Isikebhe sokuhamba ngomkhumbi - inhlanzi eshesha kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ifinyelela ngejubane le-100 km / h. Irekhodi ligcinwe ku-109 km / h. Le nhlanzi yathola igama layo "lomkhumbi" ngenxa yesiphetho esikhulu sasemuva esifana nseyili. Lezi zinhlanzi ngokuvamile zibhekwa njengezinhlanzi zemidlalo eziyigugu, futhi inyama yazo ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza isashimi nesushi eJapan. Yize kunolwazi oluncane oluthile mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, izikebhe zasemikhunjini "zingaqhakambisa" imibala yemizimba yazo ngomsebenzi wama-chromatophores abo futhi zisebenzise ezinye izinkomba ezibukwayo (njengokuhamba komgogodla) ngesikhathi sokuzalanisa.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Isikebhe
Isikebhe (Istiophorus platypterus) yisilwane esikhulu esidla izilwane esidla olwandle esikhula ezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba. Phambilini, kwakuchazwa izinhlobo ezimbili zesikebhe, kepha zombili izinhlobo ziyefana kangangokuba isayensi iya ngokuya yazi kuphela i-Istiophorus platypterus, kanti izinhlobo zangaphambili ezaziwa njenge-Istiophorus albicans zithathwa njengezisuselwa kwesokuqala. Futhi, ezingeni lezakhi zofuzo, akukho mehluko owatholakala phakathi kwe-DNA eyayingavumela ukwehlukaniswa kube yizinhlobo ezimbili.
Ividiyo: Isikebhe sokuhamba ngomkhumbi
Lesi sikebhe singesomndeni wakwa-Istiophoridae, okubandakanya namamayela nemikhonto. Zihlukile kwi-swordfish, enenkemba eyisicaba enemiphetho ebukhali futhi engenamaphiko okhalo. ERussia, kuyaqabukela, ikakhulukazi eduze kwaseKuriles eseNingizimu naseGulf of Peter the Great. Kwesinye isikhathi ingena oLwandle iMedithera idlula eSuez Canal, izinhlanzi zithunyelwa phambili ngeBosphorus ziye oLwandle Olumnyama.
Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ziqagela ukuthi “useyili” (uhla lwamaphiko asemhlane) kungenzeka ube yingxenye yohlelo lokupholisa noma lokushisa kwenhlanzi. Lokhu kungenxa yenethiwekhi yezinombolo ezinkulu zemithambo yegazi etholakala kuseyili, kanye nokuziphatha kwezinhlanzi, "ezihamba ngomkhumbi" kuphela emanzini aseduze noma aseduze ngemuva noma ngaphambi kokubhukuda ngesivinini esikhulu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isikebhe
Izinhlobo ezinkulu zesikebhe zifinyelela kubude obungu-340 cm nobunzima obufinyelela ku-100 kg. Umzimba wabo we-fusiform mude, ucindezelwe, futhi uhleleke ngokumangazayo. Abantu banombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka phezulu, nenhlanganisela yombala onsundu, ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka okhanyayo ezinhlangothini nomhlophe osiliva ohlangothini lwangaphakathi. Lolu hlobo luhlukaniswa kalula kwezinye izinhlanzi zasolwandle ngemigqa yalo engaba ngu-20 yamachashazi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezinhlangothini zawo. Ikhanda liphethe umlomo ovulekile nemihlathi egcwele amazinyo acolile.
Isiphetho sokuqala esikhulu sangemuva esifana nseyili, esinemisebe engama-42 kuye kwengama-49, enesiphetho esincane esingemuva sesibili, ngemisebe engu-6-7. Amaphiko we-pectoral aqinile, made futhi angajwayelekile ngendlela enemisebe eyi-18-20. Amaphiko okhalweni afinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-10.Usayizi wesikali uyehla ngeminyaka. Isikebhe sikhula ngokushesha, sifike ku-1.2-1.5 m ubude kungakapheli unyaka.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: I-Sailfish phambilini kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ifinyelela isivinini esikhulu sokubhukuda esingu-35 m / s (130 km / h), kepha ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngo-2015 nango-2016 lukhombisa ukuthi izinhlanzi ezihamba ngomkhumbi azidluli isivinini esiphakathi kuka-10-15 m / s.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, isikebhe sasesikebheni sifike ku-velocity eqhuma ku-7 m / s (25 km / h) futhi singeqi i-10 m / s (36 km / h). Njengomthetho, izikebhe azifinyeleli ngaphezu kwamamitha amathathu ubude futhi azivamile ukuba nesisindo esingaphezu kwama-90 kg. Umlomo ohlangene njengenkemba, ngokungafani ne-swordfish, uyindilinga esigabeni esiphambanweni. Imisebe yeBranchial ayikho. Isikebhe sisebenzisa umlomo waso onamandla ukubamba izinhlanzi, senza iziteleka eziqondile noma sishaye kancane siphazamise inhlanzi ngazinye.
Manje uyazi ukuthi isikebhe sesikebhe sikhula ngejubane elingakanani. Ake sibone ukuthi le nhlanzi emangalisayo itholakala kuphi.
Sihlala kuphi isikebhe?
Isithombe: Isikebhe solwandle
Isikebhe sitholakala kuzo zombili izilwandle ezipholile nezishisayo. Lezi zinhlanzi zivame ukusatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi ziningi ikakhulukazi eduze kwezindawo ze-equatorial ze-Atlantic, Pacific kanye ne-Indian Ocean kusuka ku-45 ° kuya ku-50 ° N. engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeNorth Pacific Ocean futhi ukusuka ku-35 ° kuya ku-40 ° N. engxenyeni esempumalanga yeNorth Pacific Ocean.
Enyakatho nasempumalanga ye-Indian Ocean, imikhumbi yokuhamba ngomkhumbi esifundeni se-Indo-Pacific izulazula phakathi kuka-45 ° no-35 ° S. ngokulandelana. Lezi zinhlobo zitholakala kakhulu ezifundeni ezisogwini zalezi zingqimba, kepha zingatholakala nasezindaweni eziphakathi nolwandle.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Izikebhe ezihamba ngomkhumbi nazo zihlala oLwandle Olubomvu futhi zidlulela eSuez Canal ziye eMedithera. Abantu base-Atlantic nabasePacific bathintana kuphela ogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika, lapho bangahlangana khona.
Isikebhe siyinhlanzi yasolwandle epipelagic echitha isikhathi esiningi sempilo yabantu abadala ukusuka ebusweni kuya ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-200. Yize bechitha isikhathi sabo esiningi beseduze nobuso bolwandle, kwesinye isikhathi bayangena emanzini ajulile lapho amazinga okushisa angafika ngaphansi kuka-8 ° C, yize izinga lokushisa lamanzi lapho izinhlanzi zizwa khona amabanga ajwayelekile ukusuka ku-25 ° kuya ku-30 ° C. Isikebhe sifuduka minyaka yonke siye ezindaweni eziphakeme, nasekwindla siye enkabazwe. Abantu abadala bavame ukuhlala ezifundeni ezisempumalanga kakhulu zolwandle i-Atlantic nePacific.
Isikebhe sidlani?
Isithombe: Inhlanzi yesikebhe
Isikebhe sikhula ngesivinini esikhulu, amaphiko aso omhlane asongwe maphakathi nokuphishekela inyamazane. Lapho izikebhe ezihlasela isikebhe sezinhlanzi, zisonga ngokuphelele umkhawulo wazo, zifike ngejubane lokuhlasela elingu-110 km / h. Ngokushesha nje lapho zisondela enyameni yazo, zijika ngokushesha izifutho zazo ezicijile bese zishaya inyamazane, ziyimangaza noma ziyibulale. Lesi sikebhe sizingela sodwa noma ngamaqembu amancane. Izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi ezidliwe yisikebhe semikhumbi zincike ekwabiweni kwendawo-yesikhashana kwabantu bayo abayizisulu. Izinsalela zama-cephalopods nemihlathi yezinhlanzi ezitholakala esiswini sazo ziphakamisa ukwenziwa ngokushesha kwemisipha ethambile.
Imikhiqizo ejwayelekile yesikebhe yile:
- umbumbulu;
- isardadi;
- izinhlanzi ezincane ze-pelagic;
- ama-anchovies;
- ingwane;
- inhlanzi iqhude;
- ama-crustaceans;
- umbumbulu;
- inhlanzi encane;
- i-sea bream;
- izinhlanzi ze-saber;
- i-caranx enkulu;
- umabhebhana.
Ukubuka okungaphansi kwamanzi kukhombisa ukuthi izikebhe zindiza ngesivinini esigcwele zingena ezikoleni zezinhlanzi, bese zibopha ibhande elibukhali futhi zibulala izinhlanzi lapho zingatholwa khona ngeziteleka ezisheshayo, bese zigwinya. Abantu abaningana bavame ukukhombisa ukusebenza kweqembu futhi basebenze ndawonye ekuzingeleni. Futhi bakha imiphakathi edla ukudla nezinye izilwane zasolwandle ezifana namahlengethwa, oshaka, i-tuna kanye ne-mackerel.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izibungu ezincane ze-fanfish zondla ikakhulukazi kuma-copepods, kepha njengoba usayizi ukhula, ukudla kushesha kushintshela kwizibungu nezinhlanzi ezincane kakhulu ngamamilimitha ambalwa ubude.
Ukulimala okubangelwa izinhlanzi ezihamba ngomkhumbi kubambezela ijubane labo lokubhukuda, izinhlanzi ezilimele zivame kakhulu ngemuva kwesikole kunezinhlanzi ezingaphelele. Lapho isikebhe sesikebhe sisondela esikoleni sardines, ama-sardine avamise ukujika ajikele kolunye uhlangothi. Ngenxa yalokhu, inhlanzi ehamba ngomkhumbi ihlasela isardard school ngemuva, ifaka engozini labo abangemuva.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isikebhe senhlanzi esheshayo
Zisebenzisa isikhathi sabo esiningi kumamitha ayi-10 aphezulu kukholamu yamanzi, izikebhe zasesikebhe kuyaqabukela zitshube ziye ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-350 zifuna ukudla. Bangabadli abangosomathuba futhi badla noma nini lapho kungenzeka. Njengezilwane ezifudukayo, izinhlanzi zikhetha ukulandela imisinga yolwandle enamanzi olwandle angaphezulu, okushisa kwawo kungaphezu kuka-28 ° C.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izikebhe zesikebhe ezivela esifundeni se-Indo-Pacific, ezimakwe ngamathegi ezinqolobane ezigciniwe ze-pop-up, zilandelwe zihamba ibanga elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-3,600 ukuzala noma ukufuna ukudla. Abantu babhukuda ezikoleni eziminyene, baklanywe ngosayizi njengezintsha, futhi bakha amaqembu amancane njengabantu abadala. Kwesinye isikhathi izikebhe zesikebhe zihamba zodwa. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi izikebhe zase-Indo-Pacific zondla ngamaqembu ngokobukhulu bazo.
I-seilfish iyabhukuda kokubili ukuhamba ibanga elide futhi ivame ukuhlala ngasogwini noma eduze kweziqhingi. Zizingela ngamaqembu ezilwane ezingafika ku-70. Konke ukuhlasela kwesihlanu kuphela okuholela ezimayini eziphumelelayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ziyanda izinhlanzi ezilimalayo, okwenza kube lula ukuzibamba.
I-seyili fin ivame ukugoqwa ngenkathi ibhukuda futhi iphakama kuphela lapho inhlanzi ihlasela isisulu sayo. Iseyili ephakanyisiwe inciphisa ukuzulazula kwekhanda, okungenzeka ukuthi lenze umlomo ovulekile ungabonakali kakhulu ezinhlanzini. Lelisu livumela izinhlanzi ezihamba ngomkhumbi ukuthi zibeke imilomo yazo eduze kwezikole zezinhlanzi, noma zize ziziphonse kuzo, ngaphandle kokuqashelwa isisulu, ngaphambi kokuzishaya.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Sailboat emanzini
Izikebhe zokuhamba ngomkhumbi zizala unyaka wonke. Abesifazane banweba i-dorsal fin yabo ukuheha abangaba ngabalingani. Abesilisa baqhuba imijaho yokuncintisana bencintisana nabesifazane, okugcina kuzala owesilisa onqobayo. Ngesikhathi sokuzala olwandle olusentshonalanga yePacific, isikebhe esingaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-162 ubude sisuka e-East China Sea sibheke eningizimu ye-Australia ukuze sizale. Kubonakala sengathi izikebhe ezisogwini lwaseMexico zilandela isotherm esingu-28 ° C ngaseningizimu.
E-Indian Ocean, kunokuhlobana okuphezulu nokusatshalaliswa kwalezi zinhlanzi nezinyanga zezimvula ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga, lapho amanzi efinyelela emazingeni okushisa afanele angaphezu kuka-27 ° C. Isikebhe sikasa unyaka wonke ezindaweni ezifudumele nezishisayo zolwandle, ngenkathi inkathi yazo enkulu yokuzala isehlobo ezindaweni eziphakeme. Ngalesi sikhathi, lezi zinhlanzi zingazala kaningana. Ubuningi besifazane bulinganiselwa kusuka emaqanda ayisigidi esingu-0.8 kuya kweziyi-1.6.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isikhathi esiphezulu sempilo yesikebhe seminyaka engu-13 kuye kwengu-15, kepha isilinganiso seminyaka yobudala bezinhlobo zokubanjwa yiminyaka emi-4 kuye kwemihlanu.
Amaqanda avuthiwe ayaguquka abe nobubanzi obungu-0.85 mm. Amaqanda aqukethe ibhola elincane lamafutha elinikeza umsoco kumbungu osakhulayo. Ngaphandle kokuthi izinga lokukhula kwezibungu lithonywe yisizini, izimo zamanzi nokutholakala kokudla, ubukhulu bezibungu ezisanda kuchanyuselwa kuvame ukuba nobude obuyi-1.96 mm chord, bukhuphukele ku-2.8 mm ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu kuze kufike ku-15.2 mm ngemuva kwe-18 izinsuku. Abasakhulayo bakhula kakhulu phakathi nonyaka wokuqala, nabesifazane bathambekele ekukhuleni ngokushesha kunabesilisa futhi bafinyelele ebusheni ngokushesha. Ngemuva konyaka wokuqala, amazinga okukhula ancipha.
Izitha zemvelo zezikebhe
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isikebhe
Isikebhe semikhumbi siyisidlidlizi esidliwayo, ngakho-ke, ukudalwa kwabantu ababhukuda mahhala balezi zinhlobo akuvamile. Zithinta kakhulu inani lezisulu endaweni evulekile yolwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi zisebenza njengabahlanganyeli bama-parasites ahlukahlukene.
Ngokuyinhloko izikebhe ezihamba ngoseyili zihlaselwa yi:
- oshaka (Selachii);
- imikhomo yokubulala (Orcinus orca);
- ushaka omhlophe (C. charcharias);
- abantu (Homo Sapiens).
Kuyinhlanzi ethengiswayo futhi ebanjiswa njenge-catch-catch ekubanjweni kwe-tuna emhlabeni jikelele. Izinhlanzi zibanjwa ngephutha ngabadobi bezentengiselwano ngamanethi akhukhulekayo, i-trolling, i-harpoon nenetha. Isikebhe semikhumbi sibalulekile njengenhlanzi yezemidlalo. Inyama ibomvu ngokumnyama futhi ayifani neze nemarlin eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ukudoba ezemidlalo kungadala ubungozi ezingeni lendawo, ikakhulukazi ngoba lolu hlobo lutholakala ngasogwini nasezizungeze iziqhingi.
Amanani aphakeme kakhulu okubanjwa kwezinhlanzi ezihamba ngomkhumbi atholakala oLwandlekazi lwePacific olusempumalanga ye-Central America, lapho lolu hlobo lusekela ukudoba kwezemidlalo okuyizigidi zamarandi (ukubamba nokudedelwa). Emkhakheni wezokudoba olayini kazwelonke eCosta Rica, izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi ziyalahlwa njengoba imboni yokudoba ivunyelwe ukuletha kuphela u-15% wokubanjwa okwenziwe ngesikebhe, ngakho-ke ukubamba kungenzeka kuncishiswe. Idatha yakamuva ye-catch-unit unit effort (CPUE) evela ezindaweni zokudoba eMelika Ephakathi iveze ukukhathazeka.
E-Atlantic Ocean, lolu hlobo lubanjwa ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokudoba ezide, kanye nakwezinye izinto zobuciko, okuwukuphela kwezindawo zokudoba ezinikezelwe olwandle, kanye nezokudotshwa kwezemidlalo ezahlukahlukene ezinhlangothini zoLwandle i-Atlantic. Ukusetshenziswa okukhulayo kwamadivayisi okubambelela (ama-FAD) ezimboni ezahlukahlukene zobuciko nezemidlalo kukhulisa ukuba sengozini kwalawa masheya. Izinhlobo eziningi zokuhlola zikhombisa ukudoba ngokweqile, ikakhulukazi empumalanga kunasentshonalanga ye-Atlantic Ocean.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isikebhe
Yize isikebhe sokudoba isikebhe sasikebhe sasingekho ohlwini lwasengozini ngaphambilini, iKhomishani Yezokudotshwa Kwezinhlanzi Zase-Indian Ocean ibheka ukuthi le mboni ayinayo imininingwane ngenxa yokwanda kwengcindezi yokudoba yizinhlobo zakhona. Lezi zinhlobo ezifuduka kakhulu zifakwe ku-Isithasiselo I kumhlangano we-1982 on the Law of the Sea.
Inani lesikebhe lisatshalaliswa olwandle. I-Atlantic Ocean inezinqolobane ezimbili zemikhumbi: eyodwa isentshonalanga ye-Atlantic kanti enye isempumalanga ye-Atlantic. Kunokungaqiniseki okukhulu ngesimo samasheya ase-Atlantic sailfish, kepha izinhlobo eziningi zinikeza ubufakazi bokudoba ngokweqile, nokuningi ngasempumalanga kunasentshonalanga.
I-Eastern Pacific Ocean. Izinhlanzi ezibanjiwe bezingazinzile kule minyaka eyi-10-25 edlule. Kunezimpawu ezithile zokwehla okwenziwe kwasendaweni. Inani eliphelele lezikebhe zokuhamba ngolwandle lingama-80% ngaphansi kwezinga le-1964 eCosta Rica, eGuatemala nasePanama. Usayizi wenhlanzi ye-trophy ungama-35% amancane kunakuqala. I-Western Central Pacific. Imininingwane yezinhlanzi ezihamba ngomkhumbi ngokuvamile ayiqoshwa, noma kunjalo, mhlawumbe akukho ukwehla okuphawulekayo.
I-Indian Ocean. Ukubanjwa kwezikebhe zesikebhe kwesinye isikhathi kuhlanganiswa nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi. Imininingwane ngezinhlobo ze-marvin kanye ne-seilfish zePacific yonke ayitholakali ngaphandle kwezibalo ze-FAO, ezingazisi ulwazi njengoba lezi zinhlobo zethulwa njengeqembu elihlanganisiwe. Kuke kwaba nemibiko yokwehla kwezibalo zemikhumbi eNdiya nase-Iran.
Isikebhe sokuhamba ngomkhumbi izinhlanzi ezinhle kakhulu okuyindebe ekhangayo yama-anglers asolwandle ajulile. Inyama yayo isetshenziselwa kabanzi ukwenza isashimi kanye ne-sushi. Ngasogwini lwase-USA, eCuba, eHawaii, eTahiti, e-Australia, ePeru, eNew Zealand, isikebhe esivame ukubanjwa endukwini ejikelezayo. U-Ernest Hemingway wayengumuntu othanda ukuzijabulisa okunjalo. E-Havana, umncintiswano waminyaka yonke wokudoba ubanjelwa ukukhumbula iHemingway. E-Seychelles, ukubamba izikebhe zesikebhe kungenye yezinto ezithandwa kakhulu izivakashi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 14.10.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 08/30/2019 ngo-21: 14
