I-Bustard - inyoni enkulu yasebukhosini yamathafa angenamithi namathafa emvelo, ehlala ezindaweni ezithile zezolimo ezinamandla aphansi. Uhamba ngokubabazekayo, kepha angakwazi ukugijima kunokundiza uma ephazamisekile. Indiza ye-bustard inzima futhi ifana nehansi. I-bustard iyazijabulisa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ebusika.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Bustard
U-bustard uyilungu lomndeni we-bustard futhi ukuphela kwelungu lohlobo lwe-Otis. Ingenye yezinyoni ezindiza kakhulu kunazo zonke ezitholakala kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Amadoda amadala amakhulu, aqinile kodwa abukeka emuhle anentamo ekhukhumezayo nesifuba esisindayo esinomsila oguqulwe ngendlela.
Izimpaphe zokuzalela zabesilisa zihlanganisa intshebe emhlophe engama-20 cm ubude, kuthi umhlane nomsila wazo kugqame ngokwengeziwe. Esifubeni nasengxenyeni engezansi yentamo, baba nomugqa wezimpaphe, ezinombala obomvu futhi ezigqama futhi zibe banzi ngeminyaka. Lezi zinyoni zihamba ziqonde futhi zindize ngamaphiko anamandla futhi ajwayelekile.
Ividiyo: IBustard
Kunezinhlobo eziyi-11 nezinhlobo ezingama-25 emndenini we-bustard. Isimungumungwane bustard singesinye sezinhlobo ezine kuhlobo lwe-Ardeotis, oluqukethe ne-Arabian bustard, A. arabs, i-Indian bustard enkulu A. nigriceps, ne-Australian bustard A. australis. Ochungechungeni lwamaGruiformes, kunezihlobo eziningi ze-bustard, kufaka phakathi amacilongo nama-cranes.
Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-23 ze-bustard ezihlobene ne-Afrika, eningizimu yeYurophu, e-Asia, e-Australia nasezingxenyeni zeNew Guinea. I-bustard inemilenze emide impela, ehlelelwe ukusebenza. Zinezinzwane ezintathu kuphela futhi azinalo uzwane emuva. Umzimba ubumbene, ugcinwe endaweni evundlile, nentamo ime iqonde, phambi kwemilenze, njengezinye izinyoni ezinde ezigijimayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isibhakela
I-bustard edume khulu yi-great bustard (i-Otis tarda), inyoni ye-European land enkulu khulu, eyeduna enesisindo esifika ku-14 kg no-120 cm ubude ne-wingspan ye-240 cm.Itholakala emasimini kanye nama-steppes avulekile ukusuka enkabeni naseningizimu ye-Europe kuye e-Central Asia nase-Manchuria.
Phansi kuyafana ngombala, mpunga ngenhla, kunemigqa emnyama nokumnyama, mhlophe ngezansi. Eyesilisa iyajiya futhi inezimpaphe ezimhlophe ezinamakhasi phansi komlomo. Inyoni eqaphile, i-bustard enkulu, kunzima ukuyifinyelela; igijima ngokushesha lapho isengozini. Emhlabeni, ukhombisa ukuhamba kahle. Amaqanda amabili noma amathathu, anezindawo ezinsundu zomnqumo, abekwa emigodini engajulile evikelwe uhlaza oluphansi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-bustard ikhombisa ukuhamba okuhamba kancane, kepha okunamandla nokuqhubekayo. Entwasahlobo, imikhosi yokukhwelana ijwayelekile kubo: ikhanda lowesilisa lincika emuva, cishe lithinte umsila ophakanyisiwe, futhi isikhwama somphimbo siyavuvukala.
I-bustard encane (i-Otis tetrax) isuka eNtshonalanga Yurophu naseMorocco iye e-Afghanistan. Ama-Bustards eNingizimu Afrika aziwa njenge-pau, enkulu kunazo zonke i-pau enkulu noma isimungumungwane bustard (Ardeotis kori). I-Arabian bustard (A. arabs) itholakala eMorocco nasenyakatho ye-tropical sub-Saharan Africa, njengezinhlobo eziningi zezinye izinhlobo zomndeni. E-Australia, i-bustard Choriotis australis ibizwa nge-turkey.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-bustard ibukeka kanjani. Ake sibone ukuthi le nyoni engavamile itholakala kuphi.
Uhlala kuphi uBustard?
Isithombe: Inyoni yeBustard
AmaBustard atholakala enkabeni naseningizimu yeYurophu, lapho kuyizinhlobo zezinyoni ezinkulu kunazo zonke, nakulo lonke elase-Asia elipholile. EYurophu, iningi labantu lihlala ebusika, kuyilapho izinyoni zase-Asia zihambela eningizimu ebusika. Lolu hlobo luhlala emadlelweni, emaqeleni nasezindaweni ezivulekile zezolimo. Bakhetha izindawo zokuzalela ezinabantu abancane noma abangenazo nhlobo.
Amalungu amane omndeni we-bustard atholakala eNdiya:
- I-Indian bustard Ardeotis nigriceps evela emathafeni aphansi nasehlane.
- uBustard MacQueen Chlamydotis macqueeni, isifuduki sasebusika esiya ezifundeni eziwugwadule zaseRajasthan naseGujarat;
- ILesp Florican Sypheotides indica, etholakala emathafeni anotshani obufushane entshonalanga nasenkabeni yeNdiya;
- I-Bengal florican Houbaropsis bengalensis evela emadlelweni aphakeme, anomswakama weTerai kanye nesigodi saseBrahmaputra.
Onke ama-bustard endabuko abekwe njengengcuphe, kepha i-Indian bustard isondela kakhulu. Yize ububanzi bayo bamanje budlulela kakhulu kububanzi bayo bomlando, kube nokuncipha okukhulu ngosayizi wabantu. I-bustard inyamalale cishe i-90% yobubanzi bayo bangaphambili futhi, ngokuxakayo, inyamalale eziqiwini ezimbili ezenziwe ngokukhethekile ukuvikela lezi zinhlobo.
Kwezinye izindawo ezingcwele, uhlobo luyehla ngokushesha. Esikhathini esedlule, kwakuwukuzingelwa ngokungemthetho nokuzingelwa kwendawo okuholele kulesi simo esibuhlungu kangaka, kepha manje ukuphathwa kabi kwendawo, ukuvikelwa kwemizwa yezilwane ezithile ezicindezelekile kuyinkinga yama-bustard.
Yini edliwa yi-bustard?
Isithombe: I-Bustard indiza
I-bustard idla omnivorous futhi izondla ngotshani obufana notshani, imidumba, iziphambano, okusanhlamvu, izimbali namagilebhisi. Iphinda idle amagundane, amatshwele ezinye izinhlobo, izikelemu zomhlaba, izimvemvane, izinambuzane ezinkulu kanye nezibungu. Izibankwa nezilwane eziphila nasemanzini ziphinde zidliwe ngama-bustard, kuya ngesizini.
Ngakho-ke, bazingela:
- ama-arthropod ahlukahlukene;
- izibungu;
- izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane;
- ama-amphibians amancane.
Izinambuzane ezinjengezinkumbi, amakhilikithi namabhungane bakha ingxenye enkulu yokudla kwabo ngesikhathi semvula yasehlobo, lapho iziqongo zemvula zaseNdiya nenkathi yokuzalanisa izinyoni zenzeka kakhulu. Imbewu (kufaka phakathi ukolweni namakinati), ngokuhlukile, yakha izingxenye ezinkulu kakhulu zokudla phakathi nezinyanga ezibandayo, nezomile kakhulu zonyaka.
Ama-bustard ase-Australia ake azingelwa kabanzi futhi afunwa, futhi ngoguquko lwendawo yokuhlala olwethulwe yizilwane ezincelisayo ezinjengonogwaja, izinkomo nezimvu, manje sezivinjelwe e-hinterland. Lezi zinhlobo zibalwa njengezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa eNew South Wales. Ziyimizulane, lapho zifuna ukudla kwesinye isikhathi zingaphazamiseka (ziqoqane masinyane), bese ziphinde zisakazeke futhi. Kwezinye izindawo, njengeQueensland, kunokunyakaza okuvamile kwesizini kwama-bustard.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: bustard wesifazane
Lezi zinyoni ziyashintsha futhi phakathi kwama-vertebrate zinomehluko omkhulu kakhulu ngosayizi phakathi kobulili. Ngalesi sizathu, abesilisa nabesifazane bahlala emaqenjini ahlukene cishe unyaka wonke, ngaphandle kwenkathi yokukhwelana. Lo mehluko ngosayizi uthinta nezidingo zokudla kanye nokuzala, ukusabalalisa nokuziphatha kokufuduka.
Abesifazane bavame ukuthutheleka nezihlobo. Zinobuntu obuningi futhi ziyaphuma kunabesilisa futhi zivame ukuhlala endaweni yazo yemvelo impilo yonke. Ebusika, abesilisa basungula izigaba zeqembu ngokuzibandakanya ezimpini ezinodlame, ezinde, ukushaya ikhanda nentamo yamanye amaduna, kwesinye isikhathi kubangele ukulimala okukhulu, isimilo esijwayelekile sabaphikisi. Abanye abantu be-bustard bayathutha.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-bustard amakhulu enza ukunyakaza kwendawo ngaphakathi kwebanga elingamakhilomitha angama-50 kuya kwayi-100. Izinyoni zesilisa zaziwa ngokuba zodwa ngesikhathi sokuzala, kodwa zakha imihlambi emincane ebusika.
Owesilisa kukholakala ukuthi ubenesithembu esebenzisa uhlelo lokukhwelana olubizwa ngokuthi "lwaqhuma" noma "lwahlakazeka". Le nyoni idla omnivorous futhi idla izinambuzane, amabhungane, amagundane, izibankwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nezinyoka ezincane. Ziyaziwa nangokuthi zidla utshani, imbewu, amajikijolo, njll. Lapho zisongelwa, izinyoni zezinsikazi zithwala amaphuphu amancane ngaphansi kwamaphiko azo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ukubhangqa kwama-bustard
Yize ezinye zezindlela zokuzala zokuzala zama-bustard zaziwa, imininingwane emihle kakhulu yokwakha izidleke nokukhwelana, kanye nezenzo ezifudukayo ezihambisana nokuzala nokukhwelana, kukholakala ukuthi ziyahlukahluka kakhulu kubantu nakubantu. Isibonelo, ziyakwazi ukuzala unyaka wonke, kepha kubantu abaningi, inkathi yokuzalanisa ithatha kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuSepthemba, ehlanganisa kakhulu isikhathi sezimvula zasehlobo.
Ngokufanayo, yize zingabuyeli ezidlekeni ezifanayo unyaka nonyaka futhi zivame ukudala ezintsha esikhundleni salokho, kwesinye isikhathi zisebenzisa izidleke ezenziwe eminyakeni eyedlule ngamanye ama-bustard. Izidleke ngokwazo zilula futhi zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni zokudonsela phansi ezakhiwe emhlabathini ezindaweni eziphansi zomhlaba olimekayo nasemadlelweni, noma enhlabathini enamadwala avulekile.
Akwaziwa noma ngabe lolu hlobo lusebenzisa isu elithile lokukhwelana, kepha izakhi zombili zokuziphatha okubi (lapho bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bezwana nabalingani abaningi) kanye ne-polygynous (lapho abesilisa behlangana nabesifazane abaningi) kuye kwabonwa. Uhlobo alubonakali libhanqiwe. Ukushoda, lapho abesilisa babuthana khona ezindaweni zokubonisa zomphakathi ukuze benze futhi banakekele abesifazane, kwenzeka kwamanye amaqembu abantu.
Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izimo, abesilisa abanesizungu bangaheha abesifazane ezindaweni zabo ngezingcingo ezinkulu ezizwakala ebangeni okungenani elingu-0.5 km. Ukuboniswa kwendoda ukuma endaweni evulekile kuphakanyiswe ikhanda nomsila, izimpaphe ezimhlophe ezinoboya kanye nesikhwama sesibuko esigcwele umoya (isikhwama entanyeni yakhe).
Ngemuva kokuzala, eyeduna iyahamba, kuthi eyensikazi ibe ngumnakekeli wezingane zayo kuphela. Iningi labesifazane lizalela iqanda elilodwa, kepha imvuthuluka yamaqanda amabili ayaziwa. Ufukamela iqanda cishe inyanga ngaphambi kokuba lichamule.
Amachwane ayakwazi ukuzondla ngokwawo ngemuva kwesonto, futhi agcwala lapho enezinsuku ezingama-30-35 ubudala. Iningi lamawundlu likhululwe ngokuphelele konina ekuqaleni kwenkathi elandelayo yokuzala. Abesifazane bangazala eminyakeni emibili noma emithathu ubudala, kanti abesilisa bavuthwa ngokocansi beneminyaka emihlanu noma eyisithupha ubudala.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amaphethini wokufuduka ahlukile abonakele phakathi kwama-bustard ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Ezinye zazo zingenza ukufuduka okufushane kwasendaweni esifundeni, kuyilapho ezinye zindiza ibanga elide zinqamula ezwekazini.
Izitha zemvelo ze-bustard
Isithombe: Steppe bird bustard
Ukudla kusongela ikakhulukazi amaqanda, izingane kanye nama-bustard angavuthiwe. Izilwane eziyizilwane eziyinhloko yizimpungushe ezibomvu, ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezidlayo ezifana nama-badger, ama-martens nezingulube, kanye namagwababa nezinyoni ezidla inyama.
Ama-bustard amadala anezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo, kepha abonisa injabulo enkulu ezinyoni ezithile zezinyamazane ezifana nezinkozi namanqe (Neophron percnopterus). Izilwane kuphela ezizibonile yizimpisi ezimpunga (Canis lupus). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaphuphu angazingelwa ngamakati, izimpungushe nezinja zasendle. Amaqanda kwesinye isikhathi abiwa ezidlekeni izimpungushe, ama-mongoose, izibankwa, kanye namanqe nezinye izinyoni. Kodwa-ke, usongo olukhulu emaqandeni luqhamuka ezinkomeni ezidlisayo, njengoba zivame ukuwanyathela.
Lolu hlobo lunenkinga yokuqhekeka nokulahlekelwa yindawo yalo yokuhlala. Ukwanda kwamalungelo okuthengiswa komhlaba kanye nezinxushunxushu zabantu kulindeleke ukuthi kuholele ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kwendawo yokuhlala ngokulima, ukulinywa kwamahlathi, ukulima okunamandla, ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezikimu zokunisela, nokwakhiwa kwezintambo zikagesi, imigwaqo, uthango nemisele. Umanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane, ukusetshenziswa kwemishini, umlilo kanye nokudliwa yizona okuyizinsongo ezinkulu ezinganeni nasemazinyane, ngenkathi ukuzingela izinyoni ezindala kubangela ukufa okuphezulu kwamanye amazwe lapho zihlala khona.
Ngenxa yokuthi ama-bustard avame ukundiza futhi ukuhamba kwawo kunqunyelwe isisindo sawo esinzima nangamaphiko amakhulu, ukushayisana ngezintambo zikagesi kwenzeka lapho kunezintambo eziningi zamandla ezingaphezulu kwamaphethelo, ezindaweni ezakhelene, noma ezindleleni zezindiza eziphakathi kwamabanga ahlukahlukene.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isibhakela
Inani labantu eliphelele lama-bustard cishe ngabantu abangama-44,000-57,000. Lezi zinhlobo njengamanje zihlukaniswa njengeziZisengozini futhi izinombolo zazo ziyancipha namuhla. Ngo-1994, ama-bustard afakwa ohlwini lwabasengozini kuhlu olubomvu lwe-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Endangered Species. Ngo-2011, nokho, ukwehla kwenani labantu kwakukukhulu kangangokuba i-IUCN yafaka kabusha lezi zinhlobo njengezisengozini.
Ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala kanye nokucekeleka phansi kubukeka kuyizizathu ezinkulu zokwehla kwabantu be-bustard. Izazi zemvelo zilinganisela ukuthi cishe u-90% wobubanzi bemvelo bezinhlobo, obukade buhlanganisa iningi lasenyakatho-ntshonalanga nentshonalanga emaphakathi eNdiya, kulahlekile, kwahlukaniswa ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo nemisebenzi yezimayini, futhi kwaguqulwa ngokunisela nokunakekela ngomshini.
Izindawo eziningi zezitshalo ezake zakhiqiza imbewu yamabele namabele esasichuma kuyo le ndawo isiphenduke amasimu omoba nokotini noma izivini. Ukuzingela nokuzingela ngokungemthetho nakho kube nomthelela ekwehleni kwabantu. Lezi zenzo, zihlangene nokuzala okuphansi kwalezi zinhlobo kanye nengcindezi yezilwane eziyingozi, kubeka i-bustard endaweni eyingozi.
Ukuvikelwa kweBustard
Isithombe: UBustard ovela eRed Book
Izinhlelo zabasengozini abasengozini nabasengozini yokwakhiwa sezisunguliwe e-Europe kanye nasezweni elaliyiSoviet Union, kanye naku-African bustard omkhulu e-United States of America. Amaphrojekthi anezinhlobo ze-bustard ezisengcupheni yokuhlabeka ahlose ukukhiqiza izinyoni eziyinsalela ezizodedelwa ezindaweni ezivikelekile, ngaleyo ndlela kufezekise ukwehla kwabantu basendle, kuyilapho amaphrojekthi weHubar bustard eMiddle East naseNyakatho Afrika enenhloso yokuhlinzeka izinyoni ezingaphezulu ukuze zikhishwe ezindaweni ezivikelwe. ukuzingela okusimeme kusetshenziswa oheshe.
Izinhlelo zokuzalela ezithunjiwe e-United States zama-bustard kanye nesinamoni bustard (i-Eupodotis ruficrista) zihlose ukonga abantu abazimela ngokwabo ngokofuzo nangokwezinhlobo zabantu futhi abangaxhomekeki ekungenisweni unomphela okuvela endle.
Ngo-2012, uHulumeni wase-India wethula iProject Bustard, uhlelo lukazwelonke lokulondolozwa kwemvelo lokuvikela i-Indian bustard enkulu, kanye ne-Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis), i-florican engajwayelekile (iSypheotides indicus) nezindawo ezihlala kuzo kusukela ekunciphiseni. Lolu hlelo lwenziwe ngemuva kweProject Tiger, umzamo omkhulu kazwelonke owenziwa ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 ukuvikela amahlosi aseNdiya nezindawo zawo zokuhlala.
I-Bustard Ingabe enye yezinyoni ezindiza kakhulu kunazo zonke ezikhona namuhla. Ingatholakala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ihamba iye eningizimu naseSpain, nasenyakatho, ngokwesibonelo, emaqeleni aseRussia. I-great bustard ibalwe njengabantu abasengozini, inani labantu bayo liyancipha emazweni amaningi. Yinyoni yasemhlabeni ebonakala ngentamo nezinyawo ezinde kanye ne-crest emnyama phezulu kwekhanda layo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 09/08/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 07.09.2019 ngo-19: 33
