Ilulwane - isilwane esihle futhi esingajwayelekile esinegama elisabisayo. Lawa angabamele abancane bamalulwane anoboya obukhulu obubomvu noma nsundu, obungagcinwa ngisho nasekhaya. Azinabungozi ngokuphelele futhi zikhetha ukuhlala eduze nezindawo zokuhlala abantu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Bat
Amalulwane awuhlobo oluphelele lomndeni welulwane onamakhala abushelelezi (abizwa nangokuthi amalulwane esikhumba). Uhlobo lwamalulwane lubandakanya izinhlobo ezinhlanu.
Zihluka kancane komunye nomunye ngokokuziphatha:
- ilulwane lasehlathini;
- ilulwane elincane
- ilulwane elincane;
- ilulwane lasempumalanga;
- Ilulwane laseMedithera.
Ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, amalulwane angaphansi kwezilwane ezincelisayo, nakuba ekuboneni kokuqala zingabangelwa kalula izinyoni. Amathole amalulwane namanye amalulwane empeleni adla ubisi lukamama. Izimpiko zazo ziyisimo sewebhu esiguquguqukayo eselulwa phakathi kwezinzwane ezinde. Ngenxa yamaphiko anjalo, lezi zilwane ziyakwazi ukundiza ngokuphumelelayo.
Ividiyo: Bat
Futhi, i-echolocation isici samalulwane - amandla izilwane ezingathola ngawo ukudla ebumnyameni obukhulu. Ngaphandle kwamalulwane, ama-cetaceans kuphela athambekele ekufundisweni kwe-echolocation. Amalulwane angenye yamaqembu ayivelakancane kokutholwa kwemivubukulo. Singasho ngokuqinisekile ukuthi bavuka kungakabi yisikhathi se-Eocene, bahlala ngokushesha endaweni yokudla, futhi cishe akuzange kuguquke ezikhathini zasendulo.
Amalulwane namanye amalulwane aba ngabazingeli abaphumelelayo, besebenzisa izinsiza ezingatholakali kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Ngenxa yalokho, amalulwane ayenomncintiswano omncane wokudla, futhi ngenxa yendlela yawo yokuphila yasebusuku, ayengazesabi izidalwa ezizisongelayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani ilulwane
Amalulwane anempumulo eyisicaba nezindlebe ezimfushane. Ukuphela kwekhala labo kufana nesiqeshana, esigobele kancane phambili. Izimpiko zincane, zihlangene, zikhonjwe ekugcineni. Izinhlobo zamalulwane ziyehluka kancani komunye nomunye ngobukhulu nangama-nuances ngombala noma ngesakhiwo samaphiko.
Ilulwane lasehlathini linengubo emfushane, eqinile ebomvu nesisu esilula. Izindlebe zayo zinkulu kunezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, okwenza kube umzingeli ophumelelayo ehlathini. Ubude bomzimba bufinyelela kuma-48 cm, kanti amaphiko angama-23-25 cm.
Ubheje omfushane ungummeleli omncane kakhulu wohlobo lwelulwane. Ubude bomzimba oburekhodiwe bezidalwa ezinjalo ngu-44 mm, okucishe kube irekhodi phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, amalulwane amancane anamaphiko afinyelela kuma-22 cm, avumela lezi zilwane ukuba zikwazi ukuthwala ngendlela emangalisayo, ziqine futhi zisheshe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ilulwane lomuntu omdala elincane lingena ebhokisini likamentshisi, futhi iwundlu lilingana thimble.
I-Lesser Bat inkudlwana kune-Dwarf Bat - kufika ku-45 mm. Ihluka futhi ngombala wendawo yesihlathi, okhanyayo noma ocishe ube mhlophe, ngokungafani nombala obomvu webhande le-pygmy. Ilulwane elisempumalanga yilona elimelele kakhulu uhlobo lohlobo ngombala.
Futhi ayinabo osayizi abakhulu - ifinyelela kuma-49 mm kuphela, ubude bayo inamaphiko amasentimitha angama-23.Ilulwane laseMedithera linombala ogqamile obomvu, izimpiko ezimnyama ezinesikhumba esiminyene nomugqa omhlophe osuka emsileni uye kolwelwesi lwephiko.
Ngokuvamile, amalulwane angomunye wabamele abancane bamalulwane. Naphezu kwegama labo "elisabekayo", abantu abaningi elihlobana nokuthile okungaqondakali, amalulwane awawenzi umxhwele. Zinamehlo amancane ayindilinga, izindlebe eziyindilinga ezicace bha, namakhala amancane, angavezwanga. Wonke amalulwane anemizimba eyindilinga embozwe ngoboya.
Manje uyazi ukuthi igundane le-bat litholakala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Ihlala kuphi ilulwane?
Isithombe: Bat Bat
Indawo yokuhlala amalulwane isakazeke ezindaweni ezipholile zase-Eurasia iye e-Australia naseNingizimu Afrika.
Izinhlobo eziningi zamahlathi zamalulwane zitholakala kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- Urals;
- Isifunda seTrans-Volga;
- ECaucasus;
- Eduze naseMpumalanga.
Amalulwane amaningi akhetha ukuhlala eduze kwabantu, ekhetha izindawo ezenziwe ngabantu. Isibonelo, amalulwane amancane ayathanda ukuhlomisa izindawo zokuhlala ngaphansi kophahla lwezindlu, emashejini, noma okungenani emigedeni noma ezihlahleni eziseduze nemizana namadolobha.
Amalulwane amaningi akhetha ihlathi noma indawo enezintaba indawo yawo yokuhlala unomphela. Zihlala emigodini yezihlahla noma emiqheleni eminyene, lapho zilenga khona zibheke phansi emagatsheni. Amalulwane ahlala phansi futhi ahlala njalo ekhetha indawo efanayo nesiphephelo, uma engakhishwa lapho.
Amalulwane aseMedithera athanda ukuhlala ezindaweni eziphakeme - kuze kufike kumakhilomitha amabili nohhafu ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Ngisho namalulwane amakhulu ajwayele ukuhlala ezakhiweni zabantu, yingakho kwesinye isikhathi adala ukuphazamiseka kubantu.
Imvamisa, amalulwane atholakala ngemuva kwamabhande aboshiwe ezakhiweni, ezindongeni ezivuzayo, ezakhiweni ezakhiwe ngokhuni, emifantwini yamabhilidi amatshe, ekuvulekeni kwezitini Amalulwane agwema izifunda ezibandayo, yize izinhlobo ezinkulu zingatholakala e-Eastern Siberia. Ezinye izinhlobo zamalulwane zivame ukufuduka okufushane ngenkathi ebandayo.
Idlani ilulwane?
Isithombe: Bat eRussia
Amalulwane ayizidalwa ezidlayo, yize engathathi songo kubantu. Lezi zilwane zidla izinambuzane, ezizibambayo zizidle khona kanye endizeni. Ngokuzingela, amalulwane akhetha izindawo ezingaphezulu kwemizimba yamanzi, lapho kunezinambuzane eziningi, kanye nemiphetho evulekile emahlathini noma emasimini ezolimo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amalulwane ayazi ukuthi kunezinambuzane eziningi eduze kwezibani ezindaweni zokuhlala kusihlwa, ngakho-ke ungabona amalulwane azingela eduze kwemithombo elula.
Amalulwane azingela kuphela ebusuku. Zindiza ngokushesha, zikhipha imisindo ngemvamisa engama-40-50 kHz, ezivumela ukuba zisheshe zithole ukuthi ukuminyana kwezinambuzane kukuphi. Umhlambi wamalulwane ngokushesha undizela esilwaneni futhi ngokushesha ubambe izisulu endizeni, ngaphambi kokuba bathole isikhathi sokuhlakazeka. Amalulwane ayingozi kakhulu. Umuntu onesisindo esingu-40 gram uyakwazi ukudla kuze kufike ku-30 gramu wokudla.
Ukudla kwabo okujwayelekile kufaka:
- omiyane nezimpukane;
- amakhilikithi;
- izimvemvane, amabhu;
- ojekamanzi;
- izibungu zezinambuzane zezinyoni zasemanzini.
Amalulwane nawo agcinwa ekhaya, kuyilapho ukudla kwezibankwa nezinhlanganisela ezahlukahlukene zokudla kwezinambuzane kuwalungele. Amalulwane ayakwazi ukudla kakhulu, ngoba lezi zilwane azisazi isilinganiso sokondleka, ngakho-ke kunengozi enkulu yokweqa isilwane ngokweqile.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Bat in nature
Amalulwane ahlala emihlanjini emincane, ehlangana kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalanisa. Ngokuvamile, amalulwane anamathela ezihlotsheni eziseduze - lezi zilwane ziyakwazi ukuhlangana futhi zidinga umphakathi ohlale uzungezile. Futhi amalulwane azingela ndawonye. Bahlela izindawo zokuhlala ezihlahleni, emifantwini yamatshe, emigedeni nasezakhiweni zabantu. Umhlambi omncane wamalulwane awuhlomisi izidleke, kodwa umane ubambelele ngezidladla zawo kunoma imuphi uqimba nobuso obumangele, ulenga ubheke phansi.
Amalulwane awakwazi ukuhamba aqonde, futhi ezindaweni ezivundlile ziyakhasa ngenxa yokungabikho kwemilenze yangaphambili - ancishiswa abe ngamaphiko. Ngokuvamile, izilwane zinamahloni. Zindiza emoyeni ngokuqhamuka okuncane komuntu, zingakwazi nhlobo ukuhlasela zisabela. Ukuphela kwendlela yabo yokuphunyuka indiza, lapho amalulwane athembela kuphela kumaphiko aqinile.
Ngesikhathi sasemini, amalulwane ahlala ezindaweni zawo ezimnyama futhi alala - amehlo awo ayazwela ekukhanyeni kwelanga, futhi ngenxa yombala wawo nemishini yokundiza ebonakalayo, abonakala kakhulu ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi somsebenzi siwela ebusuku - khona-ke amalulwane ayahlakazeka efuna ukudla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amalulwane ayakwazi ukuwela ohlotsheni lwe-hibernation - i-torpor, lapho isilwane sihlala sazi khona, kepha imetabolism emzimbeni wayo yehla.
Babheka ukudla besebenzisa i-echolocation. Amalulwane enza imisindo efinyelela imvamisa ephansi equbuka futhi ibuyele ezintweni ezahlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke ebumnyameni, amalulwane angathola kalula imihlambi yezinambuzane, futhi athole nezilwane ezidlayo kanye nezinto ezingaba yingozi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Igundane lelulwane
Isikhathi sokuzalisa siqala, njengomthetho, ngesikhathi sasebusika. Uma izinhlobo zamalulwane zingalali ebusika, kepha zihola impilo yokuzulazula, kepha ukukhwelana kwenzeka ngalesi sikhathi. Abesifazane bahlukaniswe ngemihlambi emikhulu - kufika kubantu abayinkulungwane. Banamathela ndawonye emifantwini yamadwala nasemihumeni, bahlale beheha abesilisa ngokukhala.
Insikazi ikhetha eyodwa yamaduna asuke endizile, ngemuva kwalokho ukukhwelana kwenzeka ngokushesha, ngemuva kwalokho eyeduna neyeduna azihlangani. Abesilisa besikhathi sokuzala bagcina bengamaqembu amancane noma bandize bahlukane nabanye.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-60. Ngokuvamile, insikazi izala amawundlu amabili, kodwa kukhona elilodwa noma amathathu. Cishe inyanga nohhafu, uzondla ngobisi - sonke lesi sikhathi, amawundlu abambelela ezindlini zomhume noma esikhonkosini sesihlahla ngezidladla eziqinile, alinde ngesineke ukufika kukamama evela ekuzingeleni.
Uma izinyane liwa, maningi amathuba okuthi lishaye phansi. Amawundlu asinda ekwindla nawo ayafa, ngoba awakakwazi ukundiza. Ngokuvamile, amalulwane awavamile ukusuka phansi - adinga ukuphuma entabeni. Ngakho-ke, ilulwane elizithola lisemhlabathini lizobhubha.
Amalulwane angaphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-16, kepha endle akaphili kuze kube yiminyaka emihlanu. Bangakwazi ukuzala, bafinyelele eminyakeni yobudala bezinyanga eziyi-11. Ngemuva kukadoti wokuqala, abesifazane bayakwazi ukuzala njalo, kuphela ukuqeda i-lactation eyodwa bese bekhulelwa futhi.
Izitha zemvelo zelulwane
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani ilulwane
Ngenxa yempilo yabo yasebusuku, amalulwane anezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo. Okokuqala, lezi yizikhova, izikhova zezikhozi nezikhova, ezinendawo efanayo yokuzingela nesikhathi esifanayo somsebenzi. Izikhova nazo zinendlela efanayo yokuzingela - zibamba inyamazane impukane.
Amalulwane ayakwazi ukuthola indawo yezilwane ezisebenzisa i-echolocation, abese ezungeza wona. Kodwa izikhova zivame ukuhlasela zisuka endaweni ephakeme, futhi amalulwane andiza asondele ebusweni bomhlaba, abambe izinambuzane. Amalulwane awathumeli i-echolocation phezulu, okwenza abe sengozini yezikhova.
Isikhova sishiya phezulu sibambe ilulwane, sihlephule umgogodla ngaso leso sikhathi. Lokhu kukude kakhulu nokwelashwa okuthandwa yizikhova, ngakho-ke ahlasela amalulwane kuphela uma kunesidingo. Amathambo nesikhumba selulwane akwenzi kube isisulu somsoco ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye.
Ama-Ferrets, ama-martens, ama-weasel nezinye izidalwa zomhlaba ezincane nazo zingazingela amalulwane. Okokuqala, bacosha ngokuzithandela amawundlu namalulwane afike endaweni evundlile. Futhi, lezi zidlakela ziyakwazi ukugxumela ngaphandle kwesembozo - utshani, ama-snags, ngemuva kwamatshe, lapho amalulwane azingela phansi phansi.
Amalulwane awanazo izindlela zokuzivikela. Amazinyo abo alungele kuphela ukuluma nge-chitin eminyene yezinambuzane, futhi amalulwane awasheshi ngokwanele futhi ahamba kalula ngokwanele ukuhlehlisa abahlaseli.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Bat
Yize iqiniso lokuthi izinhlobo eziningi zamalulwane zingaphansi kwesigaba sezilwane ezingavamile, amalulwane awabhekani nalokho. Amalulwane asekela abantu abaningi abanqabile kancane ngenxa yethonya le-anthropogenic.
Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, kuye kwaqaliswa nezindlela zokuvikela izinyoni, ezihlotshaniswa nokwehliswa kokungcola kwamakhemikhali kwamahlathi, ngenxa yokuthi inani lamalulwane lenyuke kancane. Noma kunjalo, ilulwane lasehlathini libhalwe kuRed Book eSverdlovsk, eChelyabinsk, eNizhny Novgorod, eSt. Petersburg nakwezinye izifunda zase-Ukraine.
Lokhu kungenxa yezici ezilandelayo:
- ukungcola kwamakhemikhali kwemvelo kulezi zifunda. Kuhlobene nezimboni noma ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo;
- ukubhujiswa kwendawo yemvelo yamalulwane ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi;
- ukubhujiswa kwamalulwane kanye nezilokazane zezilwane nezinambuzane (ngokwesibonelo, amagundane, lawo, njengamalulwane, angahlala ezindlini nakwezinye izindawo zokuhlala).
Ilulwane - isilwane esivamile esivame ukuba sincane kakhulu ngosayizi. Abathandi bezilwane ezingajwayelekile bagcina ngisho emakhaya, kepha amalulwane afuna ngenkani imibandela yokuboshwa, futhi adinga nendlela ekhethekile ukuze izilwane zingesabi futhi zingalumi umnikazi. Kepha ngokujwayelekile, lezi yizilwane ezinobungane nezinamahloni ezihlale isikhathi eside eceleni kwabantu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: Septhemba 16, 2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-13: 50
