UBokoplav isilwane se-crustacean esise-oda le-crayfish ephakeme (i-Amphipoda). Sekukonke, zingu-9000 izinhlobo zama-crustaceans ezaziwayo ezihlala ngaphansi kolwandle nezinye izidumbu zamanzi emhlabeni jikelele. Iningi lama-crustaceans angale oda ahlala endaweni esogwini eduze ne-surf, angaphumela ogwini. Futhi kulokhu kulandelwa amafomu ezinambuzane, izintwala zomkhomo zingezabo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Bokoplav
I-Bocoplav (i-Amphipoda) ngama-arthropods asekilasini le-crayfish ephakeme ngokulandelana kwama-amphipods. Ngokokuqala ngqa, leli butho lachazwa ngudokotela wezinambuzane waseFrance uPierre André Latreuil ngo-1817. Leli oda lifaka izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-9000 zama-crustaceans. AmaBokoplavs ayizidalwa zasendulo, kuyaziwa ukuthi la ma-crustaceans ahlala kuma-benthos olwandle nasemizimbeni yamanzi amasha ekuqaleni kwenkathi yamatshe yenkathi yePaleozoic, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-350 edlule.
Ividiyo: Bokoplav
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokungabikho kwe-carapace, izinsalela zalezi zilwane azikaze zisinde; zaziwa kuphela izibonelo eziyi-12 zama-crustaceans asendulo alo myalelo. Izinsalela zama-amphipods asendulo ayehlala esikhathini se-Eocene asekhona. Le mivubukulo isekhona kuze kube namuhla ngenxa yenhlaka. Isilwane sasendulo sawela econsini le-amber futhi asikwazanga ukuphuma kuso, futhi kuphela ngenxa yalesi simo lapho singazi khona ukuthi lezi zidalwa zaziphila ngesikhathi sePaleozoic.
Ngo-2013, i-amphipod yachazwa eyayiphila esikhathini seTriassic senkathi yeMesozoic, icishe ibe yiminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-200 ukwedlula isifanekiso esedlule.
Kuyi-amphipod yohlobo lweRosagammarus minichiellus ngonyaka ofanayo le fossil yachazwa yiqembu lososayensi ngaphansi kommeleli kaMark McMenamin. Okwamanje, inani labantu base-crustacean lihluke kakhulu. Futhi ezinye izinto zeplanktonic zifakiwe kulolu hlelo.
Ukubukeka nencazelo
Isithombe: Indlela i-amphipod ebukeka ngayo
AmaBocoplavas angamakhrustacea amancane kakhulu. Usayizi womuntu ojwayelekile ulinganiselwa ku-10 mm ubude, kepha, kukhona futhi nabantu abakhulu abacishe babe ngama-25 mm ngosayizi, kepha kuyaqabukela. Abamele izinhlobo ezincane zama-amphipods bancane kakhulu futhi ubukhulu bawo bungu-1 mm ubude kuphela.
Umzimba wama-amphipod uyisicaba ezinhlangothini. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwama-amphipods namanye ama-crustaceans ukungabikho kwe-carapace. Esifubeni, ingxenye yangaphakathi ihlanganiswe ngokuphelele nekhanda. Izitho ezisengxenyeni yokuqala zimelwe imihlathi yomlenze. Izitho esifubeni zinesakhiwo esihlukile. Kunezinsimbi ezinkulu zamanga ezinhlangothini zangaphambili. Lezi zinzipho ziyadingeka ukubamba ukudla. Amabili amabili alandelayo aphela ngozipho. Kuzipho zangaphambili kuphela eziqondiswe phambili, nezinzipho zangemuva ziqondiswe emuva.
Ngenxa yalezi nzipho, isilwane singahamba kalula ngasesiteshini esingaphansi. Ama-gill atholakala phakathi kwesigaba sesi-2 nesesi-7 se-thoracic. Isisu se-amphipod sehlukaniswe izigaba eziningana - i-urosome ne-pleosome. Isigaba ngasinye sifaka izingxenye ezintathu. Ezingxenyeni ze-pleosome, kukhona ama-pleopods, izitho ezinamagatsha amabili ezisebenzela ukubhukuda.
Ama-Uropods-limbs atholakala ku-uresome, ngenxa yokuthi i-crustacean ingagxumela phezulu futhi ihambe ngokushesha ngokwanele ngasogwini nasezansi kwedamu. Ama-urepod aqinile impela. Uhlelo lwe-excretory lumelelwa amathumbu kanye nendunu.
Kuphi ama-amphipods?
Isithombe: Bokoplav emfuleni
Ama-Bocoplavs izidalwa ezijwayelekile ngokweqile. Bahlala cishe kuyo yonke imizimba yamanzi angenasawoti, olwandle, ngaphansi kolwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-amphipod amaningi nawo ahlala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Zitholakala emithonjeni nasemithonjeni yaseCaucasus, e-Ukraine entshonalanga yeYurophu.
I-suborder Ingol-fiellidea ihlala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba e-Afrika, eningizimu yeYurophu naseMelika. Futhi nezinhlobo eziningana zala ma-crustaceans zihlala ezigabeni ze-capillary zesihlabathi osebeni lwasePeru, iShaneli naseGulf of Thailand. Izinhlobo zeGammarus pulex, G. kischinef-fensis, G. balcanicus. Bahlala emadamini eNgilandi, eMoldova, eJalimane naseRomania. Ezweni lethu, la ma-crustaceans ahlala cishe kuyo yonke imizimba yamanzi.
Ama-amphipods asolwandle ahlala olwandle i-Azov, iBlack neCaspian. Ama-Amphipods ezinhlobo eziningana ahlala emifuleni iVolga, i-Oka neKama: i-Niphargoides sarsi, i-Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, i-Niphargoides sarsi. Emthonjeni waseYenisei nowase-Angarsk kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-20 zala ma-crustaceans. Izilwane ezahlukahlukene kakhulu eChibini iBaikal. Ngaphansi kweLake Baikal, kunezinhlobo ezingama-240 zama-crustaceans. Onke ama-crustaceans ahlala ngaphansi kwemizimba yamanzi futhi ahola indlela yokuphila yeplanktonic.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngaphansi koMfula i-Oka, kuphela endaweni yawo ephansi, kunabantu abangaba yizinkulungwane eziyi-170 zohlobo lweCorophium ngemitha eyisikwele ngalinye ngezansi.
Manje uyazi lapho i-amphip itholakala khona. Ake sithole ukuthi udlani.
Adlani ama-amphipods?
Isithombe: Crustacean amphipod
Cishe wonke ama-amphipods angama-omnivores.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwama-amphipods kuhlanganisa:
- izitshalo ezingaphansi kwamanzi (zombili izingxenye eziphilayo nezifile);
- izinsalela zezinhlanzi nezinye izilwane;
- ukubonga;
- izimila zasolwandle;
- izilwane ezincane.
Indlela odla ngayo ingahluka. La ma-crustaceans aluma ukudla okukhulu ngokuhlafuna bese efohla izingcezu ezincane. Imihlathi enamandla ibamba izingcezu zokudla, ikuvimbele ukuthi ingawi emlonyeni. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-amphipods zondla ngokuhlunga into emisiwe elethwe amagagasi. La ma-crustaceans ngokuvamile ahlala esiqeshini esisogwini. Lapho bezwa ukuthi igagasi liya kude nogu, i-crayfish icasha emhlabathini incike kancane kuyo, lapho umhlaba uvezwa obala, ama-crustaceans agxumela kuwo ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke uhlobo lwe-Niphargoides maeoticus luvame ukudla.
Ama-crustaceans ezinhlobo zeCorophiidae, Leptocheirus kanye ne-Ampeliscidae adla ngaphandle kokushiya izindlu zawo. Lapho, lezi zilwane ziqala ukudaka ungqimba lwenhlabathi ngezimpondo zazo ezingemuva. Ulwelwe namagciwane angena emanzini, bese umdlavuza uhlunga amanzi ngenethiwekhi yamabhulashi atholakala emilenzeni yangaphambili. Izilwane eziphila phakathi kwama-amphipods yizimbuzi zasolwandle.
Lawa ma-crustaceans amancane ahlasela izihlobo ezincane, izibungu, i-jellyfish. Ama-amphipods we-Planktonic wezinhlobo zeLysianassidae aphila nge-jellyfish futhi ahola impilo ephila ngokudla. Uhlobo lwe-parasitic lwe-amphipods i-Cyamidae whale lice. Lezi zinambuzane ezincane zihlala kwimikhomo eseduze ne-anus futhi zidla esikhunjeni semikhomo, ziluma izilonda ezijulile.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Bokoplav
Iningi lama-amphipod lihola impilo engaphansi kwamanzi. Emini, bahlala ezansi kwedamu, ebusuku, la ma-crustaceans amancane aphumela emhlabathini futhi angakhasa ngasogwini ayofuna ukudla. Imvamisa badla ulwelwe olubolayo, olugezwa ogwini ngamagagasi. Ngesikhathi sasemini, ama-crustaceans abuyela echibini noma acashe enhlabathini, evikela amagezi ukuthi angomi.
Njengama-crayfish amaningi, ama-amphipods aphefumula ngemithambo.Amapuleti e-gill abhobozwa ngemikhumbi emincane egcina umswakama futhi lokhu kuvumela ama-crustaceans ukuthi aphumele emhlabathini. AmaCrustaceans anekhono elimangalisayo lokuhamba esikhaleni, aze asuke kude namanzi anganquma ngokunembile ukuthi adinga ukubuyela kuphi.
Amanye ama-amphipod abheka izinkuni ze-drift kanye namagatsha, ezondla ngokhuni lwesihlahla nothuli. Ama-amphipods adlayo, izimbuzi zasolwandle zicasha phakathi kwamahlathi ashisayo cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Zizingela inyamazane isikhathi eside zihleli endaweni eyodwa ngokuphakamisa kancane izingcwecwe zazo zangaphambili, lapho nje ibona inyamazane ngokucijile bese iyayihlasela.
Izintwala zomkhomo zihola indlela yokuphila yezinambuzane, futhi zichitha cishe impilo yazo yonke emikhomeni zondla isikhumba sazo. Ama-crustaceans amancane ahlala olwandle aphila impilo ezolile. Ezinye cishe aziveli emigodini yazo, zondla ngendlela yokuhlunga, zihlala zimba phansi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Cancer amphipod
AmaBokoplavs izidalwa ezingafani nabobulili obuhlukile. I-dimorphism yezocansi ivame ukubonakaliswa kakhulu. Ngokuya ngohlobo, abesilisa bangaba bakhulu kunabesifazane, noma ngokufanayo. Emndenini wakwaGammaridae, abesilisa bakhulu ngokuphindwe kaningana kunabesifazane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umndeni wakwaLeptocheirus unabesifazane abaningi kunabesilisa. Abesifazane abavuthiwe ngokobulili bazo zonke izinhlobo zama-amphipods banesikhwama se-brood.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ukuthuthukiswa kwezici zobulili zesilisa kuma-amphipods kungenxa yokuba khona kwehomoni ekhethekile efihliwe yizindlala ze-androgenic endocrine. Ukufakwa kwalezi zindlala kowesifazane kwaholela ekwehleni kwamaqanda esifazane abe amasende.
E-amphipods Gammarus duebeni, ubulili benzalo bunqunywa yizinga lokushisa lapho amaqanda evuthwa khona. Esikhathini esibandayo, abesilisa bayachanyuselwa; ngenkathi efudumele, abesifazane bayazalwa. Inqubo yokukhwelana kuma-amphipods ithatha izinsuku ezimbalwa. Owesilisa ucindezela emuva kowesifazane, ebambelele emaphethelweni angaphambili nangemuva engxenyeni yesihlanu ye-thoracic yowesifazane ngezinzipho zayo eziqinile ngokulindela ukuncibilika.
Ngemuva kokuncibilika, owesilisa uya esiswini sowesifazane bese egoqa imilenze yesisu ndawonye, ayiphonse kaningi phakathi kwamapuleti angemuva e-brood bursa. Ngalesi sikhathi, isidoda sikhishwa ekuvulekeni kwezitho zobulili. Isidoda sithuthwa ngaphakathi kwe-brood bursa ngosizo lwemilenze yesisu. Ngemuva kwamahora ama-4, amaqanda abekwa kulesi sikhwama ngowesifazane futhi ngokushesha ayavuthwa. Ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zama-amphipods, inani lamaqanda abekwa owesifazane lihlukile. Iningi labesifazane lizalela amaqanda ama-5 kuye kwayi-100 ngokuhlangana okukodwa.
Kodwa ezinye izinhlobo zivundile kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, iGammara-canthus loricatus ibekela amaqanda afinyelela ku-336, i-Amathillina spinosa efinyelela kuma-240. I-White Sea amphipods i-Apopuchus nugax ngemuva kokubhangqa okukodwa, insikazi ithwala imibungu engafika enkulungwaneni. Kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-14 kuya kwezingama-30 ngaphambi kokuba ama-crustaceans amancane ashiye isikhwama sikanina.
Ama-crustaceans amancane akhula ngokushesha okukhulu, asinda cishe ama-molts ayi-13. Izinhlobo eziningi zama-amphipods zizala ngenkathi efudumele, kepha ama-amphipods ohlobo lwe-Anisogammarus athwala amaqanda awo ebusika bonke, futhi entwasahlobo kuzalwa ama-crustaceans amancane. Isikhathi esiphakathi sempilo yama-amphipods cishe iminyaka emibili. Abamele izinhlobo zezilwane iNiphargus orcinus virei baphila kakhulu; bangaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30, kepha ngokwesilinganiso baphila cishe iminyaka eyisithupha.
Izitha zemvelo zama-amphipods
Isithombe: Indlela i-amphipod ebukeka ngayo
Izitha eziyinhloko zama-amphipods yilezi:
- inhlanzi;
- imikhomo nemikhomo ebulalayo;
- izimfudu;
- i-mink;
- amakati;
- izinja;
- i-muskrat;
- amaxoxo namanye ama-amphibians;
- izinambuzane nezibungu zazo;
- ama-arachnids;
- izinyoni (ikakhulukazi osiki besihlabathi).
AmaBokoplavs mancane kakhulu futhi acishe azivikele. Ngakho-ke, la ma-crustaceans anezitha eziningi endaweni yawo yemvelo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-crustaceans azama ukuqhuba indlela ecashile yokuphila. Emifuleni, ama-amphipods azingelwa ngama-eel, burbot, perch, roach, bream nezinye izinhlanzi eziningi. Ama-Eels athathwa njengezitha eziyingozi kakhulu zalezi crustaceans, njengoba lezi zinhlanzi zihlala zimba phansi futhi zikhuphuka kalula emigodini ye-crayfish.
Ogwini lwezinyoni zomdlavuza nezilwane ezincelisayo ziyacathama. Kepha ama-amphipods amaningi awafi ngokuwela ezingxenyeni zezilwane ezidla ezinye, kepha abulawa yizifo. Futhi okuyingozi kakhulu kubo yisifo se-crayfish. Yisifo esibulala izinkulungwane zama-crustaceans minyaka yonke. Ama-crustaceans kanye nezifo eziphazamisayo ziyahlupheka, ngisho nalezi zidalwa ezincane ziyizinambuzane. Ama-crustaceans asengozini enkulu athola noma yikuphi ukulimala, amabhaktheriya ahlukahlukene anda ngokushesha emanxebeni.
Ukungcola kwemizimba yamanzi nakho kungezinye zezici ezingezinhle. Ama-Bocoplavas azwela kakhulu ukungena kwezinto ezinobungozi emanzini; amacala okufa kwabantu abaningi kulawa ma-crustaceans ezindaweni zokungcola okuqinile kwemizimba yamanzi ayaziwa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Bokoplav
Ama-Bocoplavas ayisigaba esigcwele kakhulu sama-crustaceans. Lesi sigaba asidingi ukuvikelwa okukhethekile. Akunakwenzeka ukulandela usayizi wesibalo sabantu ngenxa yenani elikhulu kakhulu lama-crustaceans ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezihlala kuyo yonke imizimba yamanzi. La ma-crustaceans amancane azizwa ekhululekile endle, ajwayele kahle ezimweni ezahlukahlukene zemvelo futhi ande ngokushesha.
Ukudoba ama-amphipod kuvunyelwe. Ama-crustaceans amancane ezweni lethu abanjwe ngendlela enobungozi emvelweni. Inyama yeKrill ingukudla okumnandi nokunomsoco okunothile ngamavithamini namaminerali. Izinhlobo eziningi zama-amphipods zisetshenziswa njengesithiyelo ekudobeni. Abadobi basebenzisa ijig ukudoba ama-perches, i-bream, i-crucian carp nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi.
AmaBokoplavs angukuhleleka kwangempela kwamachibi. Lezi crustaceans ezincane zidla izinsalela zezidumbu zezilwane, izitshalo ezibolayo, iplankton. Okungukuthi, yonke into lapho amagciwane ayingozi ne-pathogenic angaphindaphindeka khona ngempumelelo. Ngenkathi edla, la ma-crustaceans ahlanza amanzi, awenze ahlanzeke futhi abonakale. Ama-crustaceans adlayo alawula inani le-jellyfish nezinye izidalwa abazizingelayo.
Konke okungenziwa ngama-amphipods ukuqapha ukuhlanzeka kwamachibi, ukufaka izinsiza zokwelapha kumabhizinisi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi azikho izinto eziyingozi nezinobuthi ezingena emanzini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: IBokoplavov ibizwa nangokuthi ngamazeze olwandle, kepha ngokungafani namazeze omhlaba, lezi zidalwa azilimazi abantu nezilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba.
UBokoplav isidalwa esimangalisayo esihlala emanzini amaningi emhlabeni wonke. Izinkulungwane zala ma-crustaceans amancane zihlala kunoma iyiphi indawo yamanzi. Ngaphandle kobukhulu bayo obuncane, lezi yizidalwa ezinekhono kakhulu ezihola indlela yokuphila esebenzayo. Bayakwazi ukubhukuda kahle, futhi ngokushesha okukhulu bahamba emabhishi anesihlabathi besebenzisa ukweqa. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zidalwa ezincane ziqhathaniswa namanqe, ngenxa yomkhuba wazo wokudla izidumbu. AmaCrustaceans adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ku-ecosystem, ngoba ayiziqoqelalwazi zamachibi futhi angukudla kwenani elikhulu lezilwane ezingaphansi kwamanzi, izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: Septhemba 15, 2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 00
