Ipartridge emhlophe uhlala enyakatho ekude, okwasindisa ezicini eziningi le nhlobo ekuqothulweni ngabantu. Bangakwazi ukumelana ngisho nesithwathwa esibi kakhulu futhi badle amagatsha afriziwe ezinyangeni lapho ezinye izilwane zihamba zisenyakatho noma zisebusika. Ukudoba i-ptarmigan kuyenziwa, kepha kunemikhawulo ukuze kungacekeli phansi inani labo labantu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Partridge emhlophe
Kunemibono eminingi yokuthi izinyoni zaqala kanjani futhi zavela kubani. Inyoni yokuqala kwesinye isikhathi ibhekwa njengeprotoavis, eyaqala emuva kwesikhathi seTriassic - okungukuthi, yayihlala eMhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-210-220 edlule. Kepha isimo sayo siyaphikiswa ososayensi abaningi futhi, uma ama-protoavis namanje engeyona inyoni, kwenzeka ngemuva kwesikhashana.
Isimo se-Archeopteryx asinakuphikiswa, okutholakala ezimbiwa phansi ezineminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-150 ubudala: nakanjani iyinyoni futhi, ngokusho kososayensi, akuyona eyokuqala - okhokho bayo abaseduze abakatholakali. Ngesikhathi kuvela i-Archeopteryx, indiza yayisivele izazi kahle izinyoni, kepha ekuqaleni zazingakwazi ukundiza - kunemibono eminingi yokuthi leli khono lakhula kanjani.
Ividiyo: Ipartridge emhlophe
Noma yikuphi okulungile, lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokwakhiwa kabusha komzimba kancane kancane: ushintsho emathanjeni nasekuthuthukiseni imisipha edingekayo. Ngemuva kokuvela kwe-Archeopteryx, isikhathi eside ukuvela kwezinyoni kwaqhubeka kancane, kwavela izinhlobo ezintsha, kepha zonke zaphela, kanti ezanamuhla zavela enkathini yeCenozoic, ngemuva kokuqothulwa kweCretaceous-Paleogene.
Lokhu kusebenza nasezinyonini zomndeni we-pheasant - kungenxa yokuthi ama-partridges amhlophe angena. Izinsalela zezinsalela zezinhlobo ezimbili zomlando ezingaphansi komndeni omncane wama-partridges (i-Perdix) - i-margaritae ne-palaeoperdix zitholakele. Owokuqala waphila ngePliocene eTransbaikalia naseMongolia, eyesibili eningizimu yeYurophu isivele isePleistocene.
Ngisho namaNeanderthal namaCro-Magnons atholakele njengabamele izinhlobo zePalaeoperdix; lawa ma-partridges ayevamile ekudleni kwawo. I-phylogenetics yama-partridges ayicaci ngokuphelele, kepha kuyacaca ukuthi izinhlobo zanamuhla zivele muva nje, zingamakhulu, noma ngisho namashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka ubudala. I-ptarmigan yachazwa ngo-1758 nguK. Linnaeus, futhi yathola igama elithi Lagopus lagopus.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-ptarmigan
Umzimba we-ptarmigan ufinyelela ku-34-40 cm, futhi unesisindo esingu-500-600 amagremu. Isici sayo esibalulekile ukushintsha kombala okuqinile kuye ngesizini. Ebusika, cishe yonke imhlophe, izimpaphe ezimnyama kuphela emsileni. Entwasahlobo, inkathi yokukhwelana iyaqala, ngalesi sikhathi kwabesilisa, ukwenza kube lula ukuheha ukunakwa kwezinsikazi, ikhanda nentamo kuphenduke kube nsundu ngokubomvu, zimi ngokuqinile zimelana nomhlophe.
Futhi ehlobo, kokubili kwabesilisa nabesifazane, izimpaphe ziba mnyama, zibe bomvu, amabala ahlukahlukene nemivimbo iyahamba nazo, futhi imvamisa iba nsundu, kwesinye isikhathi ibe nezindawo ezimnyama noma ezimhlophe. Abesifazane bashintsha umbala ngaphambi kwabesilisa, kanti izingubo zabo zasehlobo zilula ngandlela thile. Futhi, i-dimorphism yezocansi ibonakala ngosayizi - mancane kancane. Ama-partgeges amancane ahlukaniswa ngombala wawo ongafani, ngemuva kokuzalwa anombala wegolide omnyama futhi anezindawo ezimnyama nezimhlophe. Ngemuva kwalokho, amaphethini ansundu amnyama avame ukuvela kuwo.
Kukhona ama-subspecies ayi-15, yize ngaphandle ehluka kancane, imvamisa kakhulu ezimpapheni nasehlobo losayizi. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziphansi ezihlala eGreat Britain nase-Ireland: azinayo nhlobo ingubo yasebusika, futhi izimpaphe zokundiza zimnyama. Ngaphambilini, abanye ososayensi baze bababheka njengohlobo oluhlukile, kepha kwatholakala ukuthi akunjalo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Le nyoni ingazalelana ne-grouse emnyama, futhi ezindaweni lapho amabanga ayo ahlangana khona, lokhu kwesinye isikhathi kuyenzeka, ngemuva kwalokho kuvela ama-nzalo. Ziyafana nezinhlayiya ezimhlophe, kepha ngombala wazo umbala omnyama uyabonakala kakhulu, futhi uqhwaku lwazo lukhulu.
Ihlala kuphi i-ptarmigan?
Isithombe: Inhlayiya emhlophe eRussia
Le nyoni ihlala ezifundeni ezibandayo ze-hemisphere esenyakatho - imikhawulo esenyakatho ye-taiga ne-tundra enehlathi-itundra.
Kusatshalaliswe ezindaweni ezilandelayo:
- ECanada;
- I-Alaska;
- IGreenland;
- I-United Kingdom;
- INhlonhlo yaseScandinavia;
- ingxenye esenyakatho yeRussia ukusuka eKarelia entshonalanga kuze kufike eSakhalin empumalanga.
Ngasenyakatho, ama-partridges asatshalaliswa afinyelela ogwini loLwandle i-Arctic, ahlala eziqhingini eziningi zase-Arctic zombili eduze kwase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Bahlala naseziQhingini zase-Aleutian. EYurophu, lolu hlu belulokhu lwehla kancane kancane emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka: ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, ama-partridges amhlophe atholakala yonke indlela eya enkabeni ye-Ukraine eningizimu.
EMpumalanga Ekude, ukwehla kobubanzi kuyaziwa futhi: eminyakeni engama-60 eyedlule, lezi zinyoni zazisatholwa ngamanani amakhulu eduze kwase-Amur uqobo, manje umngcele wokusabalalisa wehlile waya enyakatho. Ngasikhathi sinye, manje sebengatholakala kulo lonke elaseSakhalin, obekungenjalo ngaphambili - lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yokuthi amahlathi amnyama e-coniferous anqunywa esiqhingini.
Bathanda ukuhlala ngasemaphethelweni emigodi yama-moss. Imvamisa bahlala ezintabeni, ngisho nokuphakama impela, kepha hhayi ngaphezulu kwebhande le-subalpine. Bangakwazi ukwakha izidleke ezindaweni ezivulekile ku-tundra, eduze kwamahlathi amakhulu - badla kuzo.
Kusuka ezifundeni ezibandayo ezisenyakatho, njengeziqhingi zase-Arctic, izinyoni ziya eningizimu ebusika, kodwa hhayi kude. Lezo ezihlala endaweni efudumele azindizi zibaleke. Imvamisa ziyandiza ezigodini zemifula futhi zihlale ziseduze kwazo ukuze zenze ubusika, futhi ngokushesha ngemuva kokufika kwentwasahlobo zibuyela emuva ngendlela efanayo.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-ptarmigan ihlala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini edliwa yi-ptarmigan?
Isithombe: Bird ptarmigan
Ukudla kwemifino kugqame ekudleni kwe-ptarmigan - kuthatha 95-98%. Kepha lokhu kusebenza kumuntu omdala kuphela, ngoba amaphuphu ondliwa yizinambuzane - lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze sikhule ngokushesha.
Umuntu omdala uyadla:
- amaqabunga;
- imbewu;
- amajikijolo;
- izinso;
- amagatsha;
- ihhashi;
- amakhowe;
- izinambuzane;
- izimbaza.
Ebusika, ukondliwa kwama-partridges kunesidina, kuqukethe amahlumela kanye namaqabunga ezihlahla: i-willow, i-birch, i-alder; izinyoni nazo zidla amakhathoni, kodwa ngamanani amancane. NgoNovemba-Disemba, lapho isembozo seqhwa singajulile, zondla ngeziqu ze-blueberry. Njengoba ikhava leqhwa likhula, kudliwa amagatsha ezihlahla akhula kakhulu. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukondla ubusika bonke. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho ukujula kwekhava leqhwa kuyeka ukukhula, ukudla kwabo kuyaphela ngokushesha. Lesi yisikhathi esinzima kunazo zonke sokuthi izinyoni zishintshele kumahlumela akhudlwana futhi aqine - zinzima kakhulu ukugaya futhi inani lokudla okunomsoco liphansi.
Ngakho-ke, uma intwasahlobo ebandayo idonsa, ama-partridges anciphisa kakhulu isisindo. Ngemuva kwalokho kungenzeka bangabi naso isikhathi sokululama, bese bengayibeki bamba. Lapho kuvela amabala ancibilikile, ukudla okubanzi kuyatholakala kubo: amaqabunga, amajikijolo e-Veronica nama-cowberry, i-horsetail ivela ngaphansi kweqhwa.
Bese kuvela imifino emisha, futhi bonke ubunzima bokudla okunomsoco busemuva. Ehlobo, indlela yokudla iyahlukahluka, kufaka phakathi utshani, amajikijolo, imbewu, ubulembu, izimbali zezitshalo, kanti ipartridge nayo ingadla amakhowe. Ngo-Agasti, baqala ukudla amajikijolo amaningi futhi amaningi: lokhu ukudla okumnandi kakhulu kubo. Badla kakhulu ama-blueberries, ama-blueberries, ama-lingonberries nama-rose hips. Ama-Cranberries asele ebusika futhi adliwe entwasahlobo.
Amatshwele kuphela azingela izinambuzane, kepha akwenzela ngobuqili, futhi adla nezimfanzi nezicabucabu. Badinga ukudla amaprotheni amaningi ukuze akhule ngokushesha. Izinyoni ezindala zibamba kuphela izidalwa eziphilayo, zona uqobo eziwela phezu komlomo, yingakho zihlala endaweni encane kwimenyu ye-partridge.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ptarmigan ebusika
Zihlala emihlambini, zihlakazeka okwesikhashana kuphela lapho kuqala inkathi yokuzalanisa. Umhlambi unesilinganiso sabantu abayi-8-12. Ngesikhathi sendiza ebheke eningizimu, bakha amaqembu amakhulu kakhulu ama-partridge we-150-300. Zisebenza kakhulu ekuseni nantambama, ziphumula emini, zilale ebusuku. Abesilisa basebenza ubusuku bonke ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Le nyoni iphila impilo yasemhlabeni kakhulu futhi imvamisa ayimuki phakathi nosuku, yize ikwazi ukundiza ibanga elide. Uyakwazi ukugijima ngokushesha futhi akabonakali phansi: ebusika ihlangana neqhwa, ehlobo nezingqinamba nomhlabathi. Uma kufanele ubalekele kumzingeli, ungasuka, yize ekuqaleni uzama ukubaleka.
Yize zifudukela eningizimu, i-ptarmigan ichitha izinyanga eziyisithupha noma ngaphezulu phakathi kweqhwa, futhi ngalesi sikhathi ikhipha imigudu ngaphansi kwayo futhi ichitha isikhathi sayo esiningi ikuzo: ezimweni ezibandayo zivame ukusebenzisa amandla amancane ekudleni. Ebusika, baphumela ngaphandle ekuseni badle eduze. Lapho ukudla sekuphelile, baqala ngokushesha ngemuva kokushiya indiza beya endaweni yokudla: imvamisa akukho ngaphezu kwamamitha angamakhulu ambalwa. Zihamba ngomhlambi omncane. Lapho zondla, zingagxumela kubude obungu-15-20 cm, zizama ukufinyelela efihlekile nasemagatsheni ngaphezulu.
Ihora lonke, zondla ngenkuthalo, ngemuva kwalokho zihamba kancane, bese esifundeni sasemini ziyaphumula, zibuyela esitokisini sazo ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa, ukudla kwesibili kuqala, kusihlwa. Kuba namandla kakhulu ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga. Sekukonke, kuchithwa amahora ama-4-5 ekudleni, ngakho-ke, uma amahora emini eba mafushane kakhulu, kufanele ushiye ikhefu. Uma isithwathwa sinamandla kakhulu, izinyoni zingahlala ngaphansi kweqhwa izinsuku ezimbalwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinga lokushisa lomgogodla lingama-degree angama-45, futhi lihlala linjalo ngisho nasemakhazeni amabi kakhulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Partridge emhlophe
Ngentwasahlobo, abesilisa bazama ukulala phansi besifazane ngezindlela ezihlukile: bathatha ukuma okuhlukile, benze indiza ekhethekile futhi bamemeze. Ungabezwa ukude, futhi bangakhuluma usuku lonke cishe ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Bakwenza ngenkuthalo kakhulu ekuseni nakusihlwa. Abesifazane cackle. Kungase kuqubuke izingxabano phakathi kwabesilisa ngensimu enhle kakhulu, futhi balwa ngesihluku esikhulu, kwesinye isikhathi impi enjalo iphela ngokufa komunye wabahlanganyeli. Ukuzimisela kwamabili kuyaqhubeka isikhathi eside impela: kanti isimo sezulu siyashintsha.
Lapho ukushisa ekugcineni kuhlala, ngokuvamile engxenyeni yesibili ka-Ephreli noma kaMeyi, ekugcineni lezi zibhangqwana zilungiswa yonke inkathi. Insikazi ibandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwesidleke - kumane nje kuyicindezelo elincane. Uyigcoba ngamagatsha namaqabunga ukuyenza ithambe, uqobo lwayo kuvame ukutholakala ezihlahleni, ngakho-ke kunzima kakhulu ukukuqaphela.
Lapho isidleke siphela, wenza i-clutch yamaqanda ama-4-15, kwesinye isikhathi nangaphezulu. Umbala wegobolondo uvela ophuzi ophuzi kuya ophuzi ngokugqamile, kuvame ukuba nezindawo ezinsundu kuwo, ukuma kwamaqanda kufane nokwakheka. Kuyadingeka ukuwafukamela amasonto amathathu, futhi sonke lesi sikhathi owesilisa uhlala eduzane futhi avikele isidleke: akakwazi ukuvikela ezilwaneni ezinkulu, kepha angaxosha ezinye izinyoni namagundane. Uma umuntu eza esidlekeni, i-ptarmigan ayenzi lutho futhi ayivumele isondele esidlekeni uqobo.
Ngemuva kokuchamisela amaphuphu, abazali bawayisa endaweni ephephe kakhudlwana, kwesinye isikhathi amachwane ayi-2-5 ngasikhathi sinye ayahlangana futhi ahlale ndawonye - lokhu kuvikela amaphuphu kangcono. Izinyanga ezimbili bahlala besondelene nabazali babo, ngalesi sikhathi bakhula bacishe balingane nenyoni esikhulile, futhi nabo ngokwabo bangazondla kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila. Bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi ngenkathi elandelayo yokukhwelana.
Izitha zemvelo zeptarmigan
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-ptarmigan
Izilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye zingaluma inhlwathi emhlophe: cishe noma iziphi ezinkulu, uma nje ingayibamba. Ngakho-ke, kunezingozi eziningi emvelweni ngakho, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, iningi lezilwane ezidlayo azinalo ekudleni kwazo njalo. Lokho wukuthi, bayibamba ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela, futhi abayizingeli, ngakho-ke ayibangeli monakalo omkhulu ezinombolweni.
Zimbili kuphela izilwane ezihlala zizingela intendele: i-gyrfalcon nempungushe ye-arctic. Ezokuqala ziyingozi ikakhulukazi, ngoba umuntu ngeke abaleke kuzo emoyeni: zindiza kangcono kakhulu futhi ngokushesha okukhulu. I-Partridge ingabashiya kuphela emigodini eqhweni, kepha ehlobo kaningi ayinandawo yokucasha.
Ngakho-ke, ama-gyrfalcons asebenza kahle kakhulu ngokumelene nama-partridges, asetshenziswa ngisho nabantu ukuzingela izinyoni ezinjalo. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ama-gyrfalcons ambalwa emvelweni, futhi noma ngabe ngalinye lazo lidinga inyamazane enkulu ukuze londliwe, alibangeli monakalo omkhulu kwinani le-partridge. Izimpungushe zase-Arctic zingenye indaba. Kuneziningi zalezi zilwane ezidla ezinye ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo ama-partridges, futhi zizingela ngenhloso, ngakho-ke yizo ezinethonya elikhulu enanini lezinhlobo.
Kuleli chungechunge, amakhemikhali nawo ahlala endaweni ebalulekile: konke kuqala ngokwanda kwenani labo, emva kwalokho kunezimpungushe eziningi zase-Arctic ezizizingelayo, inani lemammings liyancipha ngenxa yokuqothulwa okusebenzayo, izimpungushe ze-Arctic zishintshela emaphaseji, lawo nawo aba mancane, ngenxa yalokho, inani lezimpungushe zase-Arctic selivele liyancipha. Ama-Lemmings, bese kuthi ama-partridges, akhiqize ngenkuthalo, umjikelezo uqala kabusha.
Ezinkukhu ze-ptarmigan, kunezingozi eziningi: zingadonswa yizinyoni ezinjenge-herring gull, glaucous gull, skua. Zibuye zibhubhise izidleke futhi zidle amaqanda. Abantu, nokho, abasona isitha esibaluleke kangako kuma-partridges: bambalwa babo ezindaweni zokuhlala zale nyoni, futhi yize izingelwa, yingxenye encane kuphela yamaphasela abhubha ngenxa yayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Partridge emhlophe
Ipartridge iphakathi kwezinhlobo ezingakhathazeki kangako. Zisetshenziselwa nokuzingela ezimbonini, yize kuvunyelwe kuphela ehlathini-ehlathini nasekuqaleni kobusika. Le mikhawulo iyadingeka ukuze kungacekelwa phansi inani lezinyoni futhi kuvimbele ukwehla kobubanzi bayo. Kwezinye izindawo, ukuzingela kungenzeka, kepha kuphela kwezemidlalo nasekwindla - ukudubula kwezinyoni kulawulwa ngokuqinile. Noma kunjalo, ngaphandle kokuthi kuze kube manje akukho okusongela lezi zinhlobo, inani le-ptarmigan lincipha kancane kancane, njengobubanzi bazo.
Inani labantu eliphelele le-ptarmigan eRussia lilinganiselwa ezigidini eziyisithupha - inani elibaliwe elilinganisiwe lonyaka. Iqiniso ukuthi lingahluka kakhulu unyaka nonyaka, umjikelezo uhlala iminyaka engu-4-5, futhi phakathi nesikhathi salo inani labantu lingehla bese lenyuka kakhulu.
Lo mjikelezo ujwayelekile eRussia, ngokwesibonelo, eScandinavia mfushane kancane, kanti eNewfoundland ungafinyelela eminyakeni eyi-10. Isici esiyisihluthulelo esingesihle senani lamaphaseji akukona ngisho ukudoba noma izidlova, kepha izimo zezulu. Uma intwasahlobo ibanda, ama-partges amaningi kungenzeka angahlali nhlobo. Ubuningi babantu buphakeme kakhulu ku-hummocky tundra, bungafinyelela ku-300-400, futhi kwezinye izimo kuze kufike kumabhangqa angama-600 ngehektha ngalinye. Ngokuya ngasenyakatho, iwa kaningi, kuze kufike kumabhangqa angama-30-70 ehektheleni ngalinye.
Ekuthunjweni, i-ptarmigan cishe ayizalwanga, ngoba ikhombisa amazinga aphansi okusinda ezindaweni ezivalekile. Isingeniso asenziwa futhi: noma ngabe kukhishwa ama-partridges kulezo zindawo ebezihlala kuwo ngaphambili, zimane zindiza ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene futhi azenzi imihlambi, enomphumela omubi ekusindeni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abaphenyi bahlobanisa ukuncipha kobubanzi bezinyoni e-Eurasia nokufudumala. Esikhathini esedlule, lapho amakhaza aqhubeka kwaze kwaba maphakathi nentwasahlobo, kwabe sekuqala ukufudumala kakhulu, kwakulula ukuthi amapaseji ahlangabezane nawo, ngoba kuthatha amandla amancane ukuluma amagatsha afriziwe. Lapho amagatsha ancibilikile kufanele alume, kuyilapho isembozo seqhwa singanyamalali isikhathi eside, kuba nzima kakhulu kuma-partridges.
Ipartridge emhlophe enye yalezi zinyoni ezithakazelisa kakhulu indlela yazo yokuphila - ngokungafani neningi, bakhetha ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinzima kakhulu okunzima ukuphila kuzo. Ngenxa yalokhu, baba isixhumanisi esibalulekile ku-tundra ecosystem, ngaphandle kwayo kungaba nzima kakhulu kwezinye izidalwa ukuzitholela ukudla.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/15/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 15.08.2019 ngo-23: 43
