I-Vendace Ingabe yinhlanzi yesalmon ejwayelekile enyakatho yeYurophu. Kuyisilwane esinezici zezinhlanzi ze-pelagic: umhlathi ongezansi we-convex nomzimba omncane onomnyama omnyama, isiliva nomhlophe emaceleni, emaceleni nasemaceleni we-ventral, ngokulandelana. Enye inkambiso ejwayelekile ye-pelagic ye-vendace yindlela yokuziphatha yokuhamba mpo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ryapushka
Ilungu lomndeni wama-salmon, i-vendace (i-Coregonus albula) iyinhlanzi encane yamanzi angenasawoti etholakala ikakhulu emachibini aseNyakatho Yurophu naseRussia, kanye naseLwandle iBaltic. IVendacea iyinhlobo ebalulekile yezinhlanzi zamanzi angenasawoti kanye nezokudoba zasolwandle eGulf of Bothnia (enyakatho yeBaltic Sea) naseGulf of Finland. Imifino yethulwe ezinhlelweni ezingezona ezomdabu emazweni amaningi.
Abanye babo bahlole izinguquko kubantu bekoloniyali futhi babona ukwehla kokutholakala kokudla. Iningi lezingeniso liphathelene nokugcinwa ngamasheya ngamabomu kanye nemvelo yasemanzini ukukhulisa amandla okudoba emanzini angenasawoti. Ukusungulwa nokusatshalaliswa okulandelayo kuncike kuzimpawu zohlelo lokusingathwa kwemvelo futhi kungaqhutshwa ukwakhiwa kwamadamu.
Ividiyo: Ryapushka
Kunezibonelo eziningi zokuqaliswa, ikakhulukazi eYurophu ngaphakathi kobubanzi bezindawo zemakethe yasendaweni. Abathengisi bakhona nasezindaweni ezikude njengaseMaine, e-USA naseKazakhstan. ENorway, ama-fry-reared fry afakwa ngamabomu emachibini amaningi phakathi kuka-1860 no-1900. Emacaleni abhalwe ayi-16, elilodwa kuphela eliphumelele. Ngenkathi ezinye izingeniso ziphumelele, cishe eziningi zehlulekile.
Amanye amachibi amakhulu anezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene ze-vendace, enefomu elincane le-planktivorous nefomu elikhudlwana elingadlula u-40 cm ubude futhi lifake nezinhlanzi ekudleni kwabo. Kwesinye isikhathi kunzima ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-vendace ne-arctic cisco, noma ngabe kunophawu lofuzo. Ukutheliswa kwentela ngokujwayelekile kuvame ukuphikiswa ezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane nezinhlobo zohlobo lwe-subspecies, njengoba i-polymorphism kanye ne-hybridization kubonakala kujwayelekile emigqeni eminingi ye-vendace.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-vendace
Ngokubukeka, i-vendace ibukeka njenge-whitefish encane, kepha umhlathi wayo ongezansi mude kunaleyo engenhla, kanti isitatimende esiphikisayo siyiqiniso nge-whitefish. Amehlo e-vendace makhulu, njengoba kujwayele ukwenzeka kuzo zonke izinhlanzi ezondla nge-plankton impilo yabo yonke. Ingxenye yangemuva yomzimba we-vendace inombala oluhlaza okotshani noma omnyama okwesibhakabhaka, izinhlangothi zimhlophe qwa, isisu simhlophe, ichopho lempumulo nomhlathi ongezansi kumnyama.
Ezinganeni, umzimba mncane futhi ulingene ngokulingene ngosayizi owandayo. Ikhanda lincane ngokwedlulele, umhlathi ongezansi uphumela ngale kwethimu yomlomo, umhlathi ongaphezulu ubuyela ezingeni lomfundi, ichopho lomhlathi ongezansi lingena emhosheni womhlathi ongaphezulu. Ibanga le-predorsal likhulu kunebanga elisuka emsukeni we-dorsal kuye ezansi ekugcineni kwendunu yokugcina.
I-vendace ivuthwa phakathi nonyaka wesibili kuya kwesihlanu wokuphila, futhi iba nobude obungu-9-20 cm. Kubantu abaningi, i-vendace kuyaqabukela ifinyelele kubude obungaphezu kwama-25 cm, kodwa kwamanye amachibi amafomu amancane namakhulu ahlangana ndawonye.
I-cannibalism ibonakala ku-vendace. Lapho kuphenywa le nto, ukuzingelwa kwamaqanda akutholakalanga, ngenkathi kulunywa futhi kungeniswa kwezibungu ezisanda kuchanyuselwa kwabonwa ku-23% we-vendace esekhulile. Abantu abancane (<100 mm ngokuphelele) bahlasele izibungu kaningi kakhulu kunabantu abakhulu. Umehluko uphinde watholwa kumvamisa wokuhlaselwa kwabantu.
Izinga liye lahluka ngokungabi bikho kokuhlaselwa kwesibungu ngasinye esidalulwe esihlotsheni. Le miphumela iqinisekisa ukuthi ubuzimuzimu be-intercontinental akuyona into ekhethekile noma eyendawo yonke lapho izibungu zokubhukuda zamahhala zivezwa ezihlotsheni ezindala.
Ihlala kuphi ivelace?
Isithombe: IVesel eRussia
Indawo yokwabiwa kwendawo ingaphakathi kwamadreyini ahlobene nezilwandle zaseNyakatho neBaltic, phakathi kweBritish Isles entshonalanga kanye nomsele wasePechora (Russia) empumalanga. Abanye abantu batholakala nasemadamini oLwandle Olumhlophe nasemachibini asendaweni ephezulu yokubamba.
Ingqikithi yokusatshalaliswa ingaphakathi kwezinhlelo okwamanje noma ngaphambili ezikhishelwe kuLwandle iBaltic (iBelarus, iCzech Republic, iDenmark, i-Estonia, iFinland, iJalimane, iLatvia, iLithuania, iNorway, iPoland, iRussia neSweden). Ngaphakathi nangaphandle kobubanzi bayo bendawo, i-vendace nayo isusiwe emakhaya futhi ikhona emachibini amaningi nasemachibini lapho ngaphambili yayingekho khona.
Umsele wamanzi i-Inari-Pasvik ugelezela oLwandle iBarents futhi abantu abangaphakathi kulo mzila wamanzi abayona eyomdabu futhi kwenzeka ngenxa yokuhamba ngaphakathi eFinland. Ngokufanayo, abanye abantu emifudlaneni egeleza oLwandle Olumhlophe bangavela ekuthutheleleni ngaphakathi kweRussia.
IVendacea idabuka kwamanye amachibi aphezulu eVolga drainage, kepha isabalale yaze yehla futhi yakhiwa emadamini ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwamadamu amaningi ngekhulu lama-20. IVendace nayo yazisungula emachibini ase-Urals naseKazakhstan ngemuva kokuhanjiswa ngaphakathi kweRussia. Abantu bomdabu baseBritish Isles basengozini.
Manje uyazi lapho i-vendace itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi le nhlanzi idlani.
Kudlani i-vendace?
Isithombe: I-fish vendace
IVendacea ibonakala njengeplanktivore ekhethekile, kanti i-zooplankton imvamisa ibalelwa ku-75-100% wokudla okuphelele. Emachibini amafomu amancane namakhulu, ifomu elikhudlwana lingadla inhlanzi kancane, kanti izinhlanzi zingakha ukudla okungu-20-74%.
Njenge-zooplanktivore esebenzayo, i-vendace inganciphisa kakhulu isitoko se-zooplankton, okuzoholela ekwehleni kokudla kwamadwala ngokucekela i-zooplankton (i-trophic cascade). Lokhu kungasiza ukukhishwa kwesiziba echibini.
Kodwa-ke, i-vendace isengozini ye-eutrophication, ngakho-ke umphumela wayo ongaba khona kusukela ekudleni kwe-zooplankton kwe-vendace kunqunyelwe. Zibuye zaholela ekwehleni okuphawulekayo kokuminyana kweplanktivore yemvelo - inhlanzi emhlophe ejwayelekile.
Ukwakheka kokudla kwe-vendace kuyahluka ngokujula okuhlukile nangezinsuku ezahlukahlukene zosuku, kepha ukusatshalaliswa kwe-zooplankton kuvame ukufana kakhulu esikhathini ngasinye, kungakhathalekile ukujula noma isikhathi sokuntywila.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-vendace yile:
- daphnia;
- izifuba;
- Isithuthuthu se-Cyclops;
- i-heterocopic appendiculum.
Izibalo zezinkomba zokukhetha ze-vendace zikhombisile ukuthi imvamisa zikhetha izinhlobo ezinkulu zama-cladocerans nama-copepod kanye nommeleli omncane wama-cladocerans, iBosmina coregoni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Vaceace yaseYurophu
IVendacea ingena ekufudukeni okume mpo, isimilo esivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuvikela izilwane ezidla ezinye. Kodwa-ke, isengozini enkulu kune-whitefish ehlobene yaseYurophu, evame ukuhlala ngozwela nge-vendace. Ama-Vendace anamaqanda amancane kakhulu, ukuzala okuphakeme nezikhathi zokusinda eziphansi kune-whitefish.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Imifino ivame ukuhlala iminyaka emi-5-6. Lapho beneminyaka engu-8, babhekwa njengabadala. Kwezinye izindawo ezinkulu, i-vendace ingaba neminyaka eyi-15 ubudala.
IVendacea ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezihlala amanzi ezivulekile ezindaweni ezinamakhemikhali nase-estuarine, kukhombisa imvelo yokudla ye-zooplankton. Kungalindelwa ukuthi itholakale ngokujulile ngesikhathi sasemini kunasebusuku ngenxa yokuhamba mpo. Njengoba iluhlobo lwamanzi abandayo, imvamisa igwema izingqimba zamanzi aphezulu lapho amazinga okushisa edlula u-18-20 ° C.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngenyanga yokuqala noma ezimbili ngemuva kokuchamuselwa entwasahlobo, izibungu nezinsizwa kungatholakala ezindaweni ezisogwini. Ngemuva kwalokhu, i-vendace isebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwepelagic kwendawo yokuhlala. Emini, iyazika kunokudepha okusetshenziswe ebusuku. Iphinde yakha izimbadada emini.
IVendushka iyinhlanzi yasemanzini angenasawoti. Yize ikwazi ukuthwala amanzi anosawoti anosawoti aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, ukusatshalaliswa kwemvelo phakathi kwemifudlana ehlukene kuvame ukukhawulwa ngosawoti ophakeme wamanzi asezikhunjini. Ukuhlakazeka komfula ngaphakathi komsele wamanzi kungalindelwa noma ngabe umzila wamanzi ulawulwa ngamadamu. Ukusheshisa umfula kukhawulelwe ama-rapids aqinile nezimpophoma.
Ukwehlukana ngezethulo zangamabomu kwenzeke ngezinhlelo zokuphakela njengokuhlinzekwa kwamasheya eLake Inari nemithamo. Ama-anglers ezemidlalo kwesinye isikhathi asebenzisa i-vendace njengesithiyelo, futhi uma udobo olubukhoma luthuthwa, lokhu kungahle kube yingozi yokungena kumasistimu wamanzi angewona awomdabu. Ubungozi bokusungulwa ngempumelelo buhlotshaniswa nemvelo yokusingathwa.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ryapushka
Iningi labantu le-vendace lizala ekwindla esihlabathini noma ku-gravel, imvamisa ezindaweni ezi-6-10 m ukujula, kepha kukhona nabantu abazala ebusika nasentwasahlobo. IVendace ivundile kakhulu futhi inamaqanda amaningi amancane (amaqanda angama-80-300 ngegramu yesisindo somzimba ngamunye).
Amaqanda azalwa lapho ichibi leqhwa linyamalala entwasahlobo. Ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane bamaqanda, isikhwama se-yolk sinemithombo elinganiselwe ngakho-ke impumelelo yokuqashwa emakethe ingancika kakhulu esikhathini phakathi kokufukamela nokuqhakaza kwentwasahlobo.
Kwezinye izindawo zabantu echibini, i-vendace esekhulile yenza ukufuduka okuzala futhi izalise emifuleni. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti kuya maphakathi no-Okthoba, ama-venous venous avusa imifula emanzini angajulile, futhi azalela emifuleni ngasekupheleni kokwindla. Izibungu ezisanda kuchanyuselwa ziya ezindaweni zamachibi ngemuva nje kokuchanyuselwa. Njengomthetho, ubude bezibungu lapho zichanyuselwa kungu-7-11 mm.
Kwesinye isifundo, i-vendace ivezwe ku-pH 4.75 naku-5.25 nge-aluminium engeziwe noma engenayo (200 μg = 7.4 micromolar AlL (-1)) ngenxa ye-vitellogenesis engapheli ngoJulayi ngesikhathi sokuzala. Ngesikhathi esivamile sokuzala, lapho ama-48% wabesifazane abalawulayo base bevele bekhiphe amaqanda abo, ama-50% abesifazane ku-pH 4.75 + Al ayenama-oocyte angavunyelwe ngokuphelele.
Izilinganiso zokugcina zabesifazane abavuthwe ngokuphelele kwakungu-14%, 36%, 25%, 61% no-81% ku-pH 4.75 + Al, pH 4.75, pH 5.25 + Al, pH 5.25 naseqenjini lokulawula, ngokulandelana. Ukubuyiselwa emuva kwamasende okubambezelekile kwabonwa emadodeni ku-pH 4.75 + Al. Ukwehla okusobala kwe-plasma Na (+) noCl (-) nokwanda kokuhlushwa kweglucose yegazi kutholakale kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala, kusuka ngo-Okthoba kuya kuNovemba, okuqondana nokuqongelelwa kwe-Al ngaphakathi kwezicubu ze-branchial.
Izitha zemvelo ze-vendace
Isithombe: I-fish vendace
Izitha zemvelo ze-vendace yizinhlanzi ezidla izinhlanzi, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo, imvamisa lezo ezidla ezindaweni ze-pelagic ezinjenge-brown trout, loon kanye ne-cormorants. I-trout ensundu iyisidli esibalulekile se-vendace.
Ama-Vendace ayizisulu ezibalulekile zezinhlanzi nezinyoni zasemanzini, futhi angabaluleka ekudlulisweni kwamandla kusuka ekukhiqizeni i-pelagic kuya ezindaweni eziphakathi kwamanzi noma ekusakazeni (izinhlanzi ezifudukayo), noma kusuka ezinhlelweni zamachibi kuya ezinhlelweni zomhlaba (ezilawulwa yizinyoni ezidla ezinye).
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Imifino ihlala isabela ebukhoneni bepike ngokusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo okwandisiwe. Kucatshangwa ukuthi izinguquko ezingeni lokuphefumula ngesikhathi sokuchayeka esidlekeni zidalwa ngomehluko womsebenzi we-locomotor ngenxa yokuziphatha okubangelwa okuqondiswe kumhlaseli.
Ubuningi bezilwane ezizingelayo emachibini kubalulekile kokubili ekufeni kwentwasahlobo kwezibungu nakubantu abasha ehlobo, futhi kuthonywa izimo zokushisa. Esinye sezilwane ezihlasela kakhulu i-vendace encane yi-perch, ubuningi bayo baminyaka yonke buhambisana kahle namazinga okushisa ehlobo. Ngokunjalo, iqhutshwa yihlobo elifudumele, amakilasi ama-bass aqinile aqhamuke kakhulu kuma-1990s naku-2000s kunango-1970 noma 1980, futhi lo mkhuba ungalindeleka ukuthi uqhubeke.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-vendace
Abathengisi bavame ukukhombisa ukwehla okukhulu ngosayizi wesibalo sabantu futhi bangathonywa ubukhona bamanye ama-planktivores. Ngenxa yalokho, ukubonwa kwabantu kusukela kubantu abayi-100 / ha kuya kwabangu-5000 ngehektha ngalinye. Emachibini amaningi, abantu be-vendace bakhombisa ukuguquguquka kwemijikelezo, kuphakamisa ukuthi ukuncintisana kwe-intraspecific kungaba yinto ebalulekile ekwenziweni kwenani labantu.
Imifino izwela kakhulu ku:
- ukuwohloka kwekhwalithi yamanzi;
- ukwanda kosilika;
- ukuqalwa kwamandla.
Ezinhlotsheni ezikhona emadamini, imibuso yokubola ngamandla kagesi nayo iyinkinga. Abantu bangancipha - noma baze banyamalale - uma kuvela izinhlobo zezinye izizwe ezinjengo ruff. Ukungeniswa ngamabomu kwe-vendace kuyindlela ejwayelekile yokwethula amathuba amasha ezinhlelweni ezintsha zamachibi.
Lezi zingeniso zivame ukuqalwa nguhulumeni ngenhloso yokwandisa izinsiza zezinhlanzi nezasolwandle. Ezinye izethulo zangamabomu zenzelwe ukulawulwa komiyane, kepha aziphumelelanga. Amanye ama-anglers ezemidlalo asebenzisa i-vendace njengesithiyelo.
Umthelela wezomnotho wokungena kwezimakethe awukalinganiselwa. IVendace ingaba nenani elihle kwezomnotho njengomthombo wezinhlanzi uqobo, njengoba isekela izinhlanzi ezidla izinhlanzi ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho kwezokudoba ezemidlalo (isb. Trout brown).
Kepha i-vendace nayo ingaba nomthelela omubi ekusebenzeni komnotho kwezinye izinhlobo ezingathinteka kabi ngokuhlaselwa kwezokudoba, njengabantu beplank whitefish. IVendacea ihlukaniswa njengengozini enkulu futhi ithathwa njengengozi enkulu yokuqothulwa endle.
Ukuvikelwa kwe-vendace
Isithombe: Veggie ovela eRed Book
Umphakathi jikelele kufanele ukhuthazwe ukuthi ulwele ukonga ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo, kubandakanya nezinhlobo ze-zooplankton ezibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwemvelo. Kungaba nzima ukukubona kwabangewona ochwepheshe njengoba bengabonakali ngaphandle kokukhuliswa okufanele. Ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kwezohwebo kungashukunyiswa yizinhlelo zokuthuthukisa izilwane noma amasheya ezilwane.
Impumelelo yezinyathelo ezinjalo incike ekuhlelweni kwechibi nasemphakathini odla izinhlanzi. IVendacea iyinhlanzi ehlwabusayo futhi ebaluleke kakhulu kwezinye izimakethe, futhi ukulawulwa kwabantu kungatholakala ngokudoba okukhulu kwezentengiselwano, ngokwesibonelo, ngokudoba emachibini nasezizalweni zemifula noma ngokubamba abantu abazala ngesikhathi sokuzala kwabantu.
IVendushka yinhlanzi ye-pelagic ekhiqiza kabusha emini bese yehlela ekujuleni okukhulu ebusuku. Abantu bahlakazeka kakhulu ebusuku ngakho-ke izibonelo zalokho kufanele zenziwe ebusuku ukunciphisa ukwehluka kwazo. Ukuqapha kufanele kufake phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwe-echo echoer ehlangene nezindlela zokudoba ezingakhethwayo (amanethi anemigqa eminingi, ukubamba noma ukusampula) ukuthola ulwazi ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye namasampuli ezinto eziphilayo.
Imiphumela engenayo ye-vendace ixazululwa ukwehla kwe-zooplankton. Ngakho-ke, izindlela zokunciphisa ezinhle kakhulu izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokulawula usayizi wesibalo sabantu (ngokwesibonelo, ukubamba okubhekiswe ku-vendace, kukhulisa inani lezilwane ezizingelayo ku-vendace).
I-Vendace Yinhlanzi encane, ehlelekile futhi ezacile enomhlane oluhlaza okotshani, isisu esimhlophe nemigqomo yesiliva. Amaphiko aso ompunga aba mnyama ngokwengeziwe emaphethelweni. Inhlanzi inamehlo amakhulu, umlomo omncane uma uqhathaniswa ne-adipose fin.Indawo yokuhlala ekhethiwe ye-vendace ingamachibi ajulile, abandayo, lapho idla khona ama-planktonic crustaceans afana nama-copepods.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: Septhemba 18, 2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 13
