I-Leech kungokwesigaba esigcwele sama-annelids asekilasini lezikelemu zebhande. Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo-ze edumile, i-leech akusiyona into yokuncela igazi engasetshenziselwa izinhloso zokwelashwa. Leech kuphela yeleech yezokwelapha, futhi kunezinye izinhlobo zazo ezingenakubalwa. Kodwa-ke, iningi labamele lesi sigaba esingaphansi lihlala emizimbeni yamanzi amasha ngokuhamba kancane noma, ngokujwayelekile, ngamanzi amile. Zimbalwa izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezikwazi ukuqonda ama-biotopes asemhlabeni nasolwandle. Namuhla, isayensi iyazi izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-500 zezinambuzane. Kulezi, izinhlobo ezingama-62 zitholakala endaweni yeRussian Federation.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Leech
Igama lesiRashiya elithi "leech" livela eProto-Slavic futhi ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "ukuphuza", elihambisana neqiniso ngangokunokwenzeka, ngoba lesi sibungu siyaphuza njalo. Noma usesimweni esiseduze nokugqwayiza okumisiwe - lapho kugcwele igazi - ngokwemvelo, uma singakhulumi ngalezo zinhlobo ezikhetha ukugwinya inyamazane encane. Ubude bomzimba bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinambuzane buhluka kusuka kumamilimitha amaningana kuya kumashumi amasentimitha. Uhlobo olukhulu kakhulu lwezinambuzane ngesiLatini lubizwa ngeHaementeria ghilianii (ubude bomzimba wale leech bufinyelela kuma-45 cm). Uhlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseNingizimu Melika.
Ingaphambili nangemuva ekugcineni komzimba walezi zimpethu kufakwe izinkomishi zokudonsa. I-anterior sucker yakhiwa ngokunwetshwa kwezingxenye ezi-4-5, ezingemuva - 7. Ngokunjalo, inamandla amakhulu kakhulu. I-anus itholakala ngaphezu kwe-sucker yangemuva. Emgodini womzimba, i-parenchyma igcwalisa isikhala. Iqukethe ama-tubules - ama-lacunae, izinsalela zalokho okuthiwa umgudu womzimba wesibili. Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi kuncishiswe kakhulu, indima yalo inikezwe uhlelo lwe-lacunar lwe-coelomic tubules.
Ividiyo: Leech
Isikhumba sakha i-cuticle, engenayo ngokuphelele i-parapodia futhi, ngokuvamile, yanoma iyiphi i-bristles. Isistimu yezinzwa icishe ifane naleyo yezikelemu ezinamafinyela amancane. Ngezansi kwesimungulu sangaphambili kunomlomo ovuleka ngawo umlomo uvule umphimbo. Esikhathini samathambo we-proboscis leeches, kungenzeka ukuhambisa i-pharynx ngaphandle.
Emihlathini, imihlathi emi-3 e-chitinous mobile izungeze umgodi womlomo - ngosizo lwabo, isibungu sinquma esikhunjeni. Ukuphefumula ezinhlotsheni eziningi zama-leech kwenzeka ngokuqina komzimba, noma kunjalo, ezinye izinhlobo zinezifo. Ukukhishwa kwenzeka nge-metanephridia. Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi lumelwe ngokwengxenye ngeyangempela, futhi ngokwengxenye yimikhumbi yemigodi, engakwazi ukugaya. Abizwa ngokuthi ama-sinus futhi amele okusele kwe-coelom.
Igazi elisemihlathini ye-proboscis alinawo umbala, futhi emihlathini libomvu, okuchazwa ngokuba khona kwe-hemoglobin encibilikiswe ku-lymphatic fluid. Izinhlayiya kuphela ezivela kuhlobo lweBranchellion ezinesistimu yokuphefumula egcwele - izitho zokuphefumula zisesimweni sezinsiza ezinjengeqabunga ezitholakala ezinhlangothini zomzimba.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Indlela i-leech ebukeka ngayo
Umzimba uvuleke kancane noma umise okweqanda, kuthe ngcí ethe njo enkonqeni yesisu. Kukhona ukwahlukana okucacile kwamasongo amancane, ngesigaba ngasinye samasongo ama-3-5 ahambelana nengxenye yokuqala yomzimba. Isikhumba siqukethe izindlala eziningi ezikhipha amafinyila. Ngaphambili kunezibuko zamehlo ezi-1-5, ezitholakala ngaphakathi noma ngokulandelana (omunye angasho - ngababili). Impuphu itholakala ohlangothini lomgogodla womzimba, eduze kwenkomishi yokudonsa ngemuva.
Isistimu yezinzwa imelwe yi-ganglion (i-ganglion) enezinhlangothi ezimbili enezinhlangothi ezimbili kanye ne-analogue yakudala yobuchopho, exhunywe kuyo ngokusebenzisa izifinyezo ezimfushane zeqembu le-subpharyngeal ganglion (zivela ezinhlakeni eziningana ezihlangene zochungechunge lwesisu). Futhi, ngokwemibandela yokusebenza, iketango lesisu uqobo lixhunywe nabo, elisendaweni yesisu segazi esiswini.
Iketanga lesisu linama-node angaba ngu-32. I-node yekhanda ibhekele ukugcinwa kwama-receptors, kanye nezitho zemizwa kanye nepharynx, namabili ama-2 wezinzwa zemithambo asuka eqenjini ngalinye lezinyawo zesisu. Bona, zona, zithatha izingxenye zomzimba ezihambisanayo. I-nerve longitudinal inesibopho sokugcina udonga lwamathumbu lwangaphansi. Inika amagatsha emasakeni angaboni emathumbu.
Ukwakheka kohlelo lokugaya lwakudala kuya ngohlobo lomsoco wesibungu. Isibonelo, ukuqala kwepheshana lesisu emathunjini kungamelwa ngomlomo (ngamacwecwe ama-chitinous serrated) ama-3 - emihlathini yomhlathi, noma nge-proboscis, ekwazi ukuphuma (emithonjeni ye-proboscis).
Isici esivamile sazo zonke izingcezwana ubukhona emgodini womlomo wezinhlayiya eziningi ezithambisa izinto ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi. futhi inobuthi. Ngemuva kwepharynx, esebenza njengepompo ngesikhathi sokumunca, kunesisu esisatshalaliswa kakhulu esinamasaka amaningi we-lateral (kungaba nama-11 ngazimbili), ngemuva kube okude kakhulu. I-hindgut imfishane futhi izacile.
Uhlala kuphi umhlonyane?
Isithombe: Leech eRussia
Yonke leeches (ngaphandle kokukhetha) yizilwane ezidla ezinye. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, zondla ngegazi. Ikhubaza kakhulu ezilwaneni ezinegazi elifudumele noma ama-molluscs, kepha imvamisa zidla ezinye izikelemu ziphelele. Ama-leeches (ikakhulukazi) abahlali bamanzi ahlanzekile, kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo zomhlaba ezihlala otshanini obumanzi (okungukuthi, izinhlobo zezinambuzane zomhlaba). Izinhlobo eziningana izinhlobo zasolwandle (Pontobdella).
I-leech yokwelapha edume kakhulu - iHirudo medicinalis. Isibungu singakhula size sifike ku-10 cm ubude no-2 cm ububanzi. Imvamisa iba mnyama nsundu noma imnyama-luhlaza ngombala; kunephethini eyindilinga eyindilinga ngemuva enombala obomvu. Isisu sinombala ompunga ngokukhanyayo, ngamehlo ombili ayi-5 atholakala kumasongo wesithathu, owesi-5 nowesi-8 nemihlathi eqinile ngokumangazayo. Ngokuphathelene nendawo okuhlala kuyo, leech yokwelapha, ingxenye enkulu yayo, ivame kakhulu emaxhaphozini aseningizimu yeYurophu, eRussia naseCaucasus.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-Aesculapian aseMexico asebenzisa enye i-leech - Haementaria officinalis. Inomphumela ofanayo, noma obonakala kakhulu emzimbeni womuntu.
Phakathi kwezinambuzane, kukhona nezinhlobo ezinobuthi, ukulunywa kwazo okuyingozi enkulu empilweni yomuntu nasempilweni. Isibonelo - N. mexicana, ohlala eMelika Ephakathi. Lokho okungukuthi, ngokungafani neech leech, yona, ngaphezu kwe-hirudin, ifaka izinto ezinobuthi emzimbeni wesilwane enamathiselwe kuso. Lokhu kumnika ithuba ngokuzayo hhayi kuphela ukujabulela ukunambitheka kwegazi lakhe, kepha nokuhlola ikhwalithi yenyama. Leech ingumdli ojwayelekile onganqikazi ukuzihlinzeka ngokudla ngale ndlela.
Ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Asia, emahlathini aswakeme nasemahlathini, enye, ingulube engeyona ingozi kangako ijwayelekile - iHirudo ceylonica nezinhlobo zayo ezihlobene kakhulu, ezibangela ubuhlungu lapho zilunywa. Ukopha okubangelwa nguye kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukuyeka. Ngakho-ke, ayisetshenziselwa izinjongo zokwelapha. ICaucasus neCrimea zinezinhlobo zazo zemifino. Isibonelo, i-Nephelis vulgaris yisibungu esincane esinomzimba omncane futhi omncane kakhulu. Umbala mpunga, kwesinye isikhathi kunephethini ensundu ngemuva. Ummeleli wesibili nguClepsine tessel ata, i-Tatar leech, isici esivelele somzimba obanzi futhi oval.
Kuyaphawuleka futhi ukuthi amaTatar ayisebenzisa ekwelashweni kwesintu, yize ama-hirudotherapists asemthethweni engakuboni ukusetshenziswa kwalolu hlobo lwezinambuzane. Kepha ezansi ezinodaka zeCaspian ne-Azov, i-leech yolwandle - u-Archaeobdella Esmonti uhlala. Lesi sibungu sinombala opinki futhi asinayo i-back sucker. Umhlonyane osenyakatho kakhulu, i-Acanthobdella peledina, utholakala emgodini weLake Onega.
Manje uyazi ukuthi leech itholakala kuphi. Ase sibone kutsi lesilwane sidlani.
Udliwa yini umhlonyane?
Isithombe: Leech ngokwemvelo
Ingxenye eyinhloko yemenyu ye-leech yigazi lama-vertebrate, kanye nama-mollusks nezinye izibungu. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, phakathi kwesigcwagcwa sezinambuzane kukhona nezinhlobo ezidlayo ezingondli egazini lezilwane, kepha zigwinya isisulu sonke (imvamisa ziyakwazi ukwenza lokhu ngesilwane esiphakathi nendawo - ngeke kube nzima ngisho nengwe encane kakhulu ukugwinya isibungu somiyane noma umhlonyane) ...
Ngaphezu kwalezi ezibalwe ngenhla, kunezinhlobo zezinambuzane ezinelisekile ngokunye ukudla. Ngenye indlela, ezinye izinhlobo zalezi zilwane "ezinesifiso sokudla" zidla igazi lama-amphibians futhi zize zitshale nokudla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukukhethekile kokudla okunomsoco kwakha isisekelo sokusetshenziswa kwabo kokwelapha. Kusukela ngeNkathi Ephakathi, i-hirudotherapy ibilokhu isenziwa kabanzi - ukwelashwa ngezinambuzane. Indlela yokusebenza kwezindlela zokwelapha zale nqubo ingachazwa ukuthi i-leech emunciwe ibanga ukuvela kokopha kwe-capillary yendawo, kuqede isiminyaminya semithambo futhi kuthuthukise ukuhanjiswa kwegazi kule ngxenye yomzimba.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokulunywa kwe-leech, izinto ezinomphumela wokubulala izinzwa nowokulwa nokuvuvukala zingena egazini. Ngakho-ke, i-microcirculation yegazi iyathuthuka, amathuba okuba ne-thrombosis anciphe, futhi i-edema iyanyamalala. Ngokufana nalokhu, kucatshangelwa umphumela we-reflexogenic ohlelweni lwezinzwa lomngcele. Futhi konke lokhu kungafinyelelwa ngenxa yomlutha we-leech wokudla igazi!
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Leech emanzini
Umuntu akanakunaka kuphela izici zendlela ama-leeches ahamba ngayo. Ekupheleni ngakunye komzimba we-leech, kunezinkomishi zokudonsa, lapho zingafakwa khona ebusweni bezinto ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Ukudonsa nokulungiswa okulandelayo kwenziwa nge-anterior end. I-leech ihamba ngokugoba ku-arc. Ngokufana nalokhu, ngeke kube nzima ukuthi i-leech ihambe kukholamu yamanzi - izikelemu ezimunca igazi ziyakwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha okukhulu, zigobele umzimba wazo kumagagasi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukucabangela izici ezihlukile zendlela yokuphila ye-leech, kwezokwelapha, ngaphambi kokuba ifakwe esigulini, izingulube ziyahlolwa bese ziphathwa ngama-reagents akhethekile - lokhu kunciphisa amathuba okuthi umuntu angenwe yizifo ezithathelwanayo. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokusetshenziswa, i-leech "esetshenzisiwe" kufanele isuswe ngokufaka i-tampon enotshwala ekugcineni kwekhanda. Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo ethandwayo, ukususa i-leech engadingeki ngeke kube nzima - kuzokwanela ukwengeza inani elincane likasawoti enkomishini yokudonsa, ezolungisa esikhunjeni.
Futhi, akumele sikhohlwe ukuthi izinhlayiya, ezihlasela umuntu, zibanga isifo esibizwa nge-hirudinosis. Ngokuvamile, izingulube zishiya isisulu sazo ngesikhathi sokugcwala, lapho isibungu sesiqala ukubona ukugcwala kwaso, okungasadingeki. Inqubo yokudla igazi ingamthatha kusuka emizuzwini engama-40 kuye emahoreni angu-3-4.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Leech
Zonke izinambuzane, ngaphandle kokukhetha, zingama-hermaphrodites. Ngasikhathi sinye, abantu ababili babamba iqhaza kwinqubo yokulingisa, befihla izinto zembewu. Ngaphambi kokubekwa kwamaqanda, i-organelle ekhethekile yomzimba wesibungu (ibizwa ngokuthi ibhande) ihlukanisa umfece wamafinyila, oqukethe i-protein albumin.
Ngenqubo yokwehlisa i-leech emzimbeni, amaqanda asevele avundiswa (okuthiwa ama-zygotes) angena kumfece kusuka ekuvuleni kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane. Ngemuva kwalokho, ishubhu le-mucous liyavala futhi lenze igobolondo elivikela ngokuthembekile imibungu nemibungu emisha esanda kuzalwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-albhamuin iwumthombo wokudla onokwethenjelwa kubo. Izitho zobulili zabesilisa zimelwe ama-testicles vesicles, atholakala ngababili ezigabeni eziphakathi nendawo zomzimba ezi-6-12 futhi axhunywe ngomsele wokukhipha ohlangothini ngalunye lomzimba.
Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, cishe alukho ushintsho olwenzeka ngezinambuzane. Bagcina umbala nosayizi wabo, abafuduki futhi bangenzi lutho oluzokwenza ucabange ngempilo yokufuduka kanye nesidingo sokuhamba ukuze ube nenzalo.
Izitha zemvelo zeminyundu
Isithombe: Indlela i-leech ebukeka ngayo
Ithathwa njengezitha eziyinhloko zomuthi wokwelapha wezinhlanzi ezidlayo kanye ne-desman efakwe ohlwini lweRed Data Book, kepha le nkolelo iyaphikisana ngokuyisisekelo. Eqinisweni, manje izitha zemvelo eziyingozi kakhulu zemikhono akuzona izinhlanzi, hhayi izinyoni, futhi ngokuqinisekile aziyisi-desman, ezijabulela ngokudla izikelemu ezimunca igazi, kodwa ngenxa yesibalo sazo esincane, azikwazi ngisho nokubasongela. Ngakho-ke, okokuqala, izinhlayiya kudingeka zixwaye iminenke. Yibo ababhubhisa kakhulu izingulube ezingakazalwa, ngaleyo ndlela banciphisa kakhulu inani labo labantu.
Yebo, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ezihlala osebeni lwemifula ezinamanzi ahamba kancane namachibi zizingela ngenkani izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini, kufaka phakathi izingwe. Kancane kancane, izibungu ezimunca igazi ziba ukudla kwezinyoni. Kodwa izinambuzane zasemanzini ezidla ezinye kanye nezibungu zazo zivame ukuzitika ngezimbuzane. Isibungu se-dragonfly nesiphazamisi, esibizwa ngokuthi ufezela wamanzi, sihlasela kakhulu izingulube, abancane nabadala, abantu abavuthiwe ngokocansi.
Ngenxa yalokho, umphumela wokuqoqwa kwazo zonke lezi zakhamuzi zamachibi wamanzi angenasawoti kuholela ekwehleni okusheshayo kwenani labantu leech yezokwelapha, esetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ngisho nasemikhakheni yokwelashwa yanamuhla yezifo eziningi. Kungakho abantu baqala ukulufuya ngokungelona iqiniso. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela ayixazululi inkinga ngo-100% - izinambuzane neminenke nazo ziqala kumadamu okufakelwa, ajwayele ukuqeda izingwe, anganaki nakancane ukubaluleka kwawo kubantu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-leech yezilwane
Kukhona umbono wokuthi ukulondolozwa kwabantu bezinhlobo ze-leech yezokwelapha kuqinisekiswa kuphela ngezindlela zokufakelwa - ngenxa yokuthi izinombolo zayo zisekelwa ngabantu, bahlakulela emithonjeni yemvelaphi eyenziwe ngabantu. Izici ezikhawulela kakhulu zihlala zinguquko kuzimpawu ze-hydrological kanye ne-biocenotic echibini ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu ye-anthropogenic (yezomnotho).
Kepha ngaphandle kwazo zonke izinyathelo ezithathiwe, inani le-leech lokwelapha labuyiselwa kancane kuphela ngemuva kokuthi liqale ukulinywa ezimweni zokufakelwa. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, into ebekhawulela kakhulu ukubanjwa kwalezi zibungu ngabantu - izingulube zanikelwa kakhulu ezikhungweni zezokwelapha ukuze zithole izinzuzo ezibonakalayo.
Isimo sezinhlobo zesigaba 3 1. Lokho wukuthi, umhlonyane wezokwelapha uyinhlobo engavamile. Isimo eRussian Federation. Ingaphansi kokuvikelwa ezifundeni zaseBelgorod, Volgograd, eSaratov. Isimo samazwe omhlaba. Lezi zinhlobo zibhalwe ohlwini lwe-IUCN Red List. Ngokuqondile - 2 Isithasiselo II ku-CITES, uhlu olubomvu lwamazwe aseYurophu. Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-leech okwelapha - okutholakala emazweni aseNingizimu. EYurophu, eningizimu yeThafa laseRussia, kanye naseCaucasus kanye nasemazweni ase-Asia Ephakathi. Esifundeni saseVoronezh, uvame ukubona i-leech yezokwelapha emadamini ezifunda zaseNovousmanskiy naseKashirskiy.
Okuwukuphela kohlobo lwazo zonke izingwegwe inani lazo, ngokwesigaba sesimanje, esesigabeni esithi "sisesimweni esibucayi" sengozini ngokuKhulu. Mayelana nokuvikelwa kwezinambuzane, iqoqo lezinyathelo lifanele kuphela maqondana nemikhonto yezokwelapha, futhi ukuze kugcinwe inani labantu, abahlinzeki balezi zimpethu banqume ukuzala izikelemu ezimunca igazi ezimweni zokufakelwa.
I-Leech, njenge-subclass, ifaka izibungu eziningi, kepha akuzona zonke ezondla igazi lomuntu nelesilwane. Izingulube eziningi zigwinya isisulu sazo siphelele, futhi azikhubazi izinkomo nezinye izilwane ezingenayo inhlanhla yokungena echibini lamanzi angenasawoti elihlala izingcezane. Futhi lokhu ngaphandle kokuthi azikho izilwane ezidla imfuyo phakathi kwabo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 02.10.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 03.10.2019 ngo-14: 48
