Akuwona wonke umuntu osezwile ngesilwane esimangazayo esimangalisa njengokuthi paka... Ngokwezindinganiso zamagundane, okuyi-pack, inezilinganiso ezinhle kakhulu. Ake sithole konke mayelana nendlela yokuphila yommeleli wezilwane, engabonakali kuphela ngaphandle, kodwa futhi ngokutadisha imikhuba yakhe, izindawo zokuhlala, ukudla, imvelo kanye nezici zokukhiqiza.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Paka
I-Paca yigundane lomndeni wamaphakethe, okubandakanya uhlobo olulodwa olulodwa lwegama elifanayo. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi la magundane ayekhona ngaphambi kwesikhathi se-Oligocene. I-paca ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi igundane lasehlathini. Omunye ucabanga ukuthi ufana nengulube yeganga, abanye bafana nonogwaja oyisithulu, owondlekile. Igama lesilwane livela olimini lwamaNdiya aseTupi futhi lisho ukuthi "inhlabamkhosi noma i-alamu". Ngokusobala, lesi silwane sathola isidlaliso esinjalo ngenxa yesakhiwo esithile sogebhezi lwaso nekhono lokukhiqiza imisindo ephezulu kakhulu.
Ividiyo: Paka
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Esigabeni sogebhezi, i-puck inokuthile okufana nokudangala, okwakhiwa ngamakhothamo e-zygomatic. Ngenxa yalokhu, noma imiphi imisindo ephinyiswa yisilwane (ukugaya amazinyo, ukubhonga, ukuhayiza) inamandla okukhulisa kaningi, ibonakala inomsindo kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nosayizi wepakethe.
Ngokuvamile, ngegundane, iphakethe likhulu kakhulu. Kubhekwa njengegundane lesithupha ngobukhulu elihlala emhlabeni wethu. Uma ukuma nokubukeka kwepakethe kufana nengulube yeginea, kukhuphuke kakhulu ngosayizi, khona-ke umbala wegundane uyafana nowenyamazane encane. Uma sikhuluma ngomehluko phakathi kobulili, khona-ke ephaketheni cishe akubonakali. Abesilisa nabesifazane babukeka ngendlela efanayo, kuphela okwakamuva kuncane kakhulu, kepha hhayi ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke awukwazi ukubona ngokushesha lokhu. Ososayensi bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwesihlanu zalezi zilwane. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-subspecies aphakanyisiwe, ahlala ezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga yezwekazi laseNingizimu Melika, aqala ukuchazwa nguCarl Linnaeus emuva ngonyaka we-1766.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani ipaka
Njengoba sekushiwo, i-paca yegundane inkulu impela. Ubude bomzimba wayo buphakathi kwamasentimitha angama-70 kuya kwangama-80, kanti ukuphakama okubunayo kusukela kumasentimitha angama-32 kuye kwangama-34. Umuva womzimba wepuck ukhulu impela futhi ufana nepheya elime, kepha umsila mfushane kakhulu, cishe awubonakali. Isisindo sezinhlobo ezivuthiwe sihluka kusuka ku-6 kuye ku-14 kg. Iduna likhudlwana kunabesifazane, kepha lokhu akubonakali ngamehlo.
Ikhanda lesilwane likhulu ngokwanele, kanti isifonyo sixegisile, njenge ngulube. UPaka unezindlebe eziyindilinga ezihlanzekile, amehlo amnyama akhazimulayo, izikhwama zezihlathi kanye ne-vibrissae ebonakalayo futhi enwetshiwe esebenza njengezimpondo ezizwelayo zokuthinta. Izitho zepuck azinde, ezangaphambili zifushane kunezingemuva, ezibukeka zinamandla amakhulu. Imilenze yangemuva yephakethe inezinzwane ezinhlanu (izinzwane ezimbili kwezinhlanu zincane kakhulu), kanti imilenze yangaphambili inezinzwane ezine. Izidladla zinamazipho anamandla, aminyene futhi aqinile asebenza njengamathuluzi emigodi yokumba. Futhi amazinyo acijile egundane asiza ukwenza ama-labyrinths okuhamba ngaphansi komhlaba.
Ijazi lephakethe linolaka, linombala obomvu noma onsundu. Ezinhlangothini emzimbeni kukhona imigqa emhlophe edwiwe etholakala emigqeni eminingana ehambisanayo, inika umbala ukufana kwesikhumba senyamazane. Isisu nesilevu sesilwane kunemibala ngethoni ekhanyayo ephuzi-beige.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Esikhunjeni sezilwane ezincane kunesembozo se-scaly horny (isikali esingu-2 mm ububanzi), esisebenza njengohlobo lokuvikelwa ezilwaneni ezidlayo ezincane.
Uhlala kuphi uPaka?
Isithombe: Paka waseNingizimu Melika
INingizimu Melika ibhekwa njengendawo yokuzalwa yePak. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, igundane lahlala ngempumelelo ezindaweni ezishisayo nezifudumele zaseMelika Ephakathi. Indawo okuhlala kuyo lesi silwane isuka empumalanga yesifundazwe saseMexico nasenyakatho ye-Argentina iye eningizimu-mpumalanga yeBrazil nasenyakatho yeParaguay.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Paca ilethwe ngabantu endaweni yaseCuba, lapho yathatha khona izimpande kahle futhi izizwa imnandi.
Izinduku zihlala zithunyelwa:
- emahlathini emvula eduze nemizimba yamanzi;
- ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi zemihlume;
- emahlathini wegalari anemithombo yamanzi, ubukhona bawo obuyimpoqo;
- ezindaweni eziphakemeyo.
Izilwane zizizwa zikhulu ngokuphakama okwanele, ngakho-ke zivumelane nokuhlala ezintabeni, zikhuphuka ngobude ngamakhilomitha amabili nohhafu noma ngaphezulu. Amaphakethe akhethe amadlelo asezintabeni eziphakeme, izinkangala kanye namagquma atholakala e-Andes. Bakhetha izindawo ezinothe ngamachibi emvelo, lapho kunomswakama ngokwanele. Abomdabu babiza ama-biotopes emvelo ngokuthi "páramo", atholakala emngceleni wentambo ephezulu yehlathi ngakolunye uhlangothi (cishe ngamakhilomitha amathathu ukuphakama) nesembozo esihlala njalo seqhwa kolunye (5 km ukuphakama).
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: IPak, ehlala phezulu ezintabeni, inengubo emnyama kunezilwane ezihlala emathafeni, ezisendaweni ephakeme ye-1.5 kuya ku-2.5 km.
Izinduku azizwa kunengozi ethile phambi kwabantu, ngakho-ke iphakethe lingatholakala nasezindaweni zamapaki wedolobha. Isimo esiyinhloko sempilo entofontofo yesilwane lapha ukuba khona komfudlana, ichibi noma omunye umthombo wamanzi. Izilwane zithanda kakhulu imifula engasogwini kanye nezindawo zamachibi, zigcwele kakhulu izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezimila.
Manje uyazi lapho i-paca itholakala khona. Ase sibone kutsi lesilwane sidlani.
Idla ini i-paca?
Isithombe: Animal Paka
I-paca ingabizwa ngokuphephile ngokuthi isilwane esincelisayo esidla imifino, futhi imenyu yaso yemifino ixhomeke kwisizini. Okumnandi kakhulu kulezi zilwane umkhiwane, njengoba sonke siwazi njengomkhiwane.
Ngakho-ke, amaphakethe ajabule ukuthola isidlo:
- izithelo ezahlukahlukene zezihlahla (amakhiwane, ukwatapheya, umango);
- amahlumela namahlamvu ezitshalo;
- imbewu nezimbali;
- kwesinye isikhathi izinambuzane;
- amakhowe.
IPaki ithola izibiliboco zezithelo zabo odakeni obumuncu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bagubha umhlabathi ngezidladla zabo ukuze bakhiphe izimpande ezihlwabusayo nezinomsoco ekujuleni kwawo. Indle yamagundane inezinhlamvu eziningi ezingadliwe ezitshalweni ezahlukahlukene, ngakho-ke zivame ukusebenza njengezinto zokutshala.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: UPaca akabambi ukudla ngosizo lwezingalo zakhe ezingaphambili, kodwa ngamazinyo akhe abukhali nangezinsimbi zomhlathi eziqinile, uvula ngisho amagobolondo aqinile kakhulu azo zonke izinhlobo zezithelo.
Kwesinye isikhathi amaphakethe adla indle ukugcwalisa ukunikezwa komzimba kwama-carbohydrate namaprotheni agayeka kalula. Amaphakethe agcina amafutha ukuze asetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo, ngakho-ke kulula kakhulu kubo ukusinda ezikhathini ezilambile zokwehluleka kwesivuno, ngenxa yalesi sici, abanakuthembela kakhulu ekuvunweni kwembewu noma izithelo (lokhu kubahlukanisa ne-agouti). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abantu bomdabu babheka iPaka njengesinambuzane somhlaba wezolimo, ocekela umoba, ama-yam, umdumbula nokunye okusanhlamvu. I-paca ingagcina ukudla ezikhwameni zezihlathi bese idla endaweni ecashile nephephile.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Rodent Paka
Ngokwemvelo yabo, amaphakethe angama-loners, athanda ukuba khona ngokwahlukana, impilo ehlangene yezilwane ayikuthandi. Kepha kunabantu abahlala ngamaqembu emindeni amancane aqukethe owesilisa nowesifazane kanye nenzalo yabo. Imindeni enjalo inendawo yayo yomhlaba, lapho kutholakala khona indlu yawo engaphansi komhlaba, enganweba ifike kumamitha ayisishiyagalolunye ubude futhi ibe ne-labyrinth ephelele yamaphaseji, amaphaseji kanye nokuphuma. Iphunga lezilwane lithuthuke kahle, abashadile bahlala bemaka ngomchamo ukuze iphunga labo lifane. Ukuhogela ngokuhlukile izihlobo zizohlaselwa futhi zixoshwe emingceleni yesiza.
Yize, ikakhulukazi, amaphakethe athanda ukuba yedwa, ahlala eduze komunye nomunye futhi ahlala ngokuthula impela nomakhelwane bawo. Cishe izilwane eziyinkulungwane zingaphila kukhilomitha elilodwa lesikwele. Ubukhona besiziba siyindlela eyinhloko yokukhetha indawo yokuhlala unomphela kwepakethe. Izindawo zokuhlala zihlala eduze komthombo wamanzi, kodwa ukuze izikhukhula zingabi khona, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sezikhukhula nezikhukhula. Amanzi asebenza njengesivikelo kubantu abangabafuni. Ngayo ungafihla amathrekhi akho ngokubhukuda uye kolunye uhlangothi.
Amaphakethe asebenza kusihlwa, ebusuku naphambi kokusa. Phakathi nesikhathi sasemini, zikhetha ukulala ezindlini zazo ezinomthunzi nezipholile, lapho ilanga elishisayo lingangeni khona. Amaphakethe awahlali emba izimbobo zawo ngezidladla zawo, ayakwazi ukuthatha izindawo zokukhosela zabanye abantu (ngokwesibonelo, eduze ne-armadillo). Lapho igundane ngokwalo lakha indawo yalo yokukhosela engaphansi komhlaba, lehlela ekujuleni kwamamitha amathathu, lenze ukungena okuningana uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, elifihla ngamahlamvu omile anekhono lokubhoboza uma omunye umuntu ezama ukungena emgodini.
Amaphakethe abambelele kakhulu futhi azama ukulandela umzila onyathelwe kahle futhi ojwayelekile, kwesinye isikhathi uvale izindlela zawo ezishayiwe. Izindlela ezintsha zibekwa kuphela lapho ezindala zibhujiswa ngenxa yezimvula ezinamandla nezeside noma ukudilika komhlaba. Imingcele yempahla yepaki ihlale imakwe ngomchamo ovela kuzivakashi ezingamenyiwe, igundane elikwazi ukuthusa ngokugquma kwalo okukhulu, okwenziwa ngamakamelo ezinsimbi zezihlathi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Baby Pak
UPaki uvuthwa ngokocansi eneminyaka engu-6 kuya kwezingu-12. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi amagundane amancane athola ukuzimela okugcwele eduze nonyaka owodwa ubudala. Ukuvuthwa kwabo kuncike kakhulu kusisindo somzimba. Kwabesilisa, kufanele ifinyelele ku-7.5 kg, kwabesifazane - 6.5.
Lapho ukudla kwanele, iPaki ingazala unyaka wonke, kepha, ingxenye enkulu, ikhiqiza inzalo kanye noma kabili ngonyaka. Ngenkathi yomshado, izilwane zimiswa eduze komthombo wamanzi. Abanumzane, ngemuva kokubheka umlingani omuhle, bagxumela kuye, bayakwazi ukundiza imitha lonke ngokugxuma, ngokusobala emaphikweni othando.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa siqala ezinsukwini eziyi-114 kuye kwezingu-119. Isikhawu esiphakathi kwamabhuthi amabili kufanele okungenani sibe yizinsuku eziyi-190. Kuzalwa ingane eyodwa kuphela, enesembozo soboya ngokushesha futhi iyabona. Ngaphambi kokuqala ukondla, umama-paka onakekelayo ukhotha kahle ingane yakhe ukuze ivuse amathumbu ayo futhi iqale ukuchama.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwengane, i-paca idla yonke indle esele ngemuva kokuzalwa. Ukwenza lokhu ukuze kungabi khona iphunga elithile elingaheha izilwane ezidla ezinye.
Ingane ikhula ngokushesha. Lapho kufika umzuzu wokuphuma emgodini, isisindo sayo sihluka kusuka ku-650 kuye ku-710 amagremu. Uvame ukuba nobunzima lapho ephuma endaweni yokukhosela, embozwe ngamaqabunga namagatsha. Ukuthokozisa inzalo nokumshukumisela ukuba aphume emgodini ngokushesha okukhulu, umama wenza ukubabaza okuphansi kusuka ngaphandle komnyango wendawo yokukhosela, ngaleyo ndlela eqhweba ingane kuye.
Zibona i-paca, izazi zezilwane zathola ukuthi lezi zilwane ezimangalisayo zehlukile kwamanye amagundane ngokunakekela izingane zazo ezimbalwa. Yize iphakethe linezinyane elilodwa kuphela, ulinakekela ngenkuthalo enkulu, ekhombisa ukubhekisisa kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amagundane amakhulu. Isikhathi sokuphila esilinganiswa yilezi zilwane cishe siyiminyaka eyi-13.
Izitha zemvelo zamaphakethe
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani ipaka
IPaka iyisilwane esinokuthula ngokuphelele hhayi isilwane esidlayo, ngakho-ke, inezitha eziningi ezimweni zemvelo.
Izitha zala magundane zifaka:
- ocelots;
- iphampu;
- izinja zasehlathini;
- ama-jaguar;
- ama-caimans;
- imargaev;
- jaguarundi;
- boas;
- amankankane.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi engxenyeni esenyakatho yendawo yepaki bavame ukuhlaselwa ama-coyotes, engxenyeni eseningizimu yizinja zasehlathini. Amabhoti nama-caimans aqamekela izilwane ezihlala ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi. Vele, izilwane ezincane ezingenalwazi yizona ezisengozini kakhulu.
Izitha zephakeji zingabandakanya nabantu abaqothula la magundane ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene. Abalimi bazingela ama-pacas ngoba amagundane alimaza izitshalo. Abazingeli babamba amagundane ukuze bathole inyama yabo enambithekayo nezinsimbi eziqinile, amaNdiya ase-Amazonia azisebenzisela izidingo ezahlukahlukene zasekhaya. Imvamisa izilwane zibanjwa ebusuku, ziphethe izibani ezikhanyayo nezinja ziyozingela. IPak itholakala ngokukhanya, okuboniswa ngamehlo ayo, kuvutha ngokukhanya okubomvu, njengezilwane eziningi zasebusuku. Izinja zikhipha amagundane ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba. Abazingeli sebevele balinde izilwane ezigijimela emanzini ngezikebhe. UPaka uhlale elwa ngokuzinikela nangesibindi, egxumela umuntu ukuze amlimaze ngosizo lwama-incisors abukhali.
Iphakethe linezindlela zalo zokuzivikela, elizisebenzisela ukugwema ingozi. Njengoba inamandla okubhukuda ngokuphelele, ipaka ifuna ukusindiswa emanzini; iyakwazi ukucasha ngobukhulu bayo amahora amaningana kuze kudlule usongo. Edida imikhondo yakhe, uPaka ubhukuda awelele ngaphesheya, lapho ecasha khona. Ngezikhathi ezibucayi, ezisongela impilo, amagundane akhipha umsindo omkhulu futhi axoxe ngokuqinile amazinyo awo ukwethusa isitha. Imvamisa izinqubo zamanzi ezinjalo nokuziphatha ezimweni eziyingozi kakhulu kusindisa amagundane ezimpilweni zabo kuphela uma isitha siyisidlakela sasendle, hhayi indoda.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Paka
Kunezici eziningi ezingezinhle ezinomthelela kubukhulu besibalo sabantu abapakethe. Okokuqala, ukuzingela izilwane kufanele kubangelwe lapha ngenxa yenyama yabo, edliwa ngabantu. Okwesibili, ama-pacas abulawa ngabalimi ababheka igundane njengesitha sesivuno sabo. Okwesithathu, umuntu uphazamisa ama-biotopes emvelo, abhubhise izindawo ezihlala izilwane, amahlathi, alime umhlaba ngenhloso yezolimo, abeke imigwaqo emikhulu, adonse amaxhaphozi, angcolise imizimba ehlukahlukene yamanzi kanye nemvelo jikelele.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, izinto ezingezinhle, i-anthropogenic, amagundane nawo ayafa ngokuswela ukudla. Ukubheka kososayensi kukhombisa ukuthi izilwane eziningi zifa esikhathini esisukela kuNovemba kuya kuMashi, yilesi sikhathi esithathwa njengesinzima kakhulu futhi silambele iphakethe. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zalinganisela izinga lokusinda kwalolu hlobo lwamagundane, bekungamaphesenti angama-80.
Naphezu kwazo zonke izinto ezilimaza impilo yephakethe, ngenhlanhla, inani lalezi zilwane lihlala lizinzile futhi alisongelwa ngokuqothulwa, okuyizindaba ezinhle. Njengoba kubikwe ngaphambilini, kunezinhlana eziyisihlanu zephakethe, futhi akukho neyodwa yazo, ngokusho kwezinhlangano eziningi zemvelo, engadingi izinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuvikela. I-IUCN ibeka le nduku njengesilwane esingakhathazeki kangako. Vele, kwezinye izifunda, ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu basehlathini abangajwayelekile kwabhalwa, kepha akubalulekanga kangako futhi akusithinti isimo sezinto jikelele maqondana nenani lala magundane.
Sengiphetha, kusalokhu kungashiwo lokho noma kunjalo paka negundane, kepha elingajwayelekile kakhulu. Okokuqala, ihlukaniswa ngobukhulu bayo obukhulu kakhulu. Okwesibili, ukunakekela ngobuqotho nangokucophelela inzalo. Okwesithathu, ikhono lokukhiqiza imisindo enomsindo omkhulu futhi esabisayo. Futhi okwesine, ngesibindi nangesibindi, ngoba ulwela impilo yakhe kuze kube sekugcineni futhi enesifiso esikhulu kakhulu ngisho nomphikisi ongalingani njengomuntu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 15.10.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 12.09.2019 ngo-17: 33
