Isibungu Ingabe isibungu (ingane) sovemvane nenundu. Ngemuva kwamasonto angaba ngu-2-3, isibungu siba yisikhukhukazi, bese siphenduka sibe yisiphungumangathi emva kwamanye amasonto ama-2. Bese kuthi isibungu sivele ngamaphiko azelwe kabusha. Isibungu saziwa njengesinambuzane ikakhulukazi embonini yendwangu. Olunye uhlobo lwesibungu lubulala usilika eMpumalanga Ekude, lwaziwa ngokuthi umbungu kasilika.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Isibungu
Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-20 000 zesibungu emhlabeni wonke, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunezinye eziningi ezingatholakali njengezinhlobo ezintsha zezimvemvane futhi ezitholakala njalo ezifundeni lapho kukhona khona abantu abancane, uma bekhona. Imvamisa, izinhlobo eziningi zamacimbi ziyizinambuzane zezolimo njengoba zingena emasimini, zivame ukushiya izimbobo ezinkulu ezonakalisa izitshalo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ezinye izinhlobo zesibungu zinobuthi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlala emahlathini emvula. Ezinye izinhlobo zinobuthi kuphela esimweni sesibungu, okusho ukuthi lapho ziguquka zaba uvemvane noma inundu, abasenabo ubuthi bazo.
Ividiyo: Isibungu
Izimvemvane namabhu zichitha ubusha bazo bunjengezibungu ezibizwa ngokuthi isigaba sezibungu. Amacimbi adla njalo. Bandisa isikhumba sabo bese besichitha kaningi. Ngemuva kwe-molt yokugcina, isibungu sinamathela egatsheni bese singena esigabeni se-pupal.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izibungu zebhu zisebenzisa intambo kasilika eziqhamuka kwizindlala zazo zikasilika ukuze zijikeleze umfece wazo wokuzivikela. Ngaphakathi komfece, isiphungumangathi senza inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-metamorphosis. Imilenze eyisithupha engaphambili yesibungu iphenduka imilenze yesinambuzane esikhulile, eminye imilenze inyamalale, amaphiko akhule, bese kuvela isinambuzane esimweni sovemvane oluhle.
Amacimbi ahluka ngosayizi, umbala, nokubukeka ngokuya ngohlobo lwawo. Amanye amacimbi anemibala egqamile, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zibukeka zingafiphele uma ziqhathaniswa. Amanye amacimbi anoboya kanti amanye abushelelezi. Inhloso enkulu yesibungu ukwethusa izilwane ezidla ezinye nokuzigcina zingadli.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isibungu
Izibungu ezivame kakhulu yilezi:
- isibungu esikhulu esimhlophe (i-Pieris brassicae), abadala baso ababizwa ngokuthi izimvemvane ezimhlophe zeklabishi. Amacimbi aqoqa uwoyela omningi wesinaphi ekudleni kwawo, futhi umzimba wawo ogqamile, onamachashazi uxwayisa abangahle babe yizisulu zokunambitheka kwabo okungathandeki;
- isibungu esincane sofudu (Aglais urticae). Ukuhlala ndawonye kusiza amacimbi ngoba angajoyina imizimba yawo ngazwilinye, asebenze njengesidalwa esisodwa esikhulu, azame ukwethusa izilwane ezidla ezinye. Ekugcineni, amacimbi ngamanye ahamba ngokwahlukana ukuyofunda. Izibungu zofudu zingabonakala kusukela ngoMeyi kuya kuJuni, nabantu abadala abangasebenza unyaka wonke;
- isibungu-ukhefana (Polygonia c-albhamu). Amacimbi ashintsha umbala ngokuqinile kuso sonke isigaba sawo sokubungu, kodwa amacimbi amadala ayisici esivelele. Amawundlu amnyama asawolintshi amnyama aqala ukuba nophawu olumhlophe "lwesali", olufana nokuwa kwenyoni, okusabisa izilwane ezidla ezinye;
- isibungu sebhere elinegazi (iTyria jacobaeae). Njengoba zikhula zaya ku-28mm, lezi zibungu ezimnyama neziphuzi ziyehluka kakhulu futhi kulula ukuzibona njengoba zibukeka sengathi zigqoke ihembe lombhoxo;
- isibungu somgodi wesiliva (Phalera bucephala). Lesi sibungu esimnyama nesiphuzi sifinyelela ku-70mm ubude futhi sinezinwele ezicasula abantu futhi zenze umsebenzi omuhle wokuvikela izilwane ezidla ezinye;
- isibungu se-lumpy moth ephaphathekile (Calliteara pudibunda). Amacimbi angakhula aze afike ku-45mm futhi afinyelele usayizi ogcwele cishe ezinyangeni ezimbili. Amabhodlela asemzimbeni wesibungu aziwa ukuthi acasula isikhumba kubantu. Abantu abadala bayinundu elihle elimpunga elinezimpondo ezifana nekama;
- isibungu se-maple lancet (Acronicta aceris). Ukubukeka kwedolobha ngezinwele ezikhanyayo ze-orange kanye namaphethini wedayimane amnyama namhlophe ngemuva;
- isibungu lancet-psi (Acronicta psi). Ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa, okuthatha isonto kuphela ukuqanduselwa, amacimbi akhula afike kuma-40 mm cishe ezinsukwini ezingamashumi amathathu. Izibungu ezimnyama zingatholakala kusuka ngoJulayi kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Abantu abadala abamhlophe bayasebenza kusukela maphakathi noMeyi kuya ku-Agasti. Umugqa wazo ophuzi usebenza njengokufihla ngeziqu zezitshalo.
Manje uyazi ukuthi isibungu sibukeka kanjani. Ake sithole ukuthi lesi sinambuzane sitholakalaphi.
Uhlala kuphi umbungu?
Isithombe: Isibungu emvelweni
Isibungu esikhulu esimhlophe sino-45mm kuphela ubude futhi sidla iklabishi, ulethisi kanye ne-nasturtium amasonto amane - yingakho bethathwa njengezilokazane abalimi nabalimi. Amaqanda aluhlaza wesibungu esincane se-tortoiseshell abekwa ngamaqoqo ezinsikitini ezihlabayo, kuyilapho amacimbi amnyama aphuzi amnyama bese ehlala ndawonye ukuze enze iwebhu ejwayelekile kasilika futhi adle amaqabunga aseduze ukuze akhule afike ku-30 mm ubude. Njengoba zikhula, ziqhubekela ezitshalweni ezintsha futhi zakhe amanetha amasha, zishiya ngemuva izhede ezindala, ezinesikhumba esigcwele;
I-comma isibungu ikhula ize ifike kuma-35 mm futhi ihlala kuma-hops nangembabazane. Lezi zibungu zingabonakala kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli kuya maphakathi no-Septhemba, kodwa izimvemvane zisebenza unyaka wonke. Bathola ukwehla okuphawulekayo ngawo-1800, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokwehliswa kokutshalwa kokudla abakuthandayo, ama-hops, kodwa selokhu babona ukuvuselelwa. Izibungu zegazi zithwala ngaphansi komhlaba, hhayi ku-pupa esihlahleni njengamanye amacimbi. Abantu abadala bandiza kusuka ngoMeyi kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti. Kukhona ukushintshashintsha kwesibalo sabantu bendawo.
Izibungu zomgodi wesiliva zikhula ngokugcwele ezinsukwini ezingama-30 futhi ziphumelele ngaphansi komhlaba ebusika. Izibungu zebhu ezinamaqhuqhuva zitholakala phakathi kukaJulayi kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Abantu abadala basebenza kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi kuya kuJulayi, futhi ukumakwa kwabo kuklanyelwe sengathi banophiko olwephukile. Kutholakale izibungu zePallidum moth ezihlahleni ezahlukahlukene ezibanzi kanye nezihlahlana, kufaka phakathi i-birch ne-hops. Zingabonakala kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaJuni kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, kepha ekwindla maningi amathuba okuthi zibonakale zikhasa zifuna indawo yokufundela. Abantu abadala bahamba phakathi kukaJulayi no-Agasti.
Isibungu se-maple lancet sihlala ezihlahleni zendiza, ama-chestnut wamahhashi, kanye nama-maple atshaliwe nasensimini. Izibungu zitholakala kusuka ngoJulayi kuya kuSepthemba. Ebusika, zidlalela phansi, kudoti obukeka njengamagxolo namaqabunga awile. Abantu abadala basebenza kusukela maphakathi noJuni kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti.
Yini edliwa yisibungu?
Isithombe: Isibungu esibomvu
Isibungu siyisilwane esidla imifino, kepha ukudla kwesibungu novemvane kuhlukile. Izimvemvane zisebenzisa izilimi ezinjengotshani ukuphuza umpe ezimbalini, okuzivumelanisa nalokho okwenzeka lapho isibungu siguquka sibe uvemvane. Amacimbi adla kakhulu emaqabungeni, ezitshalweni, nasezitshalweni eziqhakazayo, futhi kuvame ukutholakala izimbobo ezinkulu emaqabungeni, okukhombisa ukuthi kukhona isibungu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isibungu ngumshini wokudla wangempela - isikhwama esiyindilinga sokugaya izitshalo. Phakathi nezinsuku noma amasonto lapho kusebenza, isibungu sizomunca isisindo saso kaningi, noma ngabe yikuphi ukudla esikukhethayo.
Isibonelo, isibungu sekhoma sidla ngaphansi kwamaqabunga sisencane, kepha njengoba sikhula, siqala ukondla ohlangothini olungaphezulu. Indlela yokudla yesibungu segazi yehlukile, inika ukubonakala okufiphele esilaheni esijwayelekile abadla kuso. Lezi zibungu zidla ngamaqembu, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zasemini, kusukela ngoJulayi kuya ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba. Lapho amaqabunga esitshalo enyamalala, kwesinye isikhathi asebenzela ekudleni inyama yabantu.
Isibungu somgodi wesiliva sidla amaqabunga e-oki. Ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa esiqwini seqanda, izibungu zidla ndawonye, zishiya zodwa lapho zikhula zaba ngosayizi abakhulu. Amacimbi we-maple lance, afinyelela kuma-40 mm ubude, kwesinye isikhathi awe ezihlahleni adla kuzo. Izibungu ze-lancet psi zidla ezihlahleni ezibanzi kanye nezihlahlana ezifana ne-hawthorn, i-apula, ne-birch.
Izinhlobo eziningi zamacimbi ziyaziwa ngokudla inyama futhi zidla izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Iningi lamacimbi yizitshalo ezidla utshani futhi zidla kakhulu emaqabungeni, yize ezinye izinhlobo zondla kuzo zonke izingxenye zesitshalo, isikhunta, nezilwane ezifile, kubandakanya nezinye izibungu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isibungu esimnyama
Amacimbi angaba ngama-top-notch transformer njengoba eguquka ngokoqobo esuka ezihlahleni ze-wavy kuya kwizimvemvane ezinhle, kepha akusiyona ukuphela kwento eguqukayo. Amacimbi avame ukufihlwa phakathi kwezitshalo ngenxa yombala wazo, futhi isikhumba sawo esintofontofo sivame ukufana nameva egatsheni. Lelikhono lokuzifihla lisiza amacimbi ukuthi aphile aze afinyelele ekuvuthweni okuphelele futhi aqale ukuguquguquka - kusuka kusiphungumangathi kuya kovemvane.
Isigaba se-pupation siqala ngesibungu esidala, esizinamathela kumagxolo esihlahla noma enye into eqinile, bese sihlukanisa isikhumba ukuveza isiphungumangathi. Uguquko lwenzeka ngaphakathi kwesiphungumangathi lapho isibungu siqala ukuhlakazeka sibe uketshezi futhi amaseli ambalwa kuphela asele akhula abe uvemvane oludala.
Ngemuva kokuthi isibungu sesiqede ukuguqulwa kwesimo saso sibe uvemvane, sizovuleka bese kuvela uvemvane. Lokhu akuchithi isikhathi ukukhwelana nokubeka amaqanda, njengoba izimvemvane eziningi zinempilo emfushane yamasonto ambalwa. Amaqanda evemvane achamisela izibungu zesibungu futhi umjikelezo uqala futhi.
Imvamisa, endleleni yokukhula kovemvane, kwenzeka izinguquko eziyisithupha ze-metamorphic, ngakunye okukhuthazwa ukukhishwa kwe-molting hormone ecdysone kusuka ku-pre-breast gland. I-hormone yentsha ekhishwe yindlala ye-endocrine inciphisa intuthuko ekubeni mdala: yize izinga le-hormone liphezulu, ligcina isibungu kulesibungu.
Kodwa-ke, uketshezi lwe-hormone yentsha kunciphisa isikhathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kuphela lapho iwela ngaphansi kwezinga elibucayi lapho i-molting iholela ku-pupa nase-pupation. Ngalesi sikhathi, kukhona ukusatshalaliswa kabusha okukhulu kwezakhamzimba, futhi abantu abadala ekugcineni bangahle bathuthukise izici. Lapho izinga le-hormone yentsha lehlela cishe ku-zero, i-molt yokugcina ivela kumuntu omdala.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Izibungu ezimbili
Izibungu zikulungele ukuba izimvemvane kusukela ekuzalweni. Noma kusibungu esincane kunazo zonke, esivele sichanyuselwe eqandeni elincane kunawo wonke, izinyanda zamaseli ezithambo ezinjengezimpondo, izimpiko, imilenze nezitho zangasese sezivele zathandwa futhi zenzelwe ukuba ngabantu abadala. Ebizwa ngama-discs engqondo (abe eyisicaba futhi ayindilinga), awakwazi ukukhula futhi akhule ngenxa yokuhlanjululwa okuqhubekayo kwehomoni yezingane.
Njengoba isibungu sondla, amathumbu, imisipha kanye nezinye izitho zangaphakathi ziyakhula futhi zikhule, kepha amadiski okucabanga acindezelwa okwesikhashana futhi ahlala engasebenzi. Isibungu siziphatha njengempilo yamahhala, sondle, sikhule, kepha sicindezeleke ekukhuleni.
Lapho ifinyelela usayizi obucayi, kukhishwa i-hormone ekhuza i-ecdysone. Ithela isikhumba sayo izikhathi eziningana iphendula i-ecdysone, isikhathi ngasinye yakha inkathi (isigaba) esisha, kepha i-hormone yentsha iyigcina kusibungu, ivimbele ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kuze kube yilapho ingxube yayo isondela ngasesilinganisweni sayo esigcwele, nokuhlushwa kokugcina kuyehla.
Eminyakeni yesihlanu neyokugcina yesibungu, amadiski okucabanga asevele aqala ukuvela kule dormancy ephoqelelwe futhi akhule. IHormone yentsha manje yehla ngaphansi kombundu futhi ukwenyuka okulandelayo kwe-ecdysone kuvusa uguquko lomfundi. Ama-discs acatshangelwe aqala ukukhula ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Ngasinye sigoqeka ku-dome concave, bese sithatha ukwakheka kwesokisi. Isikhungo sediski ngayinye senzelwe ukuba isitho - ichopho lesidladla noma ichopho lephiko.
Iningi lesisindo esindayo sesibungu licutshungulwa libe yizici zabantu abadala, ezihlangana egobolondweni langaphakathi lesiphungumangathi. Kulesi sigaba, ingaphakathi liqukethe kakhulu isobho elinomsoco elondla ama-disk embryonic imaginal njengoba aqedela ukukhula kwawo okulibazisekile. Ukuqubuka kwakamuva kwe-ecdysone kwenzeka phakathi kwehomoni yentsha eseduze ne-zero - futhi kuvuse ukuvela kovemvane osekhulile ukukhwelana, ukusabalalisa, nokubeka amaqanda.
Izitha zemvelo zamacimbi
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isibungu
Ngenxa yobuncane bazo nokumila okufana nezikelemu, amacimbi azingelwa yizinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, kodwa izitha eziyinhloko zalesi sibungu yizinyoni nezinambuzane. Amacimbi nawo avame ukuzingelwa izilwane ezincelisayo nezilwane ezihuquzelayo.
Izibungu azikwazi ukuphunyuka kalula ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye ngoba zihamba kancane futhi azikabi namaphiko. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kufanele bathembele ekusithekeni ukugcina izidlo zabo zingaziboni (okusinikeza amacimbi abukeka njengamaqabunga, iziqu zezitshalo, njll.), Noma-ke seziphendukile zaba zigqamile futhi ziqinile, ngakho-ke kunjalo. noma ngubani ofuna ukuzidla azi ukuthi kungaba ngumqondo omubi lowo.
Izibungu zitholakala cishe kuzo zonke izimo zezulu emhlabeni wonke, yingakho izidlo zazo ziningi.
Ngaphezu kwezinyoni, amacimbi adla kulokhu:
- abantu - Izibungu ziyisibiliboco kubantu ezingxenyeni zomhlaba ezifana neBotswana eningizimu ye-Afrika, kanye nasemazweni aseMpumalanga Asia njengaseChina. Eqinisweni, amacimbi avunwa nsuku zonke kulezi zindawo ngenxa yenani lazo eliphezulu lokudla okunempilo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nenyama yenkomo, udali nenhlanzi, amacimbi aqukethe amaprotheni amaningi namafutha;
- Iminyovu yaziwa ngokuthwala amacimbi aya ezindlekeni zawo njengokudla kwezingane zawo. Iminyovu iyasiza engadini njengoba imvamisa ibamba amacimbi acishe afane nosayizi, ngaleyo ndlela iwagcine ebhekile. Kodwa-ke, iminyovu yondla ikakhulu izibungu entwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo. Njengoba inkathi iqhubeka, abantu babo baba ne-asidi futhi izidlo zabo zishintshela kwabanye abacebile kakhulu ngoshukela;
- ama-ladybugs mancane, kunalokho ayindilinga, anemibala egqamile futhi enamabala amabhungane adla ikakhulu ama-aphid. Ama-ladybugs angadla ezinye izinambuzane, ikakhulukazi amacimbi. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-aphid nezibungu ziyingozi ezitshalweni, abalimi basebenzisa ama-ladybirds ukuzilawula. Amacimbi anemizimba ethambile kunalokho ama-ladybugs ayithola imnandi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emincane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isibungu
Cishe njalo eminyakeni eyishumi, kuba nokuqubuka kwesibungu emahlathini. Amacimbi avela ngasekupheleni kukaJuni nasekuqaleni kukaJulayi adla inani elimangazayo lamahlamvu njengoba ekhula. Amacimbi asehlathini athanda amaqabunga wokhuni oluqinile, ikakhulukazi amaqabunga e-maple kashukela. Ukuqhamuka kwamanje kuqale ngehlobo eledlule, lapho izindimbane zamacimbi ezilambile zihlafuna emahlathini amaningi. Ukulandela izitayela zangaphambilini, lokhu kuqubuka kufanele kuphele onyakeni owodwa noma emibili, kodwa hhayi ngaphambi kokuba kukhule ngesilinganiso.
Izibungu ezisehlathini zizingelwa uhlobo lwempukane, olubizwa ngokuthi "impukane enobungane," futhi inani lalo liyakhula ngenxa yokuqubuka kwesibungu ngemuva kokubambezeleka okuncane. Isibungu sehlathi naso silawulwa yigciwane nefungus. Lawa magciwane eza ngesimo samakristalu amakristalu avela ngokwemvelo emhlabathini nangaphezulu kwamaqabunga. Zithinta kuphela amacimbi futhi zingadala amazinga aphezulu okufa ngesikhathi sokuqubuka.
Ukususwa kwamahlamvu ngamacimbi kungenye yemijikelezo ejwayelekile yemvelo. Kukhona nobufakazi bokuthi inqwaba yamapelisi endle akhiqizwa yizibungu inika izihlahla umfutho wokuvundiswa kwe-nitrogen ukuthi zikhule ngokunethezeka onyakeni ngemuva kokukhishwa kwephololi kuqhathaniswa neminyaka ngaphandle kokukhishwa kwephololi.Yize bungekho ubufakazi besayensi noma imininingwane yesikhathi eside evela kusampula yaminyaka yonke, kubonakala sengathi isibungu namuhla sincane kunaseminyakeni embalwa edlule.
Isibungu Isilwane esincane esifana nezikelemu esizokwakha umfece sigcine siphenduke uvemvane noma inundu. Amacimbi anezingxenye zomzimba eziyishumi nantathu, ezinamabhangqa amathathu emilenze emifushane ku-ribcage nama-pair ambalwa esiswini, amehlo ayisithupha ohlangothini ngalunye lwekhanda, nezimpondo ezimfushane. Amacimbi adla kakhulu amahlamvu futhi ngokuvamile anemibala egqamile.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 23.09.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-13: 45
