Isela lesundu - inkalankala enkulu kakhulu, efana nenkalankala. Ngokuyinhloko, izikhonkwane zakhe ziyamangalisa - uma uziluma kanjalo, khona-ke umuntu ngeke alunge. Kepha le crayfish ayibonisi ukuhlukumeza abantu, okungenani okokuqala, kepha iyakwazi ukubamba izilwane ezincane, kufaka phakathi nezinyoni. Baphuma bayozingela sekuhlwile, ngoba abalithandi ilanga.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Isela Lesundu
Isela isundu i-crapfish eyi-decapod. Incazelo yesayensi yaqala ukwenziwa nguK.Linnaeus ngo-1767, wabe esethola igama lakhe elithile latro. Kepha igama lakhona elijwayelekile elithi Cancer laguqulwa ngo-1816 nguW. Leach. Yile ndlela i-Birgus latro, esasinda kuze kube namuhla.
Ama-arthropods okuqala avela cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-540 edlule, lapho iCambrian isanda kuqala. Ngokungafani nezinye izimo eziningi, lapho ngemuva kokuvela kweqembu lezinto eziphilayo eliguquka kancane isikhathi eside, futhi ukwehlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuhlala kuphansi, baba yisibonelo "sokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhumayo".
Ividiyo: Isela Lesundu
Leli yigama lokuthuthuka okucijile kwesigaba, lapho kukhiqiza khona inani elikhulu kakhulu lamafomu nezinhlobo zesikhathi esifushane (ngamazinga wokuziphendukela kwemvelo). Ama-arthropod ngokushesha alwazi ulwandle, amanzi ahlanzekile, nomhlaba, kanye nama-crustaceans, okuyi-subtype yama-arthropods, avele.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-trilobites, ama-arthropods enze izinguquko eziningi:
- bathola izimpondo ezimbili, nazo ezaba yingxenye yokuthinta;
- izitho zesibili zaba mfushane futhi zaqina, zaphenduka amandla ezenzelwe ukusika ukudla;
- izitho zomlenze zesithathu nezesine, yize zigcina ukusebenza kwazo, nazo zalungiswa ukuze zibambe ukudla;
- imiphefumulo yezitho zekhanda yalahleka;
- imisebenzi yekhanda nesifuba ihlukanisiwe;
- ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isifuba nesisu kwavela emzimbeni.
Zonke lezi zinguquko bezihlose ukuthi isilwane sikwazi ukuhamba ngokukhulu ukushesha, sifune ukudla, sikubambe futhi sikucubungule kangcono. Kusukela kuma-crustaceans asendulo kakhulu enkathi yeCambrian, izinsalela eziningi zezinsalela zasala, ngasikhathi sinye kwavela ama-crayfish aphakeme, okungowesela lesundu.
Kwamanye ama-crayfish angaleso sikhathi, uhlobo lwesimanje lokudla okunomsoco lwalusele lukhona, futhi ngokujwayelekile, ukwakheka komzimba wabo akukwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi kuphelele kunokwenhlobo yanamuhla. Yize izinhlobo ezaziphila emhlabeni zabe seziphelile, ezanamuhla ziyafana ngesimo sazo.
Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukwakha kabusha isithombe sokuvela kwama-crustaceans: akunakwenzeka ukulandelela ukuthi kancane kancane baba nzima kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngakho-ke, ayizange isungulwe ngokuthembekile lapho kuvela amasela esundu, kepha igatsha labo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo lingalandelelwa amakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka, kuze kufike eCambrian uqobo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kukhona ngisho nama-crustaceans phakathi kwama-crustaceans angabhekwa njengama-fossil aphilayo - izihlangu ze-Triops cancriformis zihlala emhlabeni wethu iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-205-210.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isela lesundu
Isela lesundu lingelenhlanzi enkulu kakhulu: likhula lifike ku-40 cm futhi linesisindo esifinyelela ku-3.5-4 kg. Imibhangqwana emihlanu yemilenze ikhula ku-cephalothorax yayo. Okukhulu kunako konke ngaphambili, okunamazipho anamandla: kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ziyehluka ngosayizi - eyakwesobunxele inkulu kakhulu.
Imilenze emibili elandelayo nayo inamandla, ngenxa yokuthi lo mdlavuza ungakhuphuka ezihlahleni. Umbhangqwana wesine ungaphansi ngosayizi kunowangaphambilini, kanti owesihlanu nguyena omncane kunabo bonke. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-crayfish esencane ingafinyela kumagobolondo angaphandle okuwavikela ngemuva.
Ngokuqondile ngoba imilenze emibili yokugcina yemilenze ayithuthukisiwe kahle, kulula ukuthola ukuthi isela lesundu kufanele libhekiswe ezinkalweni, futhi hhayi ezinkalweni, lokhu okungeyona into engafanele. Kodwa umbhangqwana wangaphambili uthuthukiswe kahle: ngosizo lwezinzipho kuwo, isela lesundu likwazi ukuhudula izinto lisindwe kashumi kunalo, futhi lingaba yisikhali esiyingozi.
Njengoba lo mdlavuza unengqamuzana elithuthuke kahle namaphaphu agcwele, uhlala emhlabeni. Kuyafisa ukwazi ukuthi amaphaphu ayo akhiwa izicubu ezifanayo nezama-gill, kepha amunca umoya-mpilo emoyeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, unezinkinga, kepha azithuthuki futhi azimvumeli ukuthi ahlale olwandle. Yize eqala impilo yakhe lapho, kepha ngemuva kokuba esekhulile, ulahlekelwa yikhono lokubhukuda.
Isela lesundu lenza isithombe ngendlela yalo: likhulu kakhulu, uzipho luvelele ikakhulukazi, ngenxa yalokhu lo mdlavuza ubukeka usongela futhi ubukeka kakhulu njengenkalankala. Kepha akabeki ingozi kumuntu, kuphela uma yena enganqumi ukuhlasela: khona-ke ngalezi nzipho isela lesundu lingalimaza ngempela.
Lihlala kuphi isela lesundu?
Isithombe: Crab Palm Thief
Uhla lwabo lubanzi impela, kepha ngasikhathi sinye bahlala ikakhulu eziqhingini ezinosayizi ophansi. Ngakho-ke, yize babehlakazekile besuka ogwini lwase-Afrika entshonalanga futhi bacishe baya eNingizimu Melika empumalanga, indawo abangahlala kuyo ayinkulu kangako.
Iziqhingi eziyinhloko lapho ungahlangana khona nesela lesundu:
- IZanzibar;
- ingxenye esempumalanga yeJava;
- Sulawesi;
- Bali;
- Isikhathi;
- Iziqhingi zasePhilippine;
- I-Hainan;
- I-Western Oceania.
Isiqhingi esincane iChristmas Island saziwa njengendawo ehlala lezi zinambuzane ngaphezu kwakho konke: zingatholakala lapho cishe kuzo zonke izinyathelo. Njengoba ukwazi ukubona ohlwini lonke, bakhetha iziqhingi ezifudumele ezishisayo, futhi ngisho nasendaweni efudumele azitholakali.
Yize behlala naseziqhingini ezinkulu futhi - njengeHainan noma iSulawesi, bakhetha ezincane eziseduze nezikhulu. Isibonelo, eNew Guinea, uma ungabathola, kuyaqabukela kakhulu, eziqhingini ezincane ezilele enyakatho yayo - kaningi. Kuyafana naseMadagascar.
Ngokuvamile abakuthandi ukuhlala eduze kwabantu, futhi lapho isiqhingi sithuthuka ngokwengeziwe, ambalwa amasela esundu ahlala lapho. Zifaneleke kangcono eziqhingini ezincane, okungcono kakhulu ukuthi kungahlali muntu kuzo. Benza imisele yabo eduze nogu lolwandle, emadwaleni ama-coral noma emadwaleni.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Lezi zinambuzane zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi izinkalankala zikakhukhunathi. Leli gama lavela ngenxa yokuthi phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi bakhuphuka emithini yesundu ukuze basike ukhukhunathi bese bezitika ngalo. Kepha lokhu akunjalo: bangabheka kuphela amakhukhunathi asevele awe.
Idliwa yini isela lesundu
Isithombe: Isela lesundu ngokwemvelo
Imenyu yayo ihlukahlukene kakhulu futhi ifaka phakathi zombili izitshalo nezinto eziphilayo, kanye nesidumbu.
Kaningi udla:
- okuqukethwe kukakhukhunathi;
- izithelo zama-pandana;
- ama-crustaceans;
- ezihuquzelayo;
- amagundane nezinye izilwane ezincane.
Akakhathalele ukuthi yini evela kuzidalwa eziphilayo - inqobo nje uma ingekho ubuthi. Ubamba noma yisiphi isisulu esincane esisheshayo ngokwanele ukuba sisuke kuye, futhi angaqapheli ngokwanele ukuthi angadonsi iso lakhe. Yize umqondo omkhulu omsizayo lapho ezingela kungumuzwa wokuhogela.
Uyakwazi ukuhogela inyamazane kude kakhulu, kuze kufike kumakhilomitha amaningana ngezinto eziheha ngokukhethekile nezinuka yena - okungukuthi, izithelo ezivuthiwe nenyama. Ngenkathi izakhamuzi zaseziqhingini ezishisayo zitshela ososayensi mayelana nokuthi umuzwa wephunga lale crayfish wawumnandi kangakanani, bakholelwa ukuthi babenehaba, kodwa izivivinyo zaqinisekisa lolu lwazi: izithiyo zadonsela ukunaka kwamasela esundu ebangeni lamakhilomitha, futhi zazibhekiswe kubo ngokungangabazeki!
Abanikazi benzwa enjalo yokuhogela abekho engozini yokufa ngenxa yendlala, ikakhulukazi ngoba isela likakhukhunathi alikhethi, angadla kalula nje kuphela izidumbu ezivamile, kodwa ngisho ne-detritus, okungukuthi, izinsalela ezonakele ezinde kanye nokukhishwa okuhlukahlukene kwezinto eziphilayo. Kepha usathanda ukudla amakhukhunathi. Ithola esewile futhi, uma okungenani ihlukaniswe kancane, izama ukuyiphula ngosizo lwama-pincers, kwesinye isikhathi oluthatha isikhathi esiningi. Akakwazi ukuphula igobolondo likakhukhunathi lonke ngezinzipho - phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi bangakwenza lokhu, kepha imininingwane ayiqinisekiswanga.
Imvamisa badonsela inyamazane eduze kwesidleke ukuze baphule igobolondo noma bayidle ngokuzayo. Akunzima kangako kubo ukuphakamisa ukhukhunathi, bangakwazi ukuthwala ngisho izinsimbi zamashumi amakhilogremu amaningana. Lapho abaseYurophu beqala ukubabona, bahlabeka umxhwele ngezinzipho kangangokuthi baphikisa ngokuthi amasela esundu akwazi ngisho nokuzingela izimbuzi nezimvu. Lokhu kakusilo iqiniso, kodwa bangazibamba kalula izinyoni nezibankwa. Ziphinde zidle izimfudu namagundane kuphela azelwe. Yize, ngokwengxenye enkulu, basathanda ukungakwenzi lokhu, kepha badle lokho okutholakalayo ngakho-ke: izithelo ezivuthiwe eziwele phansi kanye nokubola.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isela lesundu lomdlavuza
Emini, kuyaqabukela uzibone, ngoba ziyaphuma ziyofuna ukudla ebusuku. Ngokukhanya kwelanga, bakhetha ukuhlala endaweni yokukhosela. Kungaba umgodi ombiwe isilwane uqobo, noma indawo yokukhosela yemvelo. Izindawo zabo zokuhlala zakhiwe ngaphakathi ngaphakathi nefayibha kakhukhunathi nezinye izinto zezitshalo ezibavumela ukuba bakwazi ukugcina umswakama ophezulu abawudingayo ukuze baphile ngokunethezeka. Umdlavuza uhlale umboza uzipho lwendlu yawo ngozipho, lokhu kuyadingeka futhi ukuze uhlale umanzi.
Ngaphandle kothando olunje lomswakama, abahlali emanzini, yize bezama ukuhlala eduze. Ngokuvamile bangasondela emaphethelweni ayo futhi bathole umswakama omncane. Ama-crayfish amancane ahlala kumagobolondo ashiywe ngamanye ama-molluscs, kodwa bese ekhula aphume kuwo futhi awasasetshenziswa.
Akuvamile ukuthi amasela esundu akhuphuke ezihlahleni. Bakwenza lokhu ngobuhlakani, ngosizo lwemilenze yesibili neyesithathu, kepha kwesinye isikhathi bangawa - kepha-ke, kubo kulungile, bangasinda kalula ukuwa kusuka ekuphakameni okungafika kumamitha ayi-5. Uma zihlehla nyovane emhlabathini, bese zehla ezihlokweni zezihlahla kuqala.
Zichitha iningi lobusuku zisemhlabathini, zidla inyamazane eziyitholile, azivamisile ukuzingela, noma ngamanzi, kuthi kusihlwa nakusihlwa zitholakale ezihlahleni - ngasizathu simbe zithanda ukugibela lapho. Bahlala isikhathi eside impela: bangakhula baze bafike eminyakeni engama-40, bese bengafi khona lapho - abantu abaziwayo abasele eminyakeni engama-60.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Crab Palm Thief
Amasela esundu ahlala yedwa futhi atholakala kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalanisa: iqala ngoJuni futhi ihlala kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Agasti. Ngemuva kokuqomisana isikhathi eside, i-crayfish mate. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, insikazi ilinda isimo sezulu esihle bese iya olwandle. Emanzini angajulile, ingena emanzini bese idedela amaqanda. Kwesinye isikhathi amanzi ayawathatha ahambe nawo, kokunye insikazi ilinda amahora amaningi emanzini kuze kube yilapho izibungu zichanyuselwa emaqandeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, ayihambi ibanga elide, ngoba uma igagasi liyithatha, liyomane lifele olwandle.
I-clutch ibekwa emanzini amakhulu ukuze amaqanda angabuyiselwa ogwini, lapho izibungu zizofela khona. Uma konke kuhamba kahle, izibungu eziningi ziyazalwa, ezingakabi njengamasela amadala esundu. Emasontweni angama-3-4 alandelayo, zintanta ebusweni bamanzi, zikhule ngokuphawulekayo futhi zishintshe. Ngemuva kwalokho, ama-crustaceans amancane acwila phansi echibini bese akhasa kulo isikhashana, ezama ukuzitholela ikhaya. Ngokushesha kuvela ukuthi kwenziwa, maningi amathuba okusinda, ngoba namanje awanakho ukuzivikela ngokuphelele, ikakhulukazi isisu sabo.
Igobolondo elingenalutho noma igobolondo elivela kumantongomane amancane angaba yindlu. Ngalesi sikhathi, afana kakhulu nokudla izinkalankala ngokubukeka nokuziphatha, zihlala zihlala emanzini. Kepha amaphaphu akhula kancane kancane, ukuze kuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-crayfish amancane afike emhlabeni - amanye phambilini, amanye kamuva. Ekuqaleni, bathola negobolondo lapho, kepha ngasikhathi sinye isisu sabo siba nzima, ukuze kuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isidingo saso sinyamalale, bese besilahla.
Njengoba zikhula, zichitha njalo - zakha indawo entsha, futhi zidla endala. Ngakho-ke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziphenduka izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezindala, zishintshe kakhulu. Ukukhula kuhamba kancane: kuphela ngeminyaka engu-5 bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili, futhi ngisho nakule minyaka yobudala basencane - cishe ama-10 cm.
Izitha zemvelo zamasela esundu
Isithombe: Isela Lesundu
Azikho izidalwa ezikhethekile amasela esundu ayizisulu zazo ngokuyinhloko. Mikhulu kakhulu, ivikelwe kahle futhi ingaba yingozi ukuzingelwa njalo. Kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi abekho engozini: bangabanjwa futhi badliwe yizinhlanzi ezinkulu futhi, kaningi, izinyoni.
Kepha yinyoni enkulu kuphela ekwazi ukubulala umdlavuza onjalo; akuzona zonke iziqhingi ezishisayo ezinento enjalo. Ngokuyinhloko, basongela abantu abasha abangakakhuli ngisho nengxenye yobukhulu obukhulu - hhayi ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-15. Bangabanjwa yizinyoni ezidla inyama njenge-kestrel, ikhayithi, ukhozi njalonjalo.
Kunezinsongo eziningi kakhulu ezibungwini: zingaba ukudla kwanoma yiziphi izilwane zasemanzini ezondla ngeplankton. Lokhu ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Zidla izibungu eziningi, futhi zimbalwa zazo ezisinda ngaphambi kokufika ezweni.
Akufanele sikhohlwe ngomuntu: yize amasela esundu ezama ukuhlala eziqhingini ethule futhi engahlali muntu ngangokunokwenzeka, avame ukuba yizisulu zabantu. Konke ngenxa yenyama yabo emnandi, nosayizi omkhulu awudlali ngabo: kulula ukuwabona, futhi kulula ukubamba eyodwa yenkalankala kunaleyo emincane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lo mdlavuza waziwa ngokuthi iSela Lesundu ngoba uthanda ukuhlala ezihlahleni zesundu bese untshontsha konke okucwebezelayo. Uma ehlangana netafula lethebula, imihlobiso, futhi nensimbi, umdlavuza uzozama ukuyisa ekhaya layo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isela lesundu
Bangaki abamele lezi zinhlobo ezitholakala emvelweni akukasungulwa ngenxa yokuthi bahlala ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi. Ngakho-ke, azifakiwe kuhlu lwezinhlobo ezingavamile, noma kunjalo, kulezo zindawo lapho kugcinwa khona ukubhaliswa, kube nokwehla okwethusayo kwamanani azo kule minyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlule.
Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu ukubanjwa okusebenzayo kwalezi zinhlanzi. Akukhona nje ukuthi inyama yabo imnandi, ngakho-ke iyabiza - amasela esundu anambitha njengama-lobster; ngaphezu kwalokho, kubhekwa njenge-aphrodisiac, okwenza ukufunwa kuphakame kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, emazweni amaningi, imikhawulo ekukhishweni kwabo iyasungulwa noma ukuvinjelwa kokudoba kwethulwa ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, uma izitsha zangaphambili zalo mdlavuza zazithandwa kakhulu eNew Guinea, muva nje kuvinjelwe ukukuphaka ezindaweni zokudlela nasezitolo zokudlela. Ngenxa yalokhu, enye yezimakethe zokuthengisa ezibalulekile zabashushumbisi ilahlekile, yize ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuqhubeka ngamanani amakhulu, ngakho-ke kusenomsebenzi okusamele wenziwe ukuze kuvinjelwe.
Kwamanye amazwe nezindawo kukhona ukuvinjelwa ekubambeni ama-crayfish amancane: ngokwesibonelo, eNyakatho Mariana Islands kuvunyelwe ukubamba kuphela lawo amakhulu kunama-76 mm, futhi kuphela ngaphansi kwelayisense futhi kusuka ngoSepthemba kuya kuNovemba. Kuyo yonke le sizini, akukho ngaphezu kwe-15 crayfish engatholwa ngaphansi kwelayisense eyodwa. EGuam naseMicronesia, ukubanjwa kwabesifazane abakhulelwe akuvunyelwe, eTuvalu kunezindawo lapho kuvunyelwe khona ukuzingela (ngemikhawulo), kepha kukhona okungavunyelwe. Imikhawulo efanayo iyasebenza nakwezinye izindawo eziningi.
Zonke lezi zinyathelo zenzelwe ukuvimbela amasela esundu ukuthi anganyamalali. Kusesekuseni kakhulu ukwahlulela ukusebenza kwabo, ngoba emazweni amaningi asebenza iminyaka engekho ngaphezulu kwe-10-20; kodwa-ke, isisekelo sokuqhathanisa nokukhetha isu elilungile lekusasa ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezinyathelo zomthetho ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene sikhulu kakhulu. Lezi zinhlanzi ezinkulu ezidinga ukuvikelwa, ngaphandle kwalokho abantu bangavele baziqothule. Vele, kunezinyathelo ezithile ezithathwayo, kepha okwamanje akukacaci ukuthi ngabe zanele yini ukugcina lezi zinhlobo. Kwezinye iziqhingi lapho isela lesundu zivame ukusakazeka kabanzi, cishe azikaze zitholakale - lo mkhuba awukwazi ukwethusa.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/16/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 24.09.2019 ngo-12: 06
