Cover photo author: UMedvedeva Svetlana (@ msvetlana012018)
UJay - inyoni enesilinganiso esiphakathi enezimpaphe ezihehayo kanye nokukhala okukhulu kokukhwaza. Igama layo lesiLatini lihlotshaniswa namagama "anomsindo", "chatty". Uhlobo lwe-jays lubandakanya izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamashumi amane, ezihlukile komunye nomunye ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezimpaphe.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Jay
Igama lesiLatini - uGarrulus glandarius walinikwa ngo-1758 nguKarl Linnaeus. Uma igama lokuqala kuleli gama lithi le nyoni ibonakala ngokukhala okunomsindo, khona-ke lelo lesibili livela kwi-Latin glandis, okusho ukuthi u-acorn futhi ugcizelela ukuthanda kwalo ukudla.
U-Linnaeus uthole ukufana kwale nyoni nabamele umndeni wakwa-corvidae, okubandakanya ama-rook, jackdaws, jugs, magpies, amagwababa uqobo, cishe izinhlobo eziyi-120 sezizonke. Okhokho balezi zinyoni batholakala eYurophu; izinsalela zabo zingaphansi kweMiocene Ephakathi, lapho babehlala khona eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-17 edlule.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umbala wezimpaphe ze-blue jay awunamandla njengoba ubukeka. Le nkohliso idalwa ukukhishwa kokukhanya ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo. Kwakha imbondela enezendlalelo eziningi enikeza i-hue enamandla. Uma ukhipha ipeni bese ubheka kusuka kolunye uhlangothi, khona-ke umbala okhanyayo ulahlekile.
Ngesisindo, izinyoni azidluli ku-200 g, kepha zibukeka zihlaba umxhwele ngenxa yomsila omude nekhanda elikhulu. Ubude benyoni, uma kucatshangelwa umsila, bungafinyelela kuma-400 mm, kepha ngokwesilinganiso - 330 mm, ngokukhuphuka cishe kuka-150 mm. Uqhwaku oluqinile olukwazi ukuqhekeza ama-oki acorn, amantongomane nezinye izimbewu eziminyene ezimnyama. Incane, kepha iqine, ubukhulu bayo busuka emakhaleni ngokwesilinganiso esingu-33 mm.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: bird jay
Izinhlobo eziqhamuke kakhulu, ezikhethwe yiYurophu ezinemihlobo emincane eyisishiyagalolunye. Inyoni enezimpaphe ezifudumele, ekhanda ilula futhi ishoshozele kancane. Lapho ethukile, izimpaphe ezingemuva kwekhanda ziyavuka. Umugqa omnyama ofana namadevu usuka emlonyeni. Umbala womzimba ubomvu-mpunga, ama-jays aseSiberia anekhanda elibomvu, kanti ama-Europe alula, kunezimpaphe ezimnyama ekhanda, okwenza imivimbo. Lezo ezitholakala eCaucasus naseCrimea zine "hat" emnyama.
Intamo ilula kunentamo. Izembozo zezimpaphe zendiza zangaphambili ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezinemigqa emnyama, izimpaphe zokundiza zimnyama zimakwe ezimhlophe ekugcineni. Izimpaphe zomsila zimnyama, uppertail kanye nezethembana zipendwe mhlophe. Izidladla zinsundu.
Ividiyo: Jay
Iqembu elinama-subspecies amathathu avela eNyakatho ye-Afrika: ene-rapeous nape, izimpaphe ezimpunga, ikhanda elikhanyayo kanye nekepisi elimnyama. Ama-subspecies amane avela eMiddle East, eCrimea, eTurkey: anezimpaphe ezinemibala efanayo, umqhele omnyama nomaski okhanyayo.
EMongolia nase-Asia Ephakathi kukhona i-saxaul jay, ihlala kulezi zihlahla futhi ayithandi ngempela ukundiza. Mncane ngosayizi we-jackdaw, ompunga ngombala nomsila omnyama, indawo emnyama eyindilinga emphinjeni kanye nocezwana olusuka esweni kuye emlomeni.
Emahlathini aseCaspian e-Iran, kubonakala titfombe letincane tetinyoni i-saxaul letinetimphuphu letimphunga kanye nemqhele lomnyama. E-Himalaya - iHimalaya, etholakala nase-Afghanistan naseNdiya: iqolo elimpunga, esiswini, elimpunga ngombala obomvu. Intamo iphawulwe ngezimpaphe ezimhlophe, ikhanda limnyama.
I-jay ehlotshisiwe ihlala eziqhingini zaseJapan futhi yehluke kakhulu ezihlotsheni zayo ngombala: intamo nekhanda eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izimpiko nomsila kumnyama futhi kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngombala onsomi, kunezimpaphe ezimhlophe entanyeni. Umzimba unezimpaphe ezibomvu ngokunsundu.
I-jay crested itholakala eMalaysia naseThailand. Amachwane akhe anemigqa futhi kancane kancane amnyama abe mnyama, yikhola kuphela elihlala limhlophe qhwa. Impaphe yasekuqaleni ngokuphelele, egqamile ngokungavamile, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngenyoni evela ezwenikazi laseNyakatho Melika. Isifuba, isisu nangaphansi koqhwaku kumhlophe mpunga, ikhanda entanyeni linefreyimu emnyama. Imiphetho yezimpaphe ezinamaphiko nomsila imhlophe njengeqhwa.
EFlorida, izinhlobo ezihlaza okwesibhakabhaka zihlala. Umphimbo nesisu kusampunga, phezulu ngemuva kunompunga omnyama, umbala osele uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okumnyama. EMelika kunolunye uhlobo olutholakala emazweni aseMexico, lubizwa ngegama le-magpie jay enekhanda elimnyama ngomsila wayo omude nangokhaliphile, njengepholi. Umbala wabantu abanjalo uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokugqamile, isisu simhlophe, izihlathi nentamo kumnyama, umbala ofanayo yi "cap" ne-crest.
Kukhona nezinhlobo zeYucatan ezingandile. Ngohlaka, izinyoni ziyefana nemagpie, kodwa ngomsila omfishane. Inyoni yonke imnyama, izimpiko nomsila kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okugqamile, futhi uqhwaku luphuzi. Futhi olunye uhlobo lubukeka njengemagpie, kodwa ngombala: isisu saso sonke simhlophe, lonke uphaphe lumnyama, ngenhla kweso kukhona ishiya eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kukhona umugqa omncane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esihlathini. Abantu abanjalo babizwa ngamabhande amhlophe.
Uhlalaphi ujay?
Isithombe: Jay bird ebusika
Laba bantu abadlulayo basabalele kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kanye naseMorocco nase-Algeria, uhla luye empumalanga ngaphesheya kwe-Urals nasenyakatho ne-Middle East, ludlule e-Azerbaijan naseMongolia luye eChina, Korea naseJapan. ERussia, zitholakala kuyo yonke insimu lapho kunamahlathi khona, kusukela engxenyeni yaseYurophu, kuya ogwini oluseMpumalanga Ekude, eKuriles naseSakhalin, ngaphandle kwendawo yezindawo ezinomswakama ezinomswakama.
Ngaphezu kwe-Eurasia, izinyoni zitholakala eNyakatho Melika. Bahlala emahlathini ezinhlobo zonke, ikakhulukazi i-beech ne-hornbeam, kepha kuyathandwa i-oki, nayo etholakala emapaki, ezingadini ezinkulu zezithelo. Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho naseSiberia, bahlala ezihlahleni ze-birch nasemahlathini e-coniferous. Kwezinye eziningi eziseningizimu, bahlala ezindaweni lapho kunezihlahlana khona. Ezintabeni, bakhuphukela endaweni yangaphambi kwezintaba.
I-saxaul jay yendawo ehlala esifundeni sase-Central Asia naseMongolia. Ihlala lapho i-shrub eyinikeze igama layo ikhula khona, ngoba ebusika, lolu hlobo ludla kakhulu imbewu ye-saxaul. Lezi zinyoni zingatholakala nasezindlini ezisemaphandleni nasemakhaya azo ehlobo, into enkulu ukuthi kunehlathi eliseduzane. Bangazulazula ngezikhathi ezibandayo zonyaka, bavele emahlathini amancane nasezigabeni ezihlukene zezihlahla.
Udlani ujay?
Isithombe: Inyoni yomndeni wakwajay
Ziyizinyoni ezi-omnivorous futhi ukudla kwazo kuya ngesizini. Kusuka ezintweni eziphilayo, uzingela izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, angabamba iselesele noma isibankwa, adle iminenke nezimvukuzane. Izinyoni zihlasela amagundane nezinyoni ezincane, zonakalisa izidleke, zidla amaqanda namachwane. Uma ngenkathi efudumele kutholakala ukudla okuningi kwezilwane esiswini sabo, kuthi ngenkathi ebandayo, lokhu kungukudla kwemifino.
Ama-oki e-oak angukudla okuyinhloko kwalowo omele ama-corvids emahlathini aqhekekile futhi axubekile ezifundeni zase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Ukuhlobana sekuqaphele isikhathi eside phakathi kwenani lalezi zinyoni kanye nokuvunwa kwama-acorn, ukuhlala kwalezi zinyoni esifundeni nokuba khona kwama-oki.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: AmaJays, agcina kuze kube yizinkulungwane ezinhlanu zama-acorn ebusika, awafihle ezindaweni ezifihlekile, azithwale azungeze. Ngale ndlela, zifaka isandla ekusabalaleni kwesitshalo. Ama-acorn amaningi angcwatshwe ku-moss noma enhlabathini ahlumela kude nalapho avunwa khona entwasahlobo.
Lezi zinyoni zivumelaniswa nokudla ama-acorn. Uqhwaku lwawo oluqondile lunemiphetho ebukhali kakhulu, futhi imilenze ephansi, kepha eguquguqukayo ifakwe uzipho olubukhali noluzinzileyo. Esikhathini kusuka ekwindla kuye entwasahlobo, lapho kunokunye ukudla okuncane, izisu zabo zigcwele ama-acorn ngo-70-100%. Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe imbewu yezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-spruce, i-pine, i-beech.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Le nyoni ingathwala ama-acorn amahlanu ngasikhathi sinye, kanti enye isemlonyeni wayo, enye isemlonyeni wayo, nezinye ezintathu ku-goiter wayo.
Zinezimpaphe, ngamanani amancane, ngaphandle kokulimaza isivuno esithile, zondla:
- ama-oats;
- ubhekilanga;
- ukolweni;
- ukolweni;
- imidumba.
Ngezinye izikhathi bayazijabulisa:
- amajikijolo;
- ama-lingonberries;
- ama-strawberry;
- inyoni cherry;
- rowan.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ezinambuzane ezidliwa yijay ehlobo, ama-61% ayizinambuzane, ama-1.5% kuphela awusizo, okunye akunandaba nezitshalo zezolimo.
Kusukela ezinambuzane ezinambuzane, imenyu yakhe ifaka phakathi:
- ama-bronzes egolide;
- Kwangathi amabhungane;
- ama-weevils;
- ama-barbel mabhungane;
- umbungu kasilika ongabhangqiwe nophayini;
- izibungu ze-sawfly;
- ukuqabunga kweqabunga.
Izinyoni, zifuna ukudla, zivakashela ukutshalwa kwamagilebhisi nezingadi. Ekwindla, ngemuva kokuvuna, bangabonakala emasimini nasemibhedeni, lapho bethatha khona imifino encane esele: amazambane, ama-beet, izaqathe, nokusanhlamvu emasimini avuniwe.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Jay bird bird
Lezi zinyoni zihlakaniphe kakhulu, lokhu kungabonakala ekuziphatheni kwazo lapho zihlala eduze nezindlu. Uma ubapha ukudla, khona-ke bahlala befika, bememezela ukufika kwabo ngokukhala okukhulu, okukhulu. Ukulinda eceleni kuze kubekwe izingcezu zesinkwa noma okunye ukudla endaweni yazo ejwayelekile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: UJay esibukweni uzibona njengesibonakaliso, isibonelo, upholi ubona umfowabo lapho.
Abanye abantu bahlala phansi, abanye bathuthela ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele, abanye bathuthela endaweni abahlala kuyo. Zihamba ngamaqembu ezinombolo ezahlukahlukene kusuka kumayunithi amahlanu kuya kwangamashumi amahlanu, kukhona amacala lapho imihlambi enjalo ifinyelela kumakhophi ayizinkulungwane ezintathu. Izinyoni zihlala izidleke ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, zombili ehlozini naseduze kwezimfunda, zingakwazi futhi ukuhlala esihlahleni esiphakeme se-hawthorn.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lezi zidalwa ezinomsindo zilungiswe kahle, futhi i-repertoire yazo ye-sonic ihluke kakhulu, zingalingisa izinyoni nemisindo ehlukile. Ekhaya bangafundiswa ukukhuluma.
Bangakwazi ukuhlangana emhlambini ukuze bavikele izinyoni ezidla inyama. Izinyoni zidlula kwi-molting engxenyeni yesibili, namachwane ngasekupheleni kwehlobo. Lawa ma-corvids aphila cishe iminyaka eyi-7.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinyoni zivame ukubonakala ezintuthwaneni, lapho zingakwazi nje ukudla izinambuzane, i-asidi yazo iqeda ama-parasites. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukulunywa kwalezi zinambuzane kuthobe ukulunywa ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezimpaphe ngesikhathi sokuncenga.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Izinyoni zakha ngazimbili, zingaphambuka zibe ngamaqembu asondelene kanye nemihlambi. Ulimi lwezokuxhumana ngokusebenzisa ukuzwakala luyizinhlobonhlobo zemisindo nokumemeza. Izimpawu eziyingozi ezinikezwa ama-jays nazo ziyabonakala ngezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni nezilwane.
Ngokubuka, zingafunda ukusabela zisendaweni emi kuyo izimpaphe ekhanda. Lapho itatazekile, lonke iphimbo lenyoni liyaxokozela. Kuma-jays aqhekekile, ubudlova bukhonjiswa ngokuma mpo; ngenjabulo, izimpaphe ezisesiqandeni zithatha indlela kusuka ngemuva kwekhanda kuye obhondweni.
Isikhathi sokumatanisa ezifundeni ezisenyakatho zobubanzi senziwa kanye ngonyaka, kusukela ngoMeyi, ezindaweni eziseningizimu - kabili. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kwakhiwa ngababili. Indoda iyayinakekela insikazi, indize iphansi phansi, yenza imisindo eyahlukahlukene, bese ithatha isikhundla icela ukudla, iphuphu, umlingani uyayondla. Ngalesi sikhathi, lo mbhangqwana uqala ukwakha isidleke. Imvamisa itholakala kumamitha amane kuya kwayisithupha ngaphezulu komhlaba, lapho kuhlangana khona igatsha elibalulekile kanye nesiqu esikhulu. Ububanzi bayo cishe buyi-19 cm, ukuphakama kwayo kungu-9 cm.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isiko lokuqomisana ukuthi izinyoni zakha izidleke eziningana ngasikhathi sinye, kodwa ziphela esisodwa kuphela.
Ngesisekelo sangaphandle, amagatsha aguquguqukayo ahlukaniswa nezihlahla eziphilayo, yonke into imbozwe ngamahlumela amancane, izimpande, ziboshwe ngobumba, ngaphezulu kwalokhu umbhede omile othambile wenziwe ngobulembu, ubulembu, utshani obomile namaqabunga. Yonke inqubo ithatha isonto. Uma othile ethola isidleke, abanikazi basishiya. Lapho ukwakhiwa kwamatshe kulahlekile, umusi wenza owesibili.
UJays uqala ukubeka amaqanda eYurophu nasezindaweni eziseningizimu yeRussia Federation ngo-Ephreli. Kukhona amaqanda ama-2-10 esidlekeni, kepha ngokwesilinganiso kukhona amaqanda ama-5 aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma aluhlaza okotshani. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinyoni azizwakali nhlobo, zigwema ukudonsa ukunaka. Insikazi ihlala emaqandeni, ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-17 amaphuphu angaboni futhi ashiye igobolondo ngaphandle kwezimpaphe. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezinhlanu, amehlo abo avulekile, izimpaphe ziqala ukukhula ngemuva kwesonto.
Izinsuku eziyishumi zokuqala insikazi ihlala esidlekeni, khona-ke abazali bayashintshana ngokuzondla, ukuzifudumeza nokuzivikela. Ngesikhathi sokudla, abazali bandizela ukudla amahora angama-20 ngosuku, phakathi naleso sikhathi bondla amaphuphu cishe izikhathi ezingama-40. Ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu, izingane sezikulungele ukundiza ziphume esidlekeni. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule, bayakhasa kuwo bese behamba emagatsheni, kepha bangahambi ibanga elide.
Ngemuva kokuthi seziqale ukundiza ngokuzimela, zigcina ngaphakathi kwamamitha ayi-10-20 ukusuka esidlekeni. Kuze kube sebusika, izingane azisuki kude nabazali bazo futhi zindiza ngomhlambi omncane. Lapho kuqala ubusika, baba nokuzimela. Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwenzeka ngonyaka olandelayo.
Izitha zemvelo zamajays
Isithombe: Jay
Lezi zinyoni zizingelwa izidalwa ezinkulu. Ebusuku, izikhova nezikhova zokhozi ziyingozi. Emini, okhexhezi abakhulu, onkankane be-peregrine, ama-goshawks, namagwababa ahlasela ama-jay. Phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo, zizingelwa ngabamele umndeni we-mustelidae: ama-martens, ama-ferrets, ama-sables, ama-ermines. Badla amatshwele kanye namaqanda, kodwa futhi bangahlasela umuntu omdala ohleli esidlekeni.
Izimbangi zokudla zama-jays zingabagawuli bezinkuni, izinkanyezi, ama-hazel grouse, izinyoni ezimnyama kanye nama-crossbill. Kepha izinyoni ezinomsindo zinolaka kubantu abangabazi. Bangabahlasela, besabise izimbangi, njengokhozi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Endaweni lapho izinyoni ezimnyama zazondla khona njalo, i-jay yayindiza ngezikhathi ezithile, ixoshe izimbangi ezimnyama ngomsindo. Lokhu kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilapho izinyoni ezimnyama ekugcineni zishiya le ndawo.
Ezincelisayo, abaphikisana nalaba bameleli abadlulayo bangamagundane, babuye badle ama-acorn nembewu yezitshalo, futhi bahlukumeza ama-bird pantries. Izinyoni zingabulawa ngamakhemikhali asetshenziswa epulazini ukulwa nezinambuzane. Zibhujiswa ngenhloso emasimini ezithelo nasezivinini. Izidalwa ezinamaphiko aluhlaza azilimazi kakhulu amasimu ezithelo, kepha ziwela ezingibeni kanye nezinkanyezi nezinyoni ezimnyama.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Russian bird jay
EYurophu, inani labantu bakwa-jay lingamabhangqa ayisigidi esingu-7.5-14.6, okulingana nabantu abadala abayizigidi eziyi-15-29.3. Kule ngxenye yomhlaba, i-45% yengqikithi itholakala, ngakho-ke, ngokulinganisa okulinganiselwe, emhlabeni wonke, inani labo lingabantu abayizigidi ezingama-33-65.1 abavuthiwe. EYurophu, uma ulandelela ukuthambekela phakathi kuka-1980 no-2013, ukukhula okuphakathi kwabantu kuyabonakala, ukwanda kwabantu kulindelekile uma kungekho zinsongo ezinkulu. Isimo sihlolisiswa njengezinzile.
Laba bantu abadlulayo banezinhlobo eziningi zokusatshalaliswa futhi abasondeli embundwini osengozini. Isibalo se-jay eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eNyakatho Melika naso sizinzile.
Enye yama-subspecies we-saxaul jay, i-Ili, iyimbangela yokukhathazeka. Kuyinto yezinhlobo ezivamile. Uhlala eKazakhstan, esifundeni esiseningizimu yeBalkhash. Kubhalwe kuRed Book yaseKazakhstan njengama-subspecies angawodwa anebanga elincane nezinombolo ezingazinzile. Itholakala eKarakum, eKyzylkum, ezingwadule zaseBalkhash. Izindawo ezihlala phakathi kwemifula i-Ili neKaratal, kwesinye isikhathi zibamba amabhange aphambene nale mifula. Kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule, indawo ayikashintshi. Izinyoni zihlala zodwa, ngaphandle kokufuduka.
Ukuvikelwa kwama-jays
Isithombe: Jay bird
I-Podoces panderi ilensis iyi-Ili jay enendawo yokuhlala yase-Central Asia. Lawa ma-corvids ahlala ezindunduma, kodwa hhayi emithambekeni enesihlabathi engenalutho, kodwa ezihlahleni zezihlahla: i-saxaul, i-zhezgun, ne-acacia. Futhi zigwema izindawo ezijiyile, zakha izidleke ezindaweni ezibekiwe, phakathi kwezindunduma. Inombolo yabo ayaziwa kahle, futhi ubukhulu bezindawo zokuhlala abalingani ngokwedlulele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngo-1982, osebeni lwesokudla lomfula. Noma, izidleke eziyi-15 zitholakale endaweni eyi-15 km2, kwathi izidleke ezingama-30 zatholwa kwenye i-35 m2. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa, izinyoni zazingavamile lapho, yize kwakukhona izidleke ezindala. Okungukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba izinyoni zitholakale lapho. Ukwehla kwesibalo kuchazwa ukwanda komhlaba wezolimo wokutshalwa kwamasiko.
Futhi, ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu kuthinteka ngesilinganiso esiphansi sokusinda kwamachwane alezi zinhlobo: ngaphansi kwenkukhu eyodwa ngazinye. I-clutch eyodwa iqukethe amaqanda ama-3-5. Lezi jays zinezitha eziningi: izimpungushe, izidalwa zomndeni weasel, ama-hedgehogs nezinyoka, zingafika kalula esidlekeni, esingekho phezulu ngaphezu komhlaba. Futhi akukho lapho kungacashelwa khona izinyoni ezidla inyama ogwadule.
Ukuze kulondolozwe le biotope, izindawo ezinkulu kumele zishiywe zingaphelele, okwenzeka ngemuva kokudalwa kwesiqiwi sePribalkhash ngo-2016. Kuyadingeka futhi ukutadisha izizathu zokukhiqiza okuphansi ngokweqile.
Kuyakhanya futhi kuyakhwaza jay kuwumhlobiso wangempela wamahlathi ethu. Eqaphile, ngasikhathi sinye, enelukuluku, uvame ukuvela ngaphakathi kwedolobha, agcwalise amapaki amahlathi, lapho angatholwa khona kaningi. Inyoni ehlakaniphile ekhuliswe isencane ingaba isilwane esikhulumayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03.03.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 07/05/2020 ngo-12: 47
