I-Piraruka kwesinye isikhathi igcinwa ezindaweni ezinkulu zokubonisa - umthamo wazo kufanele ube okungenani amalitha ayi-1 000 ukuze le nhlanzi ikhululeke. Iphinde ikhiqizwe ngokufakelwa emachibini akhethekile afudumele - ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, ngakho-ke le ndlela ibhekwa njengethembisayo, ikakhulukazi ngoba ingatshalwa ngale ndlela ngisho nasemazweni abandayo.
Kepha eLatin America kulula ukwenza lokhu, ngoba ungazala i-piraruca ezinqolobaneni zemvelo. IBrazil ibambe iqhaza kulokhu: iziphathimandla zendawo zinethemba lokuthi izindlela ezithuthukisiwe zizomisa ukuqothulwa kwezinhlanzi zasendle futhi zishintshele ngokuphelele ezinhlanzi ezifuyiwe. Esikhathini esiningi bahlanganyela ekuzalelaneni emachibini - kulula kakhulu kulokhu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Njengoba i-piraruku ikwazi ukuphefumula umoya ojwayelekile, ayihlangabezani nenkinga enkulu ngesikhathi sesomiso - idinga nje ukuzingcwaba ngodaka noma esihlabathini esimanzi, futhi ingachitha isikhathi eside kanjena. Kepha izinhlanzi ziba sengozini enkulu ngenxa yokuthi ukuphefumula kwayo kuzwakala kude, futhi uma abantu bekuthola, ngeke ikwazi ukubashiya esihlabathini.
Le nhlanzi eyingqayizivele ye-relic piraruku, esinde ezigidini eziningi zeminyaka, ngenxa yabantu baqala ukuhlangana kaningi kakhulu. Kuyafaneleka ukuthatha zonke izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuvimbela ukwehla okuqhubekayo kwesibalo sabantu - ngenhlanhla, sezivele ziyasetshenziswa, ngakho-ke kunethemba lokuthi i-piraruku izoqhubeka nokuhlala endaweni yayo yemvelo ngokuqhubekayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 10/25/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 01.09.2019 ngo-19: 58
