Igajethi enekhanda elinsundu - inyoni encane ebukeka njenge-tit. Abesilisa yizinyoni ezimnyama ezinamakhanda ansundu ansundu. Ezinduna ezindala zimnyama ngokucwebezelayo, kanti izingane zona zimnyama bhuqe. Izinsikazi zincane kakhulu ngosayizi futhi nsundu ngokuqinile ngomphimbo omhlophe nemithambo ekhanyayo ngaphansi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: tit-Brown-headed
I-tit enamakhanda ansundu ibizwa nangokuthi i-tit encane, etholakala ikakhulukazi emahlathini ase-Asia nase-Europe. Lo mbono wachazwa okokuqala yisazi semvelo saseSwitzerland uThomas Kornad von Baldenstein. Phambilini, i-tit enekhanda elinsundu ibithathwa njengohlobo lwe-titmouse (Poecile), engaphansi kohlobo olukhulu lwe-titmouse (Parus).
Ividiyo: Isihloko esinekhanda elinsundu
Emhlabeni wonke kusetshenziswa igama lesiLatin lalesi silwane - iPrus montanus. Kodwa-ke, muva nje, ososayensi, ngokususelwa ekuhlaziyweni kofuzo, bathole ukuthi le nyoni inobudlelwano obukude kuphela nezinye izinkukhu. Ngakho-ke, izazi zezinyoni zaseMelika ziphakamisa ukubuyisa igama langaphambilini lenyoni, okuthi ngesiLatini kuzwakale njengePoecile montanus. Uhlobo lwe-tit enamakhanda ansundu lungenye yezinto ezivame kakhulu phakathi kohlobo, luphansi nje kancane kune-tit enkulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Endle, inyoni enjalo iphila kusuka eminyakeni emi-2 kuye kwengu-3. Ngokusho kwezazi ze-ornithologists, kuyaqabukela kakhulu ukuthi lolu hlobo lwenyoni lungaphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-9.
Phansi, indlela ejwayelekile yetit ekhanda onsundu ichazwa njengesinyathelo esisheshayo phakathi kokuhamba nokugxuma. Izinyoni zihamba ngokushesha lapho zidla, zivame ukushintsha indlela, kwesinye isikhathi ngokugxuma okukodwa. Izinyoni ziphinde zikhombise "ukushaya ngamandla" noma ukudlidlizela kwezidladla ngokushesha ngesikhathi sokudla, okungasiza ukugeza inyamazane futhi kunikeze isithombe senkinga yokuxokozela.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isitayela esinamakhanda ansundu
Lezi zinhlobo zezinyoni zinezimpaphe ezinsundu ezingachazeki. Ikhanda elikhulu lisentanyeni emfushane. Le nyoni incane ngosayizi, kodwa inkulu ngokwakhiwa. Ingxenye engenhla yekhanda, njengemuva, inezimpaphe ezimnyama. Lo mbala usuka ngemuva kwekhanda uye phambili emuva. Ingemuva, izimpiko, amahlombe, isifunda esiyimbambela nomsila kunombala ompunga ngokunsundu. I-tit enekhanda onsundu inezihlathi ezimhlophe.
Izinhlangothi zentamo nazo zilula, kodwa zine-ocher tint. Kunendawo emnyama ebonakalayo ngokucacile ngaphambili komphimbo. Ingxenye engezansi yetit enekhanda elinsundu inezimpaphe ezimhlophe ezimhlophe ezimhlophe ezinokuhlanganiswa kwe-ocher ezinhlangothini nasendaweni yomsila ongezansi. Uqhwaku lwesici salezi zinyoni lunsundu. Izidladla zale nyoni ziyimpunga emnyama.
Igajethi enekhanda onsundu idideka kalula naleyo enekhanda elimnyama. Isici saso esihlukanisayo yisigqoko esimnyama, esinombala ongacwebezeli kunombala ocwebezelayo nendawo emnyama enkulu enomugqa ompunga endaweni yezimpaphe. Kulula futhi ukulihlukanisa nesihloko esinamakhanda amnyama ngokuhamba kwalo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ukwehliswa kwezwi kuyisici esibalulekile esihlukanisa inyoni. Ngokungafani nephuphu elinekhanda elimnyama, iphuphu elinekhanda elinsundu linombiko omncane kakhulu. Le nyoni inezinhlobo ezintathu kuphela zokucula.
Ihlala kuphi i-tit enamakhanda ansundu?
Isithombe: tit enamakhanda ansundu
Isici esihlukile sesitayela esinamakhanda ansundu ukuthandwa kwabo kwendawo yokuhlala. Lezi zinhlobo zezinyoni zihlala emahlathini e-coniferous. Ngakho-ke, zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho. Ngokuhlala kwazo, izinyoni zikhetha amahlathi aminyene, amabhange emifula akhule kakhulu nezinye izindawo ezikude nabantu. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, banesithakazelo esikhulu kubantu futhi bakhetha ukujabulela ukudla komuntu okusele.
Izinsikazi zilala esidlekeni futhi zibonakala zishintsha phakathi kwezikhathi zokulala nokuqapha, imvamisa ziphendula amaqanda ngezikhathi zokuqapha. Ezinsukwini zokugcina zokwakha isidleke, insikazi ayikwazi ukubuyela esidlekeni ukuyolala. Kude nesidleke, lezi zinyoni ngokusobala zilala endaweni yokukhosela engaphansi enhlabathini. Bahlala ezindaweni ezinezihlahlana eziminyene, izihlahlana eziluhlaza kanye nama-horsetails ezingeni lomhlabathi.
Abesilisa bezinqola ezinamakhanda ansundu bavikela izindawo ezivela kwamanye amaduna ngesikhathi sokuzala. Uhlobo lwendawo yokuhlala nekhwalithi, kanye nesigaba somjikelezo wokuzalisa, kungenzeka kube yizinto ezibalulekile ekunqumeni ubukhulu bendawo. Imingcele yensimu nomakhelwane ibonakala imile ngesikhathi sokuzala, kepha ukushintshashintsha komjikelezo wokuzalisa kungathinta ukuthi insimu izosebenzisa insimu engakanani noma ibanga elingakanani.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona i-tit enekhanda onsundu. Ake sibone ukuthi inyoni idlani.
Idla kanjani igajethi enamakhanda ansundu?
Isithombe: Tit tit esinamakhanda ansundu
Ngesikhathi sasebusika, ukudla kwephuphu elinamakhanda ansundu kuqukethe ukudla kwezitshalo njengembewu yomjunipha, i-spruce nephayini. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezine yokudla konke iqukethe ukudla kwezilwane ngendlela yezinambuzane ezingasebenzi, okukhishwa ngentshiseko yitit enamakhanda ansundu ezindaweni ezifihlekile zezihlahla nezinaliti.
Ngesikhathi sehlobo, ukudla okuqukethe uhhafu wokudla kwezitshalo okwenziwe ngezithelo namajikijolo, nengxenye yokudla kwezilwane njengezibungu nezinambuzane. Izinyoni ezisencane zidla kakhulu izicabucabu, izibungu ze-sawfly, kanye nezibungu ezincane zezimvemvane zesikhathi esizayo. Kamuva, bangezela ukudla kwezitshalo ekudleni kwabo.
Kubantu abadala, ukudla kuhluka kakhulu, futhi ukudla kwezilwane kufaka:
- izimvemvane kuzo zonke izigaba zentuthuko;
- izicabucabu ezincane;
- amabhungane amancane, ikakhulukazi ama-weevils;
- i-hymenoptera efana neminyovu nezinyosi;
- Izinambuzane ze-Diptera - izimpukane, ama-midges, omiyane;
- izinambuzane ezinamaphiko;
- izintethe;
- izikelemu zomhlaba;
- iminenke;
- imikhaza.
Imikhiqizo ye-Herbal ifaka phakathi:
- okusanhlamvu okufana ne-oats nommbila;
- imbewu, izithelo zezitshalo ezifana ne-horse sorrel, i-burdock, i-cornflower, njll.
- imbewu, izithelo zezihlahla, isibonelo, i-birch ne-alder;
- amajikijolo ezihlahlana, izihlahla, isibonelo, ama-blueberries, umlotha wezintaba, ama-cranberries, ama-lingonberries.
Amantshontsho anekhanda elinsundu adla emabhola aphakathi naphansi ehlathini, kanti ezimweni ezingavamile awele phansi. Lezi zinyoni zithanda ukulengisa zibheke phansi ezindukwini ezincanyana, kulesi simo zivame ukutholakala ehlathini noma kwezinye izindawo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isihloko esinekhanda elinsundu eRussia
Amachwane anekhanda elinsundu yizinyoni ezonga kakhulu. Izinyoni ziqala ukugcina ukudla ebusika ehlobo nasekwindla. Kwesinye isikhathi bayakufihla ukudla abakutholayo nasebusika. Abasha baqoqa amasheya ngoJulayi. Izindawo zokugcina zalezi zitoko zingahluka kakhulu. Imvamisa, bafihla ukudla ngeziqu zemithi, ezihlahleni naseziqu. Ukuvikela noma ngubani ukuthi angayitholi, amaphuphu anekhanda onsundu amboza ukudla ngezingcezu zamagxolo. Ngosuku olulodwa nje, le nyoni encane ingaqoqa kuze kube yizinkulungwane ezimbili zalezi zinqolobane zokudla.
Amachwane anekhanda elinsundu kwesinye isikhathi akhohlwa izindawo lapho kufihlwe khona ukudla, bese ethola ngengozi. Ezinye izinto zidliwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzithola, kanti ezinye zifihliwe futhi. Ngenxa yalezi zenzo, ukudla kusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kuyo yonke insimu. Zindawonye nesihloko esinekhanda elinsundu, ezinye izinyoni nazo zisebenzisa lezi zinqolobane.
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, abesilisa ngokuvamile ababekezeleli ukuhlaselwa ngamanye amaduna futhi bazobalandela besuka ezindaweni zabo. Abesifazane, njengomthetho, abalandeli abanye besifazane, kepha owesifazane oyedwa obhanqiwe wayehlala ekhwelana lapho enye insikazi isikhashana iseduze kwakhe nomlingani wakhe. Ngezinye izikhathi abesifazane bahamba nabalingani babo ngesikhathi sezimpi, futhi bavame ukukhala ngokujabula. Kwezinye izimo, bayabekezelela abanye besifazane.
Kwezinye izimo, isithembu senzeka ngesihloko esinsundu. Ngesikhathi sokuqomisana nokukhwelana, lo mbhangqwana uchitha isikhathi esiningi sosuku edinga ibanga elingamamitha ayi-10 komunye nomunye, imvamisa engaphansi kwe-1 m ngokuhlukana.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: tit-Brown-headed
Isikhathi sokuzalisa i-tit brown sivela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuMeyi. Izinyoni ezikulungele ukundiza zizalwa ngoJulayi. Lezi zinyoni zithola umlingani wazo onyakeni wokuqala wokuphila, ikakhulukazi ebusika, futhi zihlala ndawonye kuze kufe omunye wabalingani bazo. Ngesikhathi sokuqomisana, ungabona owesilisa egijima elandela insikazi, kuyilapho bobabili abesilisa benza ukunyakaza okuthuthumela ngamaphiko abo futhi futhi kugobisa umzimba. Ngaphambi kokukhwelana, owesilisa wethula ukudla kowesifazane futhi ngalesi sikhathi ucula ingoma yakhe edumazayo.
Lezi zinyoni ikakhulu zihlala esidlekeni esisodwa, esivikelwe unyaka wonke. Isidleke sentshontsho elinekhanda elinsundu sakhiwe ngobude obufinyelela kumamitha amathathu futhi sakhiwe ngeziqu zezihlahla ezifile noma iziphunzi zezihlahla, njenge-aspen, birch noma i-larch. Inyoni uqobo lwayo yenza ikhefu noma isebenzisa leyo eqediwe, eyayisele kwenye inyoni. Kwesinye isikhathi, amatshwele anekhanda onsundu asebenzisa izingwejeje ezingenalutho.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Insikazi ihlomisa iphinde ihlomise isidleke. Le yinqubo ende ethatha izinsuku ezine isiya emavikini ama-2. Uma kwandulelwa izimo ezingezinhle, inqubo yokwakhiwa kwesidleke ihlehliselwa ezinsukwini ezingama-24-25.
Inqubo yokuchamusela ithatha cishe amaviki ama-2. Ngenkathi insikazi ilungiselela amaqanda ukuze achanyuselwe, iduna livikela indawo yalo eduze kwesidleke futhi linakekele nokudla. Ezimweni ezingavamile, owesifazane ngokwakhe uyofuna ukudla. Amachwane awaveli ngasikhathi sinye, kodwa avele ngasikhathi sinye. Le nqubo ithatha izinsuku ezingama-2-3. Izinyoni ezisanda kuzalwa zibonakala ngombala onsundu ongavamile onsundu ohlanganisa izindawo ezincane zekhanda nasemhlane. Amachwane nawo anomlomo ophuzi onsundu noma ophuzi.
Ukondla kwenziwa ngabazali bobabili, abangaletha ukudla kuze kube izikhathi ezingama-300 ngosuku. Ebusuku, kanye nasendaweni ebandayo, insikazi ifudumeza amazinyane ngomzimba wayo futhi ayishiyi umzuzu. Izinsuku eziyi-17-20 ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa, amaphuphu angandiza, kepha namanje abazi ukuthi angakuthola kanjani ukudla kwabo, ngakho-ke izimpilo zabo zisencike ngokuphelele kubazali babo.
Kusukela maphakathi noJulayi, amaphuphu aqinile, kanye nabazali bawo, ajoyina ezinye izinyoni, akha imihlambi. Kulesi sakhiwo, zizulazula zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye kuze kube sebusika obukhulu. Ebusika, imihlambi inamandla okulandelana lapho abesilisa bephatha khona abesifazane, nezinyoni ezindala ngaphezu kwezincane. Lezi zinhlobo zezinyoni zivame ukuhlala endaweni eyodwa, ezimweni ezingavamile, zishintshe indawo yazo ebangeni elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha ama-5.
Izitha zemvelo ze-tit enekhanda onsundu
Isithombe: tit enamakhanda ansundu
Izilwane ezidla abantu abadala ezinamakhanda ansundu azaziwa kakhulu, yize kutholakale ubufakazi bokufa kwabantu abadala ezidlekeni. Ziningi izilwane ezidla amaqanda nezentsha ezirekhodiwe. Izinyoka ezinamagundane ziphakathi kwezilwane ezihlasela kakhulu i-tit enamakhanda ansundu. Amakhamera wevidiyo ezidlekeni eNyakatho Carolina abone i-raccoon, igundane legolide, uklebe obomvu, nesikhova sasempumalanga esibhidliza izidleke zalezi zinyoni.
Amakhamera wevidiyo ezidlekeni e-Arkansas akhombe i-hawk enamakhanda abomvu njengesilwane esidla kaningi nezibonelo ezizodwa zezikhova, ama-jay aluhlaza, oklebe abanamaphiko, kanye nesikhova sasempumalanga njengezilwane ezidla amaqanda noma izingane. Lawa makhamera abuye akhombisa inyamazane eyodwa enomsila omhlophe nebhere elilodwa elimnyama laseMelika linyathela izidleke zazo, ngokusobala ngengozi.
Besatshiswa yizilwane ezidla ezinye, abantu abadala baqhwaza esidlekeni futhi bahlala bengahlali isikhathi eside. Ukufukamela abesifazane kuhlala kunganyakazi kuze kudlule ingozi, kuthi abesilisa abasesidlekeni bahambe buthule lapho ingozi inyamalala. Izinsikazi zihlala ziqinile esidlekeni, zivumela izilwane ezizingelayo ukuba zisondele ngaphambi kokuba zihambe; izimpaphe ezimnyama ezinsundu zensikazi efukamelayo ngokungangabazeki zimboza amaqanda alula amhlophe abengabonakala emgqeni omnyama wesidleke uma insikazi ibingashiya isidleke. Abesifazane abafukamelayo bavame ukuvumela ukusondela phakathi kwamasentimitha ambalwa.
Lapho insikazi ishiya isidleke phambi kwesilwane esingaba umhlaseli, iwela phansi futhi ishaye kuhle kwenyoni ekhubazekile, inomsila nolunye noma zombili izimpiko phansi, yenza imisindo ethambile. Le herring ebomvu kungenzeka ihehe izilwane ezidla ezinye ukuthi ziphume esidlekeni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isitayela esinamakhanda ansundu
Ngokuya ngemininingwane yocwaningo emahlathini engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, kunezigidi ezingaba ngu-20-25 million ezinamakhanda ansundu. Cishe kunezikhathi ezingama-5-7 ngaphezulu kwazo eRussia. Ingabe kuningi noma kuncane? Ukuqondana okumangazayo - kuvela ukuthi inani lezihloko ezinamakhanda ansundu eRussia cishe lilingana nenani labantu, kanti engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia kunezikhathi eziphindwe kane kunabantu. Kungabonakala sengathi kufanele kube nezinyoni eziningi, ikakhulukazi ezivame kakhulu, kunabantu. Kepha akunjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lezindawo zobusika engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia lehle ngaphezulu kwekota kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule.
Ngakho-ke, ngawo-1980 nango-1990, isibalo sabo esilinganisiwe sasiyizigidi ezingama-26-28, eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yama-2000 - 21-26, kwesesibili - izigidi eziyi-19-20. Izizathu zalokhu kwehla azicaci ngokuphelele. Okuyinhloko kungenzeka kube ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ezinkukhu ezinamakhanda ansundu, ubusika obumanzi obuncibilikile bubi kakhulu kunobusika obuneqhwa nobusika.
Abathandi bezinyoni eRussia banaka kakhulu izinhlobo ezingavamile, kepha isibonelo setit enekhanda elinsundu sifakazela ukuthi isikhathi sesifikile sokucabanga ngezinhlobo zezinyoni eziningi - empeleni, azisakazeki kangako. Ikakhulukazi uma ubheka "umnotho wemvelo": inyoni eyodwa inesisindo esingama-gramu ayi-12; umuntu oyedwa - athi - cishe ama-60 kg. Okungukuthi, i-biomass ye-tit enamakhanda ansundu iphansi izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-5 kune-biomass yabantu.
Yize inani le-tit elinsundu nenani labantu licishe lifane, cabanga ukuthi kangaki abantu abaningi badla izinsiza ezihlukile? Ngomthwalo onjalo, ukusinda kwezinhlobo ezisakazeke kakhulu, uma kungadingi i-anthropogenic, kepha indawo yemvelo, kuba nzima.
Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka edlule ikhanda elinsundumhlawumbe kwalandela imihlambi yezinyathi emaThafeni Amakhulu, zidla izinambuzane. Namuhla ilandela imfuyo futhi itholakala ngobuningi ukusuka ogwini kuya ogwini. Ukusabalala kwayo kuyizindaba ezimbi kwezinye izinyoni zezingoma: ama-chickadees abekela amaqanda awo kwezinye izidleke zezinyoni. Parasitism of chickweed uye kwaphoqa ezinye zinhlobo isimo "ezisengozini".
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/23/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 21.08.2019 ngo-22: 57
