I-Pika Isilwane esincelisayo esincane, esinemilenze emifushane futhi esingenamsila esihlala ezintabeni zasentshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika kanye nase-Asia. Naphezu kobukhulu bawo obuncane, ukuma komzimba nezindlebe eziyindilinga, ama-pikas awawona amagundane, kepha abamele abancane kunabo bonke bama-lagomorphs, ngaphandle kwalokho leli qembu limelelwa onogwaja nonogwaja (umndeni wonogwaja).
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Pikukha
Ama-pikas anamagama amaningi ajwayelekile, iningi lawo asebenza kumafomu noma ezinhlotsheni ezithile. Amagama egundane onogwaja kwesinye isikhathi ayasetshenziswa, yize ipika kungelona igundane noma unogwaja. Igama lohlobo luvela ochodona baseMongolia, kanti igama elithi "pika" - "pika" - livela kubantu "be-piika" baseTungus, isizwe esisuka enyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia.
I-pike ukuphela kohlobo lohlobo lomndeni we-Leopard olungenazo ezinye izinguquko ezikhethekile zamathambo ezitholakala kuma-hares kanye nonogwaja (umndeni wonogwaja), njengekhakhasi eli-convex kakhulu, ukuma kwekhanda okume mpo, imilenze yangemuva eqinile nebhande le-pelvic, nokwandiswa kwezitho.
Ividiyo: Pikukha
Umndeni wama-pikas wahlukaniswa ngokusobala kwamanye ama-lagomorphs ekuqaleni kwe-Oligocene. I-pike iqale ukuvela embhalweni wezinsalela zePliocene eMpumalanga Yurophu, e-Asia nasentshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika. Imvelaphi yayo mhlawumbe yayise-Asia. NgePleistocene, i-pika yatholakala empumalanga ye-United States nasentshonalanga eYurophu njengeBrithani.
Lokhu kusabalala okusabalele kwalandelwa umkhawulo webanga lawo lamanje. I-fossil pika eyodwa (uhlobo lwe-Prolagus) ngokusobala yayihlala ezikhathini zomlando. Izinsalela zakhe zitholakale eCorsica, eSardinia naseziqhingini ezincane ezingomakhelwane. Phambilini, kwakutholakala izinto ezimbiwa phansi ezwenikazi lase-Italy. Kubonakala sengathi yayisekhona kuze kube yiminyaka engu-2 000 eyedlule, kepha yaphoqeleka ukuthi inyamalale, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokulahleka kwendawo nokuncintisana kanye nokudla okwenziwe izilwane.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani ipika
Izinhlobo ezingama-29 zama-pikas zifanelana ngokumangazayo ngobukhulu bomzimba nangesikhundla sazo. Uboya bazo bude futhi buthambile futhi imvamisa buba nsundu ngombala, yize ezinye izinhlobo zibomvu ngokugqamile ngombala. Ngokungafani nonogwaja nezidleke, izitho ezingemuva zama-pikas azide kakhulu kunalezo zangaphambili. Izinyawo, kufaka phakathi amathe, zigcwele izinwele, izinzwane ezinhlanu ngaphambili nezine ngemuva. Iningi lama-pikas anesisindo esiphakathi kuka-125 no-200 amagremu futhi angaba ngu-15 cm ubude.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isilinganiso sokufa kwaminyaka yonke sama-pikas sisukela ku-37 kuye ku-53%, nokufa okuhlobene nobudala kuphezulu kakhulu ezinganeni ezineminyaka engu-0 kuye ku-1 futhi zisuka eminyakeni emi-5 kuye kwengu-7. Ubudala obukhulu bama-piki endle nasekuthunjweni yiminyaka engu-7, kanti isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwendle endle yiminyaka emithathu.
Ezingxenyeni ezithile zebanga labo, abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane, kepha kancane kuphela. Umzimba wazo u-ovoid, unezindlebe ezimfushane, i-vibrissae ende (40-77 mm), izitho ezimfushane futhi awukho umsila obonakalayo. Izinyawo zazo zangemuva zimiswe ngokwamadijithi, zinezinzwane ezine (uma ziqhathaniswa nezinhlanu ezingaphambili) futhi ziba nobude obusuka ku-25 kuye ku-35 mm.
Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bavuleke nge-pseudoclacal okumele ivulwe ukuveza ipipi noma i-clitoris. Abesifazane banezindlala eziyisithupha zamabele ezingakhulisi ngesikhathi sokuncelisa. Ama-pikas anezinga lokushisa lomzimba eliphezulu (isilinganiso esingu-40.1 ° C) kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu abulalayo (isilinganiso esingu-43.1 ° C). Banesilinganiso esiphakeme semethabolic, futhi i-thermoregulation yabo iyindlela yokuziphatha kunokuziphatha komzimba.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Umbala woboya be-pika uyashintsha ngesizini, kepha ugcina umbala omhlophe ebusweni besisu. Ebusweni obusemhlane, uboya busukela kokumpunga kuya kusinamoni onsundu ehlobo. Ebusika, uboya babo bangemuva buba mpunga futhi buphindwe kabili kunombala wasehlobo.
Izindlebe zazo ziyindilinga, zimbozwe izinwele ezimnyama ngaphakathi nangaphandle, futhi zihlotshiswe ngezimhlophe. Izinyawo zazo zimbozwe kakhulu izinwele, kufaka phakathi amathe, ngaphandle kwamaphakethe amancane amnyama angenalutho ekugcineni kwezinzwane. Ukhakhayi lwawo luyindilinga kancane, lunendawo eyisicaba, ebanzi yezinhlanga ezehlukene.
Ihlala kuphi ipika?
Isithombe: Pikukha eRussia
I-pike ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinezintaba ezindaweni eziphakeme. Izinhlobo ezimbili zihlala eNyakatho Melika, ezinye zitholakala ikakhulu e-Asia Ephakathi. Ezingu-23 zazo zihlala ziphelele noma ziyingxenye eChina, ikakhulukazi ethafeni laseTibetan.
Kunezinhlayiya ezimbili zemvelo ezihluke ngokuphelele ezihlala ama-pikas. Abanye bahlala kuphela ezinqwabeni zamadwala (i-talus) ephukile, kanti abanye bahlala emadlelweni noma emaqeleni lapho bakha khona imisele. Izinhlobo zaseNyakatho Melika kanye nengxenye yezinhlobo zase-Asia zihlala ezindaweni ezinamadwala futhi azibhodli. Esikhundleni salokho, izidleke zazo zenziwa zashona ngaphansi kwesigaxa sezintaba ezihlangana nezimfunda eziphakeme noma ezinye izimila ezifanele.
Le pike itholakale e-Alaska nasenyakatho yeCanada kuma-nunataks angawodwa (amawa noma iziqongo ezizungezwe izinguzunga zeqhwa) eKluane National Park. Wabuye wabonwa ngamamitha ayi-6,130 emithambekeni yamaHimalaya. I-pike esatshalaliswa kakhulu, i-pika esenyakatho, isuka e-Urals iye ogwini olusempumalanga yeRussia naseHokkaido Island enyakatho yeJapan. Yize i-pika esenyakatho ithathwa njengenhlobo ejwayelekile ehlala ku-talus, ibuye ihlale ezindaweni ezinamadwala emahlathini e-coniferous, lapho igobhoza khona ngaphansi kwezingodo neziqu eziwile.
Manje uyazi lapho ipika itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi igundwane lidlani.
Idlani ipika?
Isithombe: Rodent pika
I-pike iyisilwane esidla imifino ngakho-ke inokudla okususelwa kuzimila.
I-pika iyisilwane esishintshayo futhi idla lokhu kudla okulandelayo ngesikhathi sasemini:
- utshani;
- imbewu;
- ukhula;
- ikhakhasi;
- amajikijolo.
Ama-pikas adla ezinye zezitshalo zabo ezivuniwe zintsha, kepha eziningi ziba yingxenye yezimpahla zabo zasebusika. Iningi lehlobo labo elifushane lichithwa ukuqoqa izitshalo ukudala ama-haystacks. Lapho isitolo sefula sesiphelile, baqala esinye.
Ama-pikas awafihli ubusika bonke, futhi ayizilwane ezidla inyama ejwayelekile. Lapho iqhwa lizungeze imvelo yabo (njengoba kujwayele ukwenzeka), bakha izinqolobane zezimila, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-hayfields, ukuhlinzeka ngokudla ebusika. Isimilo sesimo sama-pikas amatshe ehlobo ukuhamba kwabo okuphindaphindiwe emadlelweni aseduze kwethalasi ukuqoqa izitshalo ngotshani.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Enye yezindaba ezivame ukuphindaphindwa kodwa ezilahlekisayo ukuthi ama-pikas abeka utshani bawo ematsheni ukuze ome ngaphambi kokuwugcina. Ama-pikas maningi amathuba okuthi athwale ukudla kwawo aqonde kufulawa uma kungaphazanyiswa.
Njengamanye ama-lagomorphs, ama-pikas enza i-coprophagy ukuze athole amavithamini nezakhi ezengeziwe zokudla okusezingeni eliphansi. Ama-pikas enza izinhlobo ezimbili zento engamanzi: i-pellet eyindilinga eqinile kanye nentambo ethambile ecwebezelayo (i-pellet eyimpumputhe). I-Pika isebenzisa indle ye-caecal (enamandla aphezulu nokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni) noma ukuyigcina ukuze isetshenziswe kamuva. Cishe kungama-68% kuphela wokudla okudliwayo okumuncwayo, okwenza ama-cecal pellets abe yingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwepika.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Pika isilwane
Izinga lokuziphatha komphakathi liyahlukahluka ngezinhlobo zama-pikas. Ama-pikas edwala ahlala nabantu futhi ahlala ezindaweni ezinesikhala esinezinhlobonhlobo, ezinamakha. Bayazisana ngobukhona babo, imvamisa benza izingcingo ezimfushane (imvamisa "enk" noma "eh-ehh"). Ngakho-ke, ama-pikas ahlala edwaleni ayakwazi ukulandelela omakhelwane bawo ngokuhlangana ngqo nabo kanye noma kabili ngosuku. Ukuhlangana okunjalo kuvame ukuholela ekuhlukunyezweni okunolaka.
Ngokuphikisana nalokho, ama-pikas agqobayo ahlala emaqenjini emindeni, futhi la maqembu ahlala futhi avikele indawo efanayo. Ngaphakathi kweqembu, imibuthano yokuzijabulisa miningi futhi ngokuvamile inobungani. Ama-pikas abo bonke ubudala nabobulili bobabili angakwazi ukuzilolonga, asule amakhala, noma ahlale eceleni. Ukuhlangana okunolaka, imvamisa ngesimo semisebenzi emide, kwenzeka kuphela lapho umuntu ovela kwelinye iqembu lomndeni ephula insimu yelinye.
Ama-pikas abilayo nawo anomlando omkhulu kakhulu wezwi kunama-rock pikas. Eziningi zalezi zingcingo zikhombisa ukuhlangana emaqenjini omndeni, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezinsizwa ezivela kudoti olandelanayo noma phakathi kwabesilisa nabancane. Onke ama-pikas akhipha ama-alamu amafushane lapho ebona izidlo. Abesilisa benza ucingo olude noma ingoma ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.
Ngokungafani nonogwaja nezidleke, ama-pikas ayasebenza emini, ngaphandle kwama-pikas asemini asebusuku. Iningi lezinhlobo ze-alpine noma ze-boreal, ama-pika amaningi aguqulelwa impilo ezimweni ezibandayo futhi awakwazi ukubekezelela ukushisa. Lapho amazinga okushisa ephezulu, anciphisa imisebenzi yabo ekuseni nakusihlwa.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Steppe pika
Kukhona umehluko phakathi kwama-pikas wedwala nokugqobhoza, okusebenza futhi ekukhiqizweni kwawo. Ama-pikas amatshe ngokuvamile akhiqiza udoti ababili kuphela ngonyaka, futhi, njengomthetho, munye kuphela olunyulwa ngempumelelo. Udoti wesibili uthathwa njengempumelelo kuphela lapho inzalo yokuqala ifa ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Ubungako bakadoti babantu abaningi abahlala ezintabeni buphansi, kepha ama-pikas agqobayo angaveza udoti omkhulu othile isizini ngayinye. I-steppe pika ibikwe ukuthi inodoti ofika kuma-pups ayi-13 futhi izala kuze kube kahlanu ngonyaka.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwepikas siqala ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJulayi. Bangazala kabili ngonyaka kuye ngendawo yabo. Isikhathi sokumitha sithatha izinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu (inyanga eyodwa). Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesilisa nabesifazane bama-pikas ezindaweni ezihlukile babizana futhi bakhe isibopho sokubhangqa.
Ama-pikas asebenzisa umkhondo womchamo kanye nendle lapho ebeka amakha. Ukumakwa kwesihlathi okutholwe kwizindlala zezithukuthuku ze-apocrine kusetshenziselwa ukuheha abalingani abangaba khona kanye nokuchaza izindawo. Zijwayelekile kwabobulili bobabili abahlikihla izihlathi emadwaleni. Ngesikhathi sokuzala noma lapho uhlala endaweni entsha, ama-pikas agcoba izihlathi zawo ngokuvama okwandayo. Umchamo nendle kuvame ukufakwa kufula njengophawu lobunikazi.
I-pika yesifazane iyakwazi ukukhiqiza amalitha amabili ngonyaka, kepha imvamisa yinye kuphela eholela ezinganeni eziphumelelayo. Insikazi izala ingane e-1 kuye kwezi-5 ngemuva kokumitha isikhathi esingangenyanga. Lapho izingane zikhule ngokwanele ukuba zikwazi ukuzimela, zivame ukuhlala eduze kwabazali bazo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Abancane bathembele ngokuphelele kunina okungenani izinsuku eziyi-18. Zikhula ngokushesha futhi zifinyelela usayizi wabantu abadala lapho zinezinyanga ezintathu kuphela ubudala. Insikazi igxilisa amawundlu emasontweni angama-3-4 ngemuva kokuzalwa.
Izitha zemvelo zama-pikas
Isithombe: Pikukha
Yize i-pika ihlala ezifundeni lapho kunezinye izilwane ezimbalwa ezikhona, inezilwane eziningi ezidlayo, ikakhulu ngenxa yobuncane bayo. U-Weasel uyisidlakela esiyinhloko sama-pikas, kanye nezinyoni ezidla inyama, izinja, izimpungushe namakati. Ama-pika afihlwe ngokulingene futhi, lapho kutholakala umhlaseli, akhipha isignali ye-alamu eyazisa umphakathi wonke ngobukhona bawo. Izingcingo ze-alamu zikhishwa kaningi ezilwaneni ezincane, ngoba izidalwa ezincane zingazijaha ngezikhathi ze-talus.
Izilwane ezincane ezidliwayo zakhiwa ama-weasel anomsila omude (Mustela frenata) kanye ne-ermine (Mustela erminea). Izilwane ezinkulu ezinjengama-coyotes (ama-Canis latrans) nama-American martens (iMartes Americana) zinekhono kakhulu ekuthatheni izingane ezingasheshi ngokwanele ukugwema. Izinkozi zegolide (i-Aquila chrysaetos) nazo zondla ama-pikas, kepha umthelela wazo mncane.
Ngakho-ke, izidumbu ezidumile zama-pikas yilezi:
- ama-coyotes (Canis Latrans);
- i-weasel enomsila omude (Mustela frenata);
- i-ermine (Mustela erminea);
- AmaMartens aseMelika (iMartes Americana);
- izinkozi zegolide (Aquila chrysaetos);
- izimpungushe (Vulpes Vulpes);
- oklebe abasenyakatho (Accipiter gentilis);
- oklebe ababomvu (Buteo jamaicensis);
- ama-steppe falcons (Falco mexicanus);
- Amagwababa ajwayelekile (Corvus corax).
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani ipika
Kunokwehluka okuphawulekayo phakathi kwama-pikas ahlala ezindaweni ezinamadwala nalezo ezihlala ezindaweni ezivulekile. Abahlali bamadwala ngokuvamile baphila isikhathi eside (kuze kube yiminyaka eyisikhombisa) futhi batholakala ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu, futhi abantu babo bavame ukuzinza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-pikas abhodlayo akuvamile ukuthi aphile isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, futhi amanani awo eguquguqukayo kakhulu angaba izikhathi ezingama-30 noma ngaphezulu. Lezi zinhlobo eziminyene ziyahlukahluka kakhulu.
Iningi lama-pikas ahlala ezindaweni eziqhelelene nabantu, kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobuningi obukhulu obutholwa ngamanye ama-pikas agqobayo, athathwa njengezinambuzane ethafeni laseTibetan, lapho kukholakala ukuthi anciphisa ukudla kwemfuyo futhi alimaze amadlelo. Ukuphendula, izinhlaka zikahulumeni waseChina zabufaka ubuthi ezindaweni eziningi ezinkulu. Ukuhlaziywa kwakamuva, nokho, kukhombisile ukuthi leyo mizamo yokulawula ingahle ibe namaphutha, njengoba i-pika iyinhlobonhlobo yezinto eziphilayo esifundeni.
Ama-pikas amane ase-Asia - amathathu eChina, elilodwa eRussia naseKazakhstan - abhalwe njengezilwane ezisengozini. Omunye wabo, i-Kozlova pika (O. koslowi) waseChina, ekuqaleni waqoqwa ngumhloli wamazwe waseRussia uNikolai Przhevalsky ngo-1884, futhi kwathatha iminyaka engaba yikhulu ngaphambi kokuba iphinde ibonwe. Akukona nje ukuthi lolu hlobo lubonakala luyivelakancane, kepha lungaba sengozini yokufaka ushevu njengengxenye yemizamo yokulawula ehlose ama-pikas.
Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kusongela ikusasa lalezi zinhlobo ngoba azibekezeleli ngokomzimba amazinga okushisa aphezulu futhi ngoba indawo ehlala kuyo iya ngokuya ingafaneleki. Ngokungafani nezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zasendle, ezihambisa amabanga azo ngasenyakatho noma ngaphezulu ngokusabela ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu, ama-pikas awanandawo angaya kuyo. Kwezinye izindawo, lonke inani lama-pika selivele lanyamalala.
Ukuvikelwa kwama-pikas
Isithombe: Pikukha ovela eRed Book
Kuma-pika subspecies angamashumi amathathu nesithupha aziwayo, ayisikhombisa afakwe ohlwini lwabasengozini kanti eyodwa ngu-O. P. ama-schisticeps afakwe kuhlu njengengcuphe. Ama-subspecies ayisikhombisa asengozini (O. Goldmani, O. Lasalensis, O. Nevadensis, O. Nigrescens, O. Obscura, O. Sheltoni no-O. Tutelata) batholakala eGreat Basin futhi njengamanje babhekene nezinsongo ezinkulu eziholele ukuqothulwa kwendawo.
Usongo olukhulu kuma-pikas, ikakhulukazi eGreat Basin, mhlawumbe kungukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni, njengoba kuzwela kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ama-pikas angafa kungakapheli ihora uma izinga lokushisa elizungezile likhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-23 ° C. Abantu abaningi kulindeleke ukuthi bathuthele enyakatho noma bathuthele ezindaweni eziphakeme. Ngeshwa, ama-pikas awakwazi ukuguqula indawo yawo yokuhlala.
Izinhlangano ezahlukahlukene ziphakamise ukubeka ama-pikas ngaphansi kwesivikelo se-Endangered Species Act. Izixazululo ezingaba khona zokunciphisa inani labantu bendawo zingabandakanya izinguquko zomthetho ukunciphisa ama-causative agents of global warming, ukuqwashisa, ukukhomba izindawo ezintsha ezivikelwe nokuziletha kabusha ezindaweni lapho zibhujiswe khona.
I-Pika Ingabe isilwane esincelisayo esincane esitholakala kuyo yonke iNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Namuhla emhlabeni kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-30 zama-pikas. Yize ibukeka njengamagundane, i-pika empeleni ihlobene kakhulu nonogwaja nezidleke. Zivame ukukhonjwa ngomzimba wazo omncane, oyindilinga kanye nokushoda komsila.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: Septhemba 28, 2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 27.08.2019 ngo-22: 57
