Umfula i-eel - inhlanzi ethakazelisa kakhulu, ngoba ngaphandle ibukeka njengenyoka, futhi, ingafinyelela ibanga lamakhilomitha ambalwa ngomhlaba. Kubuye kuthokoziswe ngama-gourmets: inyama yayo ibhekwa njengemnandi kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, inani lalezi zinhlobo lehle kakhulu, ukuze emazweni amaningi kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuyivikela.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: River eel
I-chordal pikaya encane, eyayihlala eMhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-530 eyedlule, ithathwa njengesibonelo. Zazincane ngosayizi - kuphela amasentimitha ambalwa, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, ama-eels afana kakhulu nawo - ahamba ngendlela efanayo, eguqa umzimba. Kepha lokhu kufana akufanele kube okukhohlisayo: ngokungafani nezibani, ama-eels angaphansi kwezinhlanzi ezenziwe ngemisebe, okungukuthi, zenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi eziningi kuphela kamuva. Yize zazifana nezimbaza ngokubukeka nangama-conodonts - enye yezinhlanzi zokuqala ezingenamhlathi ezazihlala ngasekupheleni kweCambrian.
AmaMaxillomates avele esikhathini samaSilurian: wona, kanye namabili alandelayo, iDevoniya neCarboniferous, kubhekwa njengesikhathi sezimbali zezinhlanzi eziphakeme kakhulu, lapho kwakuyizilwane ezahlukahlukene kakhulu nezinkulu emhlabeni. Kepha kusukela ezinhlotsheni ezazihlala emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi, kuncane okusalile - iningi lezinhlobonhlobo zamanje zezinhlanzi zavela kamuva kakhulu.
Ividiyo: River Eel
Izinhlanzi zeBony, ezibandakanya ama-eels, zavela ekuqaleni kweJurassic noma ngasekupheleni kweTriassic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abamele bokuqala be-eels bangavela, yize kungekho ukuvumelana ngalolu daba phakathi kwabaphenyi: abanye bakholelwa ukuthi kwenzeka kamuva, ekuqaleni kwePaleogene.
Abanye, esikhundleni salokho, bathembele kokutholakele kwezinto ezifanayo zezinsalela, bathi imvelaphi yokhokho babo yenzeka ezikhathini zasendulo. Isibonelo, inhlanzi engasekho njengeTarrasius iyaziwa, isukela esikhathini seCarboniferous futhi ifana kakhulu nesakhiwo se-eel. Kepha iphuzu lokubuka ukuthi lokhu kufana akusho ubudlelwane babo. UMfula u-eel wachazwa ngu-K. Linnaeus ngo-1758, igama lesiLatini lingu-Anguilla anguilla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-eel endala - igama layo kwakunguPutt - yayihlala e-aquarium eSweden iminyaka engama-85. Wabanjwa esemncane kakhulu ngo-1863 futhi wasinda zombili izimpi zomhlaba.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umfula umfula
Ama-Eels anomzimba omude kakhulu, obenza babe njengezinyoka kakhulu kunezinhlanzi - phambilini, ngenxa yalokhu, kwamanye amazwe zazingadliwa, ngoba zazingathathwa njengenhlanzi. Eqinisweni, lokhu akuyona nje inhlanzi, kepha futhi kumnandi kakhulu: ama-eel abhekwa njengesibiliboco, yize ukubukeka kwawo kungabonakala kuyisinengiso.
Umbala we-eel ungahluka: ingemuva ngumnqumo, luhlaza okotshani noma nsundu ngokukhanya okuluhlaza - kuya ngokuthi uhlalaphi. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunzima ukubona izinhlanzi lapho ubheka amanzi avela phezulu. Izinhlangothi nesisu sayo kungaba kusuka kophuzi kuye komhlophe - imvamisa i-eel iyakhanya njengoba ikhula.
Izikali zincane kakhulu, futhi isikhumba sayo simbozwe ungqimba lwamafinyila, olwenza lubushelelezi futhi lushelele - i-eel ikwazi ukusonta kalula ezandleni zakho, ngakho-ke kufanele uqaphele kakhulu lapho uyibambile. Inhlanzi enkulu ingakhula ize ifike ku-1.6-2 m, futhi ibe nesisindo esingu-3-5 kg.
Ikhanda le-eel ngokusobala licwecwe ngenhla, umzimba walo ekhanda uyindilinga; njengoba lisondela emsileni, konke kuyantanta kancane kancane. Lapho ihamba, i-eel iguqula umzimba wayo wonke, kepha ngokuyinhloko isebenzisa umsila wayo. Amehlo akhe aphuzi ngokukhanyayo futhi mancane kakhulu ngisho nakwinhlanzi, nayo enikeza okwakhe.
Amazinyo mancane, kodwa abukhali, ahlelwe ngemigqa. Amaphiko, ngaphandle kwama-pectorals, ahlanganisiwe futhi made kakhulu: aqala ebangeni elithile ukusuka kuma-pectorals futhi aqhubeke aye emsileni wenhlanzi. Ulayini we-lateral ubonakala kahle. I-eel inamandla kakhulu: kungabonakala sengathi amanxeba ayo anzima kakhulu ukuthi kufanele ife, kepha uma isakwazi ukuphunyuka, cishe ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa izobe icishe ibe yimiqemane, ngaphandle kokuthi ithole ukuphuka komgogodla.
Uhlala kuphi umfula umfula?
Isithombe: River eel emanzini
I-river eel nayo kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa nge-European, ngoba ihlala cishe eYurophu kuphela: ngaphesheya kwemingcele yayo itholakala eNyakatho Afrika kuphela nasendaweni encane e-Asia Minor. EYurophu, kulula ukusho ukuthi akuyona kuphi: echibini loLwandle Olumnyama. Emifuleni egelezela kuzo zonke ezinye izilwandle ezigeza iYurophu, iyatholakala.
Vele, lokhu akusho ukuthi kutholakala kuyo yonke imifula: ithanda imifula ezolile kunamanzi azolile, ngakho-ke ungavami ukuyithola emifuleni esheshayo yezintaba. Abantu abaningi kakhulu bahlala emifuleni egelezela olwandle iMedithera neBaltic.
I-eel yomfula isakazeke kuyo yonke iNtshonalanga neNyakatho Yurophu, kepha umngcele wokusatshalaliswa kwawo empumalanga unzima kakhulu: itholakala eNhlonhlweni yaseBalkan eningizimu yeBulgaria, ibandakanya wonke umuntu, kepha ngokuqhubekayo lo mngcele uya kakhulu entshonalanga futhi ugijimela ngasogwini olusentshonalanga yeBalkan. E-Austria, i-river eel ayitholakali.
EMpumalanga Yurophu, uhlala:
- engxenyeni enkulu yeCzech Republic;
- cishe yonke indawo ePoland naseBelarus;
- e-Ukraine ingatholakala kuphela endaweni encane enyakatho-ntshonalanga;
- kuwo wonke amaBaltics;
- enyakatho yeRussia ezifundeni ezibandakanya i-Arkhangelsk neMurmansk.
Ububanzi bayo buhlanganisa nayo yonke iScandinavia neziqhingi eziseduze neYurophu: Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland. Ukusuka endaweni yokwabiwa kwayo, kungabonakala ukuthi ayikudingi ukushisa kwamanzi: ingafudumala, njengemifula yoLwandle iMedithera, futhi ibande, njengaleyo egeleza oLwandle Olumhlophe.
Ama-Eels nawo aqapheleka ukuthi ayakwazi ukukhasa aphume echibini futhi aqhubeke notshani obumanzi nomhlaba - ngokwesibonelo, ngemuva kwemvula. Ngakho-ke, ziyakwazi ukunqoba kuze kube amakhilomitha amaningana, ngenxa yalokho zingagcina zicwile echibini elivaliwe. Kulula ukukwenza ngaphandle kwamanzi amahora ayi-12, kunzima kakhulu, kepha futhi kungenzeka - kufika ezinsukwini ezimbili. Zizalela olwandle, kepha zichitha lapho okokuqala kuphela nokuphela kwempilo yazo, isikhathi esisele zihlala emfuleni.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona umfula umfula. Ake sibone ukuthi le nhlanzi idlani.
Udla ini umfula?
Isithombe: Eel Fish
Ukudla kwe-eel kufaka:
- izilwane zasemanzini;
- inhlanzi encane;
- i-caviar;
- izimbaza;
- izibungu zezinambuzane;
- izibungu;
- iminenke;
- amaphuphu.
Bazingela ebusuku, kanti abasha bavame ukuba semanzini angajulile eduze kakhulu nolwandle, kanti abadala, kunalokho, emanzini ajulile kude nalo. Ungabamba emini, yize ngalesi sikhathi bengasebenzi kangako. Ngokuyinhloko zizingela izinhlanzi ezincane ezihlala ezansi, njengezinhlanzi ezinamadwala. Uma kungenakwenzeka ukuyithola, bangakhuphukela phezulu.
U-Eel, ikakhulukazi u-eel osemncane, ungomunye wababhubhisi abakhulu be-caviar yezinye izinhlanzi, ikakhulukazi i-carp. Uyamthanda kakhulu, futhi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa okusebenzayo ngoMeyi-Juni, yi-caviar eba yisisekelo semenyu yakhe. Ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, ishintshela ekudleni ama-crustaceans, idla amafry amaningi.
Benza ngokukhethekile ama-pike kanye ne-tench gazinga, ngakho-ke ama-eel ngokuvamile atholakala emifuleni lapho le nhlanzi iningi khona. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abakwazi ukondla hhayi kuphela emanzini, kodwa futhi nasemhlabathini: bakhasa baphume ogwini ukuze babambe i-amphibian noma umnenke. I-eel enkulu ingabamba iphuphu le-waterfowl.
Yize bezingela ebumnyameni, futhi namehlo abo aboni kahle, bayakwazi ukunquma ngokunembile indawo yesisulu uma bekude ngamamitha ama-2 noma besondele kuso, ngaphezu kwalokho, banomuzwa omuhle kakhulu wokuhogela, ngenxa yalokho abangayinuka kude. Ama-Glass eel adla kakhulu izibungu nama-crustaceans - wona ngokwawo asemancane kakhulu futhi abuthakathaka ukubamba ama-amphibian, izinhlanzi ezincane noma ngisho nefry.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: River eel eRussia
Ama-Eels ayasebenza ebusuku, kuyilapho izinsuku zichithwa ziphumule emigodini, noma ngokuvamile zilele phansi, zingcwatshwe kusilika - kwesinye isikhathi ziye ekujuleni okungafika kumitha. Ama-burrows ama-eels ahlala enezindawo ezimbili zokuphuma, imvamisa afihlwe ngaphansi kohlobo oluthile lwetshe. Bangaphumula nasogwini, ezimpandeni zezihlahla: into esemqoka ukuthi le ndawo izolile futhi ipholile.
Isikhathi esiningi abasichitha eduzane naphansi noma kuso, bathanda ukucasha ezindaweni zokukhosela, okuyizinkuni ezahlukahlukene zokukhukhuleka, amadwala noma amahlathi. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukujula okukhulu akudingekile: kungaba maphakathi nomfula noma indawo engajulile kakhulu ngasogwini. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi avele ngaphezulu, ikakhulukazi uma amanzi ephakama: ngalesi sikhathi atholakala ezihlahleni zemihlanga noma emhlangeni eduze nogu, echibini eliseduze. Zikhetha lapho ngezansi kumbozwe udaka noma ubumba, kodwa ezindaweni lapho kunamadwala noma kunesihlabathi, akunakwenzeka ukuthi kuzokwazi ukuhlangana nale nhlanzi.
Kusukela ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo nakulo lonke ihlobo, i-eel iyahamba: yehlela ezansi bese ibhukuda iye ezindaweni zokuzalela, inqobe amabanga amade kakhulu. Kepha ama-eels azala kanye kuphela (ngemuva kwalokho ayafa), futhi baphila iminyaka eyi-8-15, futhi kwezinye izimo, isikhathi eside kakhulu, kuze kube yiminyaka engama-40, ngoba yingxenye encane yabo ebamba iqhaza esifundweni. Ebusika, ama-eels alala ubusika bonke, azibhonqa phansi emfuleni noma acashe emgodini wawo. Abasabeli ezintweni ezingaphandle, zonke izinqubo emzimbeni wabo zehliswe kakhulu, okwenza ukuthi kungadli amandla ngalesi sikhathi futhi bangadli.
Kepha entwasahlobo basalahlekelwa isisindo kakhulu, ngakho-ke ngemuva kokuvuka baqala ukuzondla ngokwabo. Iningi lama-eel angena ebusika, kepha hhayi wonke: amanye ahlala esebenza ebusika, lokhu ikakhulukazi kubhekisa kubahlali bemifula namachibi afudumele.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Giant River Eel
Ama-Eels avela kuyo yonke imifula abhukuda aya oLwandle lweSargasso ukuze azale. Ukuze benze lokhu, kufanele bahlanganise amabanga amade: kulezo zinhlanzi ezihlala emifuleni yaseRussia, kuze kufike ku-7,000 - 9,000 km. Kepha babhukuda khona lapho - baya endaweni lapho bazalelwa khona uqobo. Kukulolu lwandle lapho izimo ezifanele izibungu ze-eel, ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-leptocephalic, zilungile. Ukuzalela kwenzeka ekujuleni okukhulu - ama-350-400 m. I-eel yesifazane izala amaqanda amancane ayizinkulungwane ezingama-350-500, ngalinye cishe libe yi-1 mm ububanzi, ngemuva kwalokho afe.
Ngemuva kokuchamuselwa, izibungu zibonakala ngokusobala - lokhu kuzinikeza ukuvikeleka okuhle ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Amehlo abo amnyama kuphela abonakala emanzini. Bahluke kakhulu kubazali babo kangangokuthi ngaphambi kokuba babhekwe njengohlobo oluhlukile nhlobo - ososayensi sekuyisikhathi eside bematasa nemfihlakalo yokukhiqiza ama-eels, futhi igama leptocephalus lalinamathele ngemuva kwezibungu zabo.
Ngemuva kokuthi i-leptocephalus izalwe, iyantanta futhi icoshwe yiGulf Stream. Kanye nalesi sifundo, i-leptocephalics ihamba kancane kancane iya eYurophu. Esigabeni lapho inhlanzi isivele iseduze nogu lwaseYurophu, bese ingena emilonyeni yemifula, ibizwa nge-glass eel. Ngalesi sikhathi, inhlanzi ikhula ifike ku-7-10 cm, kepha masinyane lapho isondela emfuleni, iyeka ukondla isikhathi eside futhi yehle ngosayizi ngesigamu. Umzimba wakhe uyashintsha, futhi ubukeka njenge-eel yabantu abadala, hhayi i-leptocephalus, kepha uhlala ubala - yingakho ukuhlangana nengilazi.
Futhi lapho bekhuphuka emfuleni, i-eel ithola umbala womuntu omdala, emva kwalokho ichitha lapho cishe konke ukuphila kwayo: lezi zinhlanzi zihlala emfuleni iminyaka eyi-8-12, futhi zikhula njalo, ukuze kuthi lapho kuphela impilo yazo zikhule zifike kumamitha amabili ...
Izitha zemvelo zomfula i-eel
Isithombe: River eel
Azikho izidalwa ezikhethekile ezizingela ikakhulukazi i-eel. Cishe akekho osongela abantu abadala emvelweni nhlobo ngenkathi behlala emfuleni: zinkulu ngokwanele ukuthi zingesabi izinhlanzi zomfula noma izinyoni ezidla inyama. Kepha olwandle bangadla ngoshaka noma i-tuna.
Ama-eel amancane angakakhuli ngobukhulu obukhulu angasongelwa yizinhlanzi ezidlayo, njenge-pike, noma izinyoni: ama-cormorants, ama-seagulls, njalonjalo. Futhi nokho akunakushiwo ukuthi ngisho ne-eel encane emfuleni kunezinsongo eziningi. Vele, kunzima kakhulu ukuthosa, kungasaphathwa ama-leptocephals: izidlo eziningi kakhulu ziyazondla.
Kepha izitha eziyinhloko ze-eel ngabantu. Le nhlanzi ibhekwa njengesibiliboco, ngoba inenyama ethambile futhi emnandi, ngakho-ke bayayizingela ngenkuthalo. Hhayi ukudoba kuphela, kepha neminye imisebenzi yabantu inomthelela omubi kubantu base-eel. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi akuthinti abantu babo ngendlela enhle, njengoba nje nokwakhiwa kwamadamu okubavimbela ukuba bazale.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kungani ama-eels ebhukuda kuze kube manje ukuzalanisa kungakasungulwa, kunemibono eyahlukene ngaleli banga. Incazelo ejwayelekile yalokhu ukukhukhuleka kwezwekazi: ngaphambili, ama-eels ayesezobhukuda olwandle i-Atlantic, futhi namanje, lapho ibanga selikhule kakhulu, bayaqhubeka nokwenza kanjalo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umfula umfula
Phambilini, inani lama-eel emazweni aseYurophu lalilikhulu kakhulu. Kwezinye izindawo, zazingabanjwa nhlobo, zikholwa ukuthi azidleki, noma zaziphakelwa imfuyo nhlobo, ngoba ama-eel amaningi ayesabanjwa njenge-by-catch. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia, lapho kwabanjwa khona ama-eel gazinga amaningi.
Kwamanye amazwe, kudliwe isikhathi eside futhi bathandwa, lapho babanjwa nangaphezulu. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni inani lale nhlanzi lehle kakhulu ngengxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-20. Ama-Eels asadobiwe, noma kunjalo, isilinganiso sawo sehle kakhulu ngenxa yokwehla kwenani lezinhlanzi.
Emuva ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990, amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-8-11 ayebanjwa minyaka yonke, kepha ngaleso sikhathi kwabonakala ukuthi inani labantu selinciphile. Iqhubekile nokwehla emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ngenxa yalokho izinga lokudoba selibe ngesizotha kakhulu. Manje umfula i-eel usubaluleke kakhulu.
Amafry akhe eSpain manje athengiswa ngama-euro ayi-1 000 ngekhilogramu njengesibiliboco sabacebile. I-eel yomfula ibhalwe kuRed Book njengezilwane ezisengcupheni yokuqothulwa, noma kunjalo, ukudoba kwayo bekungavunyelwe - okungenani hhayi kuwo wonke amazwe. Isincomo se-International Union for Conservation of Nature ukukhawulela ukubamba kwayo.
Ukuvikelwa komfula i-eel
Isithombe: River eel kusuka eRed Book
Ngenxa yokwehla kwesibalo se-river eel nokufakwa kwayo eRed Book, emazweni amaningi kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuyivikela. Ngaphandle kokuthi ukubanjwa kwayo akukakavinjelwa ngokuphelele, imvamisa kuyalawulwa ngokuqinile. Ngakho-ke, eFinland kubekiwe imikhawulo elandelayo: ungabamba i-eel kuphela lapho ifinyelela usayizi othile (udinga ukukhipha izinhlanzi ezingaphansi) futhi ngenkathi kuphela. Uma le mithetho yephulwa, inhlawulo enkulu ikhokhiswa abadobi.
ERussia naseBelarus, kuthathwa izinyathelo ezinqolobaneni zezinhlanzi ezifuywayo: phambilini, emuva ezikhathini zeSoviet, kwathengwa izingilazi zalokhu eNtshonalanga Yurophu, manje ukuthengiswa kwazo ngaphandle kwe-EU kunqunyelwe, okuyinkinga enkulu ngalolu daba. Ukuthengwa kufanele kwenziwe eMorocco, futhi njengoba lokhu kungabantu abahlukile, kune-thermophilic ethe xaxa, kufanele kube nzima kakhulu.
E-Yurophu, ukuze kuvikeleke isibalo sezibungu ezintantayo, ziyabanjwa zikhuliswe emapulazini lapho zingasongelwa nganoma iyiphi ingozi. Kakade ama-eel asekhulile adedelwa emifuleni: iningi lawo liyasinda. Kepha akunakwenzeka ukufuya ama-eel ekuthunjweni, ngoba awazali nje.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lapho ama-eel asolwandle ebhukuda aze afike ogwini lwaseYurophu, abhukuda aye emfuleni wokuqala ahlangana nawo, ngakho-ke konke kuya ngokuthi baphendukela ogwini. Imifula enezizalo ezibanzi isethubeni elikhulu lokuthi ibhekiswe ngoba kutholakala ama-eel amaningi echibini lawo.
Futhi uma i-eel ikhethe ithagethi, khona-ke kunzima ukuyimisa: ingaphumela emhlabathini iqhubeke nendlela yayo, ikhase phezu kwesithiyo, igibele kwenye i-eel.
Umfula i-eel Ingabe esinye sezibonelo zokuthi ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile kulimaza inani labantu bezinhlanzi ezithengisa kakhulu. Manje, kuthatha iminyaka eminingi yomsebenzi onzima ukuvikela nokuzala ama-eel ukuze abantu be-eel bathole kabusha - lokhu kunzima kakhulu ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi abazaleli ekuthunjweni.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/17/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.08.2019 ngo-23: 40
