Uma ngaphambili mpunga wayedotshwa ngenkuthalo, khona-ke kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ngenxa yokwehla kwenani labantu, amazwe amaningi aqala ukubeka imingcele. UGreyling uthanda ukuhlala emanzini asheshayo futhi apholile, ngakho-ke iningi labo liseRussia, futhi litholakala kakhulu emifuleni emincane. Zibanjwa unyaka wonke, okuhle kakhulu uma zikhuluphele emva kobusika.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Grayling
Ama-Proto-fish avele eMhlabeni kudala kakhulu - eminyakeni engaphezulu kwengxenye yezigidigidi eyedlule, eyenzelwe imisebe, efaka i-grayling, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-420 edlule. Kodwa lezo zinhlanzi zazicishe zingafani nezanamuhla, kanti inhlanzi yokuqala, engakhonjwa okhokho abaseduze bokumpunga, yavela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi seCretaceous - laba ngabamele bokuqala bohlelo lwe-herring.
Kwakuvela kubo ukuthi, maphakathi nesikhathi esifanayo, kwavela ama-salmonid, futhi izimpunga zazivele zingezabo. Yize isikhathi sokubukeka kuze kube manje sisungulwe ngokwethiyori kuphela (noma kunjalo, kwaqinisekiswa yizifundo zofuzo) ngoba ukutholwa kwezinhlanzi zasendulo kakhulu kulo myalelo cishe kuyiminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-55 ubudala, okungukuthi, sekuvele kungokwesikhathi se-Eocene.
Ividiyo: Mpunga
Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo phakathi kwama-salmonids kwakuphansi; amashumi eminyaka ambalwa, izinsalela zawo zanyamalala ngokuphelele. Kwabe sekufika isikhathi sezinguquko zezulu, ngenxa yalokho ukucaca kwama-salmonids kwaqina - lokhu kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-15-30 edlule. Bese kuthi izinhlobo zanamuhla ziqale ukuvela.
Kulezi zinsuku, imindeni emithathu ihlukaniswa phakathi kwama-salmonid, kufaka phakathi i-grayling. Ukwehlukaniswa kwabo kwenzeke phakathi nenkathi yokucaca okusebenzayo, ngemuva kwalokho ukuphuma kwempunga kwase kuvele kwavela ngokwehlukana. Ukumpunga kwanamuhla kwavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isikhathi esiqondile asikasungulwa. Kuchazwe ngo-1829 nguJ. de Cuvier, waqanjwa ngesiLatin Thymallus.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ukubukeka kwempunga kubukeka kanjani
Ubukhulu nesisindo sempunga kuncike ezinhlotsheni zaso. Ngakho-ke, iYurophu ingenye enkulu kunazo zonke, ikhula kuze kufike ku-40-50 cm, abanye abantu baze bafike ku-60. Isisindo singafinyelela ku-3-4 kg, noma ngisho no-6-6.7 kg. Kodwa-ke, imvamisa isencane ngandlela thize, futhi nezinhlanzi ezineminyaka engu-7-10 iminyaka ngokuvamile azidluli ku-2.5 kg.
Okokuqala, lapho ubheka le nhlanzi, ukunakwa kudonswa umphetho wayo omkhulu we-dorsal, ongakwazi ukwelulela ekugcineni kwe-caudal kwabesilisa. Ngenxa yalesi siphetho, kunzima kakhulu ukudidanisa impunga nenye inhlanzi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uma kungabesifazane noma ihlala ngokulingana okufanayo kulo lonke ubude bayo, noma yehla kancane ibheke emsileni, ukuphakama kwabesilisa kukhuphuka ngokusobala. Umsila uvame ukuhlotshiswa ngamabala noma ngemivimbo: amabala abomvu, angaba mncane noma abe makhulu, azungeze noma angapheli. Imivimbo ivela ngemibala ehlukahlukene, imvamisa imnyama, i-lilac noma iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Abamele bezinhlobo zaseYurophu bakhulu kunabanye futhi abanamabala amancane.
Ukupunga kubhekwa njengenhlanzi enhle. Umbala womzimba ungahluka kakhulu: kukhona abantu abampunga nge-tinge eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, noma ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, onsundu, i-lilac, onamabala kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, umbala wenhlanzi uba ocebile. Yimuphi umbala oyotholwa yinhlanzi onqunywa hhayi kuphela ngezakhi zofuzo, kodwa nangomzimba wamanzi ahlala kuwo. Lokhu kuphawuleka kakhulu esibonelweni sezinhlobo zaseSiberia: abantu abahlala emifuleni emikhulu banombala okhanyayo, futhi labo abathanda imifula emincane kunabo bumnyama kakhulu.
Izinga lokukhula kwezinhlanzi lincike ekutheni kunokudla okungakanani okuzungezile, ikakhulukazi elikhula ngokushesha emifuleni emikhulu esimweni sezulu esipholile, lithole u-2-3 kg noma nangaphezulu ngonyaka wesishiyagalombili noma weshumi wokuphila. Ezindaweni eziphezulu, azikhuli kahle, futhi ukubamba impunga enesisindo esingu-1.5 kg sekuvele kube yimpumelelo enkulu, kaningi kuncane kakhulu. Usayizi we-grayling futhi uncike kwezinye izinto eziningi. Isibonelo, kusukela ekukhanyeni okukhulu elikutholayo, liyini izinga lokushisa kwamanzi nokugcwala kwalo komoya-mpilo, nakwabanye. Uma izimo zokuphila zimbi, i-grey ingalinganisa ngisho amagremu angama-500-700 eneminyaka engu-7-8.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Emachibini asezintabeni aseSiberia kukhona okumpunga okuncane, kuhlala umbala ofanayo nowalowo othosiwe - kokubili owabo nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yabo. Ziyakhanya kakhulu futhi zinemivimbo emnyama ezinhlangothini.
Uhlala kuphi umpunga?
Isithombe: Kumnyama emanzini
Ukumpunga kwe-Europe kungatholakala emifuleni eminingi ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zase-Europe, yize inani labantu lehle kakhulu, futhi kweminye yemifula lapho yayihlala khona, ayisekho lapho. Umngcele osentshonalanga wokusatshalaliswa kwawo useFrance, kanti owasempumalanga use-Urals.
Uhla lwezinhlobo zaseMongolia lincane, luhlala kuphela emachibini aseMongolia hhayi kude nasemngceleni walo eRussia. Ngasenyakatho kwalo nasempumalanga yeYurophu, izimpunga zaseSiberia zihlala. Ububanzi bokudla kwayo okuningana kudlulela cishe kuyo yonke ingxenye yase-Russia yaseRussia.
Ngakho-ke, le nhlanzi isabalele engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Eurasia, ehlala cishe kuyo yonke indawo enesimo sezulu esipholile, futhi itholakala nase-Arctic Circle. Kukhona futhi i-American grayling (i-subspecies yaseSiberia): itholakala eNyakatho Melika, nasemifuleni engxenyeni esempumalanga ye-Eurasia.
Le nhlanzi ingahlala emifuleni eyisicaba nasemaweni asezintabeni, yize ithanda eyokugcina, ivame ukutholakala nasemifudlaneni emikhulu - into esemqoka ukuthi kugeleza kuyo amanzi ahlanzekile napholile. Futhi yageleza ngokushesha: imfucumfucu yothando lwamanzi acebile oksijini futhi ivame ukuhlala eduze nemifantu.
Awawathandi amanzi afudumele, ngakho-ke angatholakala kaningi kakhulu emachibini - kepha ayatholakala kuwo. Zingaphila kuze kufike ku-2,300 m; Bayakwazi ukuhlala hhayi emanzini ahlanzekile ahlanzekile kuphela, kodwa futhi nasemanzini abunjiwe: babanjwa ezingxenyeni zemifula emikhulu yaseSiberia, kepha zigcinwa ngaphezulu, lapho amanzi aseduze nokusha khona.
Manje uyazi lapho i-grayling itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi le nhlanzi idlani.
Kudlani okumpunga?
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ezimnyama
Ukudla okuyimpunga kufana nokwamanye ama-salmon ahlala emifuleni.
Kubandakanya:
- izinambuzane nezibungu zazo;
- izibungu;
- izimbaza;
- inhlanzi kanye gazinga;
- caviar.
Uma izimpukane ze-caddis zihlala echibini, khona-ke ukumpunga kuncike kakhulu kuzo: zingakha izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zemenyu yazo. Ngokuvamile, le nhlanzi ingabizwa ngokuthi i-omnivorous, kunzima ukuthola izilwane ezingenabo ubuthi nezincane ngokwanele ukuthi ingavuma ukuyidla.
I-Grayling iyakwazi ukudla ngisho nama-crustaceans amancane kakhulu, futhi adliwa yibo bobabili othosiwe nabakhulu babo, nezinhlanzi ezingaphansi kancane kwabo. Lezi yizilwane ezizingelayo eziyingozi ngempela, eduze nalapho noma iyiphi inhlanzi kufanele ibe buthakathaka ekuqapheni kwabo, futhi kungcono ukubhukuda ngokushesha - i-grayling ingahlasela ngokungalindelekile ngokuphelele.
Kusukela ohlangothini olumpunga, kukhona nosongo kumagundane azama ukubhukuda awele umfula omncane noma umfula, futhi ngesikhathi sokufuduka bavame ukwenza lokhu. Ngakho-ke, lezi zinhlanzi zingabanjwa ngegundane: zikhonkotha kahle amagundane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Njengamanye ama-salmonid, ziyathutha - entwasahlobo zikhuphukela emfuleni, kwesinye isikhathi zibhukuda ziye emithanjeni, lapho zikhuluphele khona zizale, ekwindla ziyashelela. Umehluko ukuthi phakathi nalokhu kufuduka, ukuphuma kwezimpunga akuhlanganisi amabanga abalulekile: imvamisa ababhukudi ngaphezu kwamashumi amakhilomitha amaningi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Mpunga ehlobo
Bakhetha ukuhlala bodwa, futhi okungajwayelekile kakhulu ukuthi uma cishe zonke izinhlanzi okungenani ekuqaleni bezigcina emihlambini, khona-ke ngisho nezimpunga ezisencane sezivele zihlala ngazinye. Kusekhona okuhlukile: kwesinye isikhathi lezi zinhlanzi ziwela phansi zibe ngamaqembu abantu abayisithupha kuya kwayi-12, kepha lokhu kwenzeka kuphela ezimweni lapho kungekho zindawo ezinhle ezanele emifantwini yabo bonke.
Ngakho-ke, emifuleni enabantu abaningi abampunga, imihlambi enjalo ingafinyelela kweshumi noma ngamakhulu abantu: lokhu kuvame ukubonwa, ngokwesibonelo, eVishera. Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe i-grayling kufanele ihlale eqenjini, akukho buhlobo obukhethekile obusungulwe ngaphakathi kwayo, bamane bahlala eduze komunye nomunye. Bazingela kusihlwa nasekuseni, bathanda isikhathi esinjalo sosuku lapho kungekho langa elishisayo, kepha hhayi mnyama kakhulu. Lesi sikhathi sithathwa njengesihle kakhulu sokudoba, ikakhulukazi kusihlwa, njengoba inhlanzi inyukela phezulu ukuyodla izinambuzane ezindizela emanzini kusihlwa.
Ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, babhukuda baye kozala, kanti abantu abasha bavuka ngokushesha emfuleni bayokondla. Ngemuva kokuzala, wonke umuntu uqala ukukhuluphalisa amanoni, ngakho-ke kufika isikhathi esihle kakhulu sokudoba i-grayling, futhi ihlala kuze kube phakathi nasekwindla: ezinyangeni zamuva nje, izinhlanzi zimnandi kakhulu, zilungele ubusika. Lapho amakhaza ekwindla eqala, ibuyela emuva, ishibilika iye ezansi, lapho ifukamela khona ubusika. Lapho kubanda kuhamba kancane, kepha kuyaqhubeka nokondla, ngakho-ke kungabanjwa ebusika. Le nhlanzi iyaqaphela, inamehlo amahle nokuphendula, ngakho-ke akulula ukuyibamba.
Kepha kukhona ukuhlanganisa kulokhu: awudingi ukuhlala endaweni eyodwa isikhathi eside ulinde ukusabela. Uma impunga iseduze, bazobona isisulu kahle futhi, uma kungekho okudidayo, ukuluma kufanele kulandele ngokushesha. Uma engekho, khona-ke azikho izinhlanzi, noma kukhona angakuthandi. I-Grayling iyaqaphela, ngakho-ke, lapho usebenzisa izithiyo zokufakelwa, kubalulekile ukusetha lezo ezilingisa izinambuzane ezindiza ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka nakulezi zikhathi, noma ukuthosa okuhlala eduze. Ngaphandle kwalokho, awukwazi ukuthembela empumelelweni yokudoba, izinhlanzi ezisolisayo ngeke zithathe isicupho.
Imvamisa, ungahlangana nezimpunga kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- kuma-rapids nakuma-rapids;
- ekujuleni;
- eduze kwezithiyo zemvelo;
- ezansi, ecebile ngemigodi;
- kuma-rapids eduze kwejet enkulu.
Okukhethwa kakhulu kubo yimifantu enomsinga osheshayo, ngoba amanzi akhona apholile futhi ahlanzekile. Akufanele ubheke le nhlanzi emifuleni ejulile lapho kushisa, ngaphandle kwasebusika. Emachibini amancane, i-grayling itholakala ngasogwini, emikhulu ibhukuda yaya kuyo kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzingela.
Kufanele kube nezindawo zokukhosela eduze kwekamu elimpunga: kungaba yizinkuni noma amatshe ezansi komfula, izitshalo, nokunye okunjalo. Kepha ukwelula kuyadingeka eduze nendawo yokukhosela: indawo ebonakala kahle lapho i-grayling izofuna khona inyamazane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-grayling
Ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokuzala, akukho ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlanzi, zihlala futhi zizingele ngokwehlukana. Abesifazane bavuthwa ngokocansi beneminyaka emibili, nabesilisa kuphela lapho beneminyaka emithathu.
Izinhlanzi ziyahamba zizala lapho amanzi efudumala okungenani ama-degree ayi-7-8 enyakatho aze afike kuma-9-11 degrees eningizimu. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli noma ngoMeyi ezindaweni eziseningizimu, futhi ngoJuni kuphela ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. Ukuzalela kwenzeka emanzini angajulile: ukujula kufanele kube phakathi kuka-30-70 cm, ngenkathi inhlanzi izama ukuthola indawo enesihlabathi.
Insikazi ibeka amaqanda hhayi kangako uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlanzi: ebangeni elisuka emaqanda angama-3 kuye kwizinkulungwane ezingama-35. Njengoba kunikezwe amaphesenti amancane okusinda kwabo, impunga ayizali kahle kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukubamba kwabo kufanele kulawulwe ngokuqinile.
Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, umhlana omkhulu wesidoda awudingeki nje kuphela ukuheha ukunakwa kwabesifazane, yize nawo wenza lo msebenzi: usiza nezinhlanzi ukuthi zenze umsele wamanzi, ngenxa yokuthi umsinga awuhambisi ubisi isikhathi eside futhi amaqanda amaningi ayavuthwa.
Lapho insikazi iqeda ukuzala, amaqanda ayacwila phansi, kuthi owesilisa afafaze isihlabathi, lapho yena, uma enenhlanhla, ehlala izinsuku eziyi-15-20 ezilandelayo. Indawo yokukhosela enjalo yenza ukuthi kube nesizathu esikhulu sokuthemba ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi akekho ozomthinta kunalokho uma ebhukuda ngokukhululeka, kepha kaningi kakhulu ezinye izinhlanzi zisayithola futhi ziyidle.
Izitha zemvelo zokupunga
Isithombe: Ukubukeka kwempunga kubukeka kanjani
I-Grayling iyinhlanzi enkulu, ngakho-ke azikho izidumbu emifuleni ezingamzingela ngokuhlelekile, kepha-ke, angaba sengozini yezinye izilwane ezinkulu. Okokuqala, lezi ziyi-pike ne-taimen - lezi zinhlanzi zingasusa kalula ngisho nempunga yabantu abadala futhi ziyidle.
Ezinqolobaneni lapho zingekho khona, izimpunga ngokwazo ziba phezulu kochungechunge lokudla, futhi yizilwane ezizingelayo ezihlala ngaphandle kwamanzi ezingabasongela. Okokuqala, lo ngumuntu, ngoba impunga yaziswa kakhulu, futhi badotshwa ngenkuthalo endaweni lapho kuvunyelwe khona - futhi lapho kungavunyelwe khona, kukhona nabazingeli abazingelayo ngokwanele.
Abantu bayingozi kakhulu ekumpimpeni, inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlanzi ezindala lihlupheka ngokunembile ngenxa yazo. Kepha futhi izingelwa izinyoni, ngokwesibonelo, odibanisi kanye namakhosi, izilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo zasemanzini ezinjenge-beavers noma ama-otter - zombili zazo zibamba izinhlanzi ezincane, umuntu omdala uvame ukuba mkhulu kakhulu kuzo.
Ama-Lxxes, izimpungushe ze-arctic, amabhere ayakwazi ukubamba isisindo esigcwele, kepha akwenza njalo, ikakhulukazi ondla ezinye izilwane kunokudoba. Ngakho-ke, kubantu abadala emvelweni kunezingozi ezincane kakhulu, ezilwaneni ezisencane kunezinsongo eziningi kakhulu, kepha okubi kakhulu ukuthosa.
Izinhlanzi eziningi nezinyoni ezincane ziyazizingela, futhi azikwazi ukuzivikela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emavikini ambalwa okuqala, bangadlana. Ngenxa yalokhu, yingxenye encane kuphela yamafry esinda kuze kube sezinyangeni ezintathu, ngemuva kwalokho izinsongo kubo ziya ngokuya zincipha.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kwesinye isikhathi impunga ayilindi ukuthi inyamazane iwele emanzini yodwa, kodwa igxume iphume emva kwayo iye ekuphakameni okungama-50 cm - imvamisa le yindlela ababamba ngayo omiyane abandiza phansi emanzini. Ngakho-ke, kusihlwa kulula kakhulu ukubona lapho kuneziningi zazo futhi ungaqala ngokuphepha ukudoba.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ezimnyama
Ikhulu leminyaka elidlule liye laba nokuncipha okuqhubekayo kwenani labantu. Ngenkathi kusenele, futhi impunga ayithathwa njengohlobo olusengozini yokuqothulwa, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zayo zivikelekile kwamanye amazwe. Ngakho-ke, i-grayling yaseYurophu iyinhlanzi evikelekile eJalimane, e-Ukraine, eBelarus nakwezinye izifunda zaseRussia.
Inani lale nhlanzi eYurophu lehle kakhulu kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule, ikakhulu ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Ukubanjwa okuqondile kufanele kusolwe ngalokhu, futhi ikakhulukazi ukungcola kwamanzi emifula. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, inani labantu abampunga emifuleni yaseYurophu baqala ukusimama, futhi izindlela zokuvikelwa kwalo zibe nomthelela.
Inani lempunga yaseSiberia nalo lehle kakhulu kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule. Izici ziyefana, yize kushiwo okuncane. Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwehla okuqhubekayo kwenani lezinhlanzi, emazweni lapho zithathwa khona ngaphansi kokuvikelwa, kuthathwa izinyathelo ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, eRussia kunezindawo ezivikelekile lapho izinhlanzi zivikeleke khona ngokucophelela - ngokwesibonelo, kukhona indawo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo eVishera, lapho kukhona khona ikakhulukazi ukupunga okumpunga. Futhi-ke kunzima kakhulu ukuvikela izinhlanzi endaweni enkulu kangaka, ngakho-ke abazingeli abangekho emthethweni bayaqhubeka nokudala umonakalo omkhulu kubantu.
Ukukugcina, ukukhiqizwa kokuzenzela kubalulekile, okusungulwe emazweni amaningi aseYurophu. ERussia, ngale ndlela kwacutshungulwa impunga yaseMongolia, nasezingxenyeni zaseYurophu zezwe, ukuzalanisa kwenziwa eLake Ladoga.
Mpunga esivele icishe yaphela emifuleni yaseYurophu, isiphetho esifanayo sehlela ezinye izifunda zaseRussia. Ukumisa le nqubo, kuyadingeka ukuthatha izinyathelo zokugcina inani labantu kanye nokuzalanisa okwenziwayo - kuyasiza ukugcina nokukhulisa inani elikhulu kakhulu lefry kunezimo zemvelo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 09/21/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 17
