Isihlangu (I-Triopsidae) uhlobo lohlobo lwama-crustaceans amancane avela ku-suborder Notostraca. Ezinye izinhlobo zibhekwa njengezinsalela eziphilayo, umsuka wazo owabuyela emuva ekupheleni kwesikhathi seCarboniferous, okuyiminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-300 eyedlule. Kanye nezinkalankala zamahhashi, i-shchitni yizinhlobo zasendulo kakhulu. Babekhona Emhlabeni kusukela ngesikhathi sama-dinosaurs, futhi abakaze bashintshe nakancane kusukela lapho, ngaphandle kokwehla kosayizi. Lezi yizilwane ezindala kunazo zonke ezikhona namuhla.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Shchiten
I-suborder Notostraca ifaka umndeni owodwa i-Triopsidae, kanye nemikhakha emibili kuphela - iTrops kanye neLepidurus. Ngawo-1950, kwatholakala izinhlobo ezingama-70 zamabhungane. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-putative zichazwa ngokususelwa ekuhlukeni kwe-morphological. Kwakunokubuyekezwa okubili okubalulekile kokuhlukaniswa komndeni - iLinder ngo-1952 kanye neLonghurst ngo-1955. Babuyekeza ama-taxa amaningi futhi bakhomba izinhlobo eziyi-11 kuphela esizindeni sesibili. Le taxonomy yamukelwe amashumi eminyaka futhi yathathwa njengemfundiso.
Ividiyo: Shchiten
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ucwaningo lwamuva nje olusebenzisa i-phylogenetics yamangqamuzana lukhombisile ukuthi izinhlobo eziyishumi nanye njengamanje ezihlonishwayo zigcina imiphakathi ehlukanisiwe ngokuzala.
Isihlangu kwesinye isikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi "ifosili ephilayo", ngoba izinsalela ezingaphansi kwe-suborder zazitholakala emadwaleni enkathi yeCarboniferous, endaweni ethile, eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-300 eyedlule. Olunye uhlobo olukhona, isihlangu se-crustacean (T. cancriformis), luhlala lungashintshi kusukela esikhathini seJurassic (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-180 edlule).
Kunezinsalela eziningi zezihlangu ebangeni lediphozithi yokwakheka komhlaba. Ukungabikhona kwezinguquko ezibucayi ezenzeka emndenini eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-250 zokuba khona kwalezi zilwane kusikisela ukuthi ama-dinosaurs nawo abonakala ngale ndlela yamahawu. IKazachartra yiqembu elingasekho, elaziwa kuphela kusuka kumathambo we-Triassic neJurassic avela eNtshonalanga neChina naseKazakhstan, lihlobene kakhulu namaShield futhi lingahle libe ngele-oda i-Notostraca.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani i-shiten
Izihlangu zingu-2-10 cm ubude, zine-carapace ebanzi engxenyeni engaphambili nesisu eside, esincanyana. Lokhu kwakha ukwakheka okufana nofeleba. I-carapace isicwecwe i-dorso-ventrally, ibushelelezi. Ingaphambili lifaka ikhanda, namehlo amabili anamadwala atholakala ndawonye ekhoneni lekhanda. Ama-antenna amabili ancishiswe kakhulu, futhi ama-pair wesibili kwesinye isikhathi awabi bikho ngokuphelele. Izikhala zomlomo ziqukethe izimpondo ezinegatsha elilodwa futhi ngaphandle kwemihlathi.
Uhlangothi lwe-Ventral lwe-scutellum olubonisa kuze kube ngamabili wemilenze engama-70. Isigaxa siqukethe inani elikhulu "lamasongo omzimba" abukeka njengezingxenye zomzimba, kepha awakhombisi njalo ukwehlukaniswa okuyisisekelo. Amasongo okuqala ayishumi nanye omzimba akha i-ribcage futhi aphethe imilenze emibili, ngayinye enakho nokuvula izitho zangasese. Kwensikazi, iyashintsha, yakhe i- "brood sac". Umbhangqwana wokuqala noma owodwa wemilenze wehlukile kokunye futhi mhlawumbe usebenza njengezitho zomqondo.
Zonke izingxenye zakha umgodi wesisu. Inani lamasongo omzimba liyahlukahluka ngaphakathi kohlobo oluthile naphakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, futhi inani lamabhangqa emilenze ngendandatho yomzimba ngamunye lingafika kwayisithupha. Imilenze iba mincane kancane esiswini, kanti ezigabeni zokugcina ayisekho ngokuphelele. Isisu siphela ku-telson kanye namabili amagatsha amade, amancane, ahlanganisiwe. Ukuma kuka-telson kuyahlukahluka phakathi kwale mikhakha emibili: eLepidurus, ukuqagela okuyindilinga kudlulela phakathi kwama-caudal ramuses, kanti e-Triops akukho ukuqagela okunjalo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ezinye izinhlobo zinamandla okuphenduka zibe bomvana uma inani elikhulu le-hemoglobin likhona egazini lazo.
Umbala wesihlangu uvame ukuba nsundu noma mpunga ophuzi. Ohlangothini olusondelene nesisu, isilwane sinezinhlayiya eziningi ezincane ezinjengezinwele (cishe ezingama-60), ezihamba ngesigqi futhi zivumele umuntu ukuthi aqondise ukudla emlonyeni. Abesilisa nabesifazane bayehluka ngosayizi nobukhulu be-morphology. Eziduna zivamise ukuba ne-carapace ethe xaxa futhi zibe nezimpondo zesibili ezinkudlwana ezingasetshenziswa njengezihlanganisi ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane banesikhwama samaqanda.
Manje uyazi ukuthi isihlangu sibukeka kanjani. Ake sibone ukuthi le crustacean itholakala kuphi.
Uhlala kuphi uShield?
Isithombe: Shiten ejwayelekile
Isihlangu sitholakala e-Afrika, e-Australia, e-Asia, e-Ningizimu Melika, e-Europe (kufaka phakathi i-UK), kanye nezingxenye zeNyakatho Melika lapho isimo sezulu sifanele khona. Amanye amaqanda ahlala engathintekile eqenjini langaphambilini futhi achamisele lapho imvula imanzisa indawo yawo. Lesi silwane sishintshe ngomoya ophansi ukuba sibe khona kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Itholakala eziqhingini eziningi ezisePacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean.
Indawo yokuhlala yesihlangu itholakala:
- I-Eurasia, izinhlobo ezi-2 zihlala lapho yonke indawo: I-Lepidurus apus + Triops cancriformis (isihlangu sehlobo);
- IMelika, izinhlobo ezifana noTriops longicaudatus, Triops newberryi, nezinye ziye zalotshwa;
- E-Australia, kunama-subspecies amaningana akuyo yonke indawo, ngaphansi kwegama elihlanganisiwe elithi Triops australiensis;
- I-Afrika, yaba likhaya lezinhlobo - Triops numidicus;
- izinhlobo ze-Triops granarius zikhethe iNingizimu Afrika, iJapane, iChina, iRussia ne-Italy. Izihlangu zitholakala emhlabeni wonke emanzini angenasawoti, amachibi abilayo, noma amanzi anosawoti, kanye nasemachibini angajulile, ezindaweni eziphithizelayo nasezintabeni. Emasimini elayisi, i-Triops longicaudatus ibhekwa njengesilokazane ngoba iphuzisa indle, ivimbela ukukhanya ukuthi kufinyelele kuzithombo zerayisi.
Ngokuyisisekelo, izihlangu zitholakala ezansi kwemizimba yamanzi afudumele (ngokwesilinganiso i-15 - 31 ° C). Baphinde bathande ukuhlala emanzini ane-alkaline ephezulu futhi abakwazi ukubekezelela i-pH engaphansi kwe-6. Amachibi amanzi abahlala kuwo kufanele agcine amanzi inyanga yonke futhi angabi nezinguquko ezinkulu zokushisa. Emini, izihlangu zitholakala enhlabathini yedamu noma ebugqineni bayo, ngokumba nokuqoqa ukudla. Bavame ukungcwaba ngodaka ebusuku.
Yini edliwa isihlangu?
Isithombe: Isihlangu seCrustacean
Izihlangu zingama-omnivorous, futhi ziyabusa njengezidalwa ku-niche yazo, zidla zonke izilwane ezincane kunabo. Abantu bavame ukukhetha i-animal detritus kune-plant detritus, kepha bazokudla bobabili. Izibungu zezinambuzane, kanye ne-zooplankton ehlukahlukene, nakho kuyisihloko semikhawulo yabo yokudla. Bakhetha izibungu zomiyane kunezinye izibungu zezinambuzane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uma kushoda ngokudla, ezinye izinhlobo zentshebe ezidla abantu ngokudla izingane noma ngokusebenzisa izinqubo zazo zokuhlunga ukudla emlonyeni wazo. Izinhlobo ze-thrips longicaudatus zikwazi kakhulu ukuhlafuna izimpande namaqabunga ezitshalo ezihlumayo njengelayisi.
Ngokuyinhloko, izivikelo zingezansi, zifuna phansi emhlabathini zifuna ukudla. Ziyasebenza ubusuku nemini, kepha ukuthola isikhathi esinezithelo badinga ukukhanyisa. Kuyenzeka ukuthi izihlangu ziphezulu kwamanzi, zijike zibhekiswe phansi. Akucaci ukuthi yini ethonya lokhu kuziphatha. Umbono wokuqala wokushoda komoya-mpilo awukaqinisekiswa. Ukuziphatha okufanayo kubonakala ku-shtitrai emanzini agcwele umoya-mpilo. Mhlawumbe, ngale ndlela isilwane sizifunela ukudla, amagciwane aqoqwe ngaphezulu.
Amanye amabhaktheriya angama-parasitic ohlobo lwe-Echinostome asebenzisa i-T. Longicaudatus njengomzimba ophethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezelwa izakhamzimba ezingaphezulu ngenxa yokumba njalo kwale crustacean endaweni engaphansi echibini nokukhulisa inzika. UShitney waziwa ngokunciphisa kakhulu ubukhulu bezinambuzane ngokudla izibungu zabo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Summer Shield
Izihlangu ziyizinhlobo ezihlala zodwa; abantu bazo batholakala ngokwehlukana ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zemizimba yamanzi. Lokhu kungenxa yezinga eliphakeme lesidalwa elenzeka uma liseqenjini elikhulu. La ma-crustaceans amancane asebenzisa ama-appendages abizwa ngama-phyllopods ukuzihambisa phambili emanzini. Zihamba njalo usuku lonke futhi zitholakala zintanta kukholamu lamanzi.
La ma-crustaceans anama-exopod evumela ukuthi akwazi ukumba odakeni ayofuna ukudla. Basebenza kakhulu emini. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi ama-shtitters anganciphisa amazinga we-metabolic ngezikhathi lapho ukudla kuyindlala noma lapho ezinye izimo zemvelo zingezinhle. Bachitha njalo, ikakhulukazi bechitha igobolondo labo eliminyene ekuqaleni kwempilo yabo.
Kungenzeka basebenzise amehlo abo ukukhomba ukudla kanye nabalingani abangaba khona (uma ukuzala kwenzeka ngokocansi). Ngemuva kwamehlo kukhona isidumbu, isitho se-occipital, okungenzeka ukuthi sisetshenziselwa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, okungukuthi, ekuboneni izikhuthazi zamakhemikhali ngaphakathi komzimba noma emvelweni.
Izihlangu zinempilo emfushane, zombili endle nasekuthunjweni. Isikhathi sabo sokuphila endle siyizinsuku ezingama-40 kuya kwezingama-90, ngaphandle kwalapho umzimba wesikhashana wamanzi usoma ngokushesha. Ekuthunjweni, ingaphila ngokwesilinganiso kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-70 kuye kwezingu-90.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Pair of shield
Ngaphakathi kwe-suborder Notostraca, futhi naphakathi kwezinhlobo, kukhona umehluko omkhulu kwimodi yokuzalanisa. Abanye abantu bazala ngokocansi, abanye bakhombisa ukuzithwala kwabesifazane, kanti abanye bangama-hermaphrodites ahlanganisa abesilisa nabesifazane. Ngakho-ke, imvamisa yabesilisa kubantu iyahluka kakhulu.
Kubantu bezocansi, isidoda sishiya umzimba womuntu ngezimbobo ezilula, nomthondo ungekho. Ama-cysts akhululwa ngowesifazane bese ephathwa esikhwameni semifantu esifana nesitsha. Ama-cysts agcinwa ngabesifazane isikhathi esifushane ngaphambi kokubekwa, kanti izibungu zikhula ngqo ngaphandle kokudlulela esimeni sokuguquka komzimba.
Insikazi igcina amaqanda esikhwameni seqanda amahora amaningi ngemuva kokukhulelwa. Uma izimo zivuma, owesifazane ubeka amaqanda / ama-cyst amhlophe ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene ezikhona echibini. Uma izimo zingavumi, insikazi iguqula amaqanda ukuze angene esimweni sokulala futhi ngeke achamisele kuze kube yilapho izimo sezingcono. Kunoma ikuphi, isigaba sokuqala sesibungu ngemuva kokufakwa yi-metanauplii (isigaba se-crustacean larval).
Kulesi sigaba sokuqala, anombala osawolintshi futhi anezimbili ezintathu zemilenze neso elilodwa. Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa, zilahlekelwa yisikhukhula sazo futhi i-telson iqala ukuba yiplankton. Ngemuva kwamanye amahora ayi-15, lesi sibungu siphinde silahlekelwe yisikhubekiso saso bese siqala ukufana nesicoco somuntu omdala sesihlangu.
Inzalo yentsha iyaqhubeka nokuncibilika futhi ivuthwe ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezizayo. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyisikhombisa, i-crustacean ithatha umbala nokwakheka komuntu omdala futhi ingabeka amaqanda ayo ngoba ifinyelele ekuvuthweni okuphelele kobulili.
Izitha zemvelo zamahawu
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani i-shiten
La ma-crustaceans amancane angumthombo wokudla oyinhloko wezinyoni zamanzi. Izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni zidla ama-cysts nabantu abadala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaxoxo asemahlathini, nezinye izinhlobo zamaxoxo, kuvamise ukuzingela amasokisi. Ngezinye izikhathi lapho ukudla kuyindlala, lawa ma-crustaceans angaphendukela ekudleni komuntu.
Ukuze kuncishiswe ukudliwa kwe-intraspecific, ama-scutellids ajwayele ukuba nesizungu, angakhonjwa kakhulu futhi angabonakali kangako kuneqembu elikhulu. Umbala wazo onsundu usebenza njengokuzifihla, uhlangana nendle ezansi echibini lawo.
Izilwane eziyinhloko ezizingela shitty yilezi:
- izinyoni;
- amaxoxo;
- inhlanzi.
Izihlangu zibhekwa njengabantu abambisene nabantu ngokumelene neWest Nile Virus, njengoba zidla izibungu zomiyane weCulex. Zisetshenziswa futhi njengezikhali zebhayoloji eJapan ngokudla ukhula emadlelweni elayisi. T. cancriformis isetshenziswa kakhulu kule nhloso. E-Wyoming, ukutholakala kwe-T. Longicaudatus kuvamise ukukhombisa ithuba elihle lokuthi amaqanda aqanduselwe.
Imfanzi ethengiwe ivame ukugcinwa kuma-aquariums futhi yondle ngokudla okuqukethe ikakhulu izaqathe, ama-pellets ama-shrimp nezimfanzi ezomisiwe. Kwesinye isikhathi zondliwa ngemfene ephilayo noma i-daphnia. Njengoba bengadla cishe noma yini, bayaphakelwa ukudla kwasemini okujwayelekile, ama-crackers, amazambane, njll.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Shchiten
Akukho okusongela inani labantu base-shtitney. Ziyizakhamizi zasendulo zeplanethi yoMhlaba futhi kule minyaka edlule ziye zajwayela ukuhlala ezimweni ezingezinhle kakhulu. Ama-cyst Shield ahamba amabanga amade ngezilwane noma ngumoya, ngaleyo ndlela enweba ububanzi bawo futhi avimbele ukuvela kwabantu abangabodwa.
Lapho kufika izimo ezikahle, kuphela ingxenye yama-cysts wabantu eqala ukukhula, okwandisa amathuba abo okusinda. Uma abantu abadala abathuthukile befa bengashiyanga nzalo, ama-cysts asele angazama ukuqala kabusha futhi. Ama-cysts omisiwe wezinhlobo ezithile ze-bullhead athengiswa kuzikiti zokuzalisa njengezilwane ezifuywayo zasemanzini.
Phakathi kwabathanda i-cyst, okuthandwa kakhulu yilawa:
- Izinhlobo zaseMelika - T. longicaudatus;
- EYurophu - T. cancriformis
- O-Australia - T. australiensis.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezithunjwa zifaka phakathi i-T. newberryi ne-T. granarius. Amafomu abomvu (ama-albino) ajwayelekile phakathi kwabathandi futhi asephenduke amaqhawe wamavidiyo amaningi we-YouTube. Izihlangu azithobeki kokuqukethwe. Into esemqoka okumele bayikhumbule ukuthi badinga isihlabathi esihle njengenhlabathi, futhi abadingi ukubekwa nezinhlanzi, ngoba bangadla izinhlanzi ezincane, kanti ezinkulu zizodla zona.
Isihlangu - izilwane ezindala kunazo zonke, esikhathini seTriassic ezafinyelela ubude bamamitha amabili. Emizimbeni emikhulu yamanzi, abe yingxenye ebalulekile yochungechunge lokudla. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi bangalimaza izinhlanzi ezithosiwe nezincane, kanye namanye ama-crustaceans.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 12.09.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 13
