Intethe Isinambuzane esidla imifino esivela ku-suborder Orthoptera, i-Orthoptera oda. Ukuzihlukanisa namakhilikithi noma ama-katydids, kwesinye isikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi izintethe ezinamaphondo amafushane. Izinhlobo ezishintsha umbala nokuziphatha ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi zibizwa ngesikhonyane. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-11 000 zezintethe ezaziwa emhlabeni ezitholakala emhlabeni, ezivame ukuhlala emasimini anotshani, emadlelweni nasemahlathini.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Intethe
Izintethe zanamuhla zivela okhokho basendulo abaphila kudala ngaphambi kokuba ama-dinosaurs azulazule eMhlabeni. Imininingwane ye-Fossil ikhombisa ukuthi izintethe zakudala zaqala ukuvela ngesikhathi seCarboniferous, eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-300 edlule. Iningi lentethe lasendulo ligcinwa njengezinsalela, yize izibungu zentethe (isigaba sesibili empilweni yentethe ngemuva kwesigaba sokuqala seqanda) kwesinye isikhathi sitholakala ku-amber. Izintethe zihlukaniswe ngokobude bezimpondo zazo (amatende), ezibizwa nangokuthi izimpondo.
Ividiyo: Intethe
Kunamaqembu amabili ayizintethe:
- izintethe ezinezimpondo ezinde;
- izintethe ezinezimpondo ezimfushane.
Intethe enezimpondo ezimfushane (umndeni i-Acrididae, phambilini eyayiyiLocustidae) ihlanganisa zombili izinhlobo ezingenabungozi, ezingafuduki kanye nezinhlobo ezivame ukubhubhisa, ezithuthelayo, ezifudukayo ezaziwa njengesikhonyane. Intethe enezimpondo ezinde (umndeni u-Tettigoniidae) imelwe yi-catidid, i-meadow grasshopper, intethe ephethwe yisigaxa nentethe ezintangeni.
Amanye ama-Orthoptera kwesinye isikhathi abizwa ngezintethe. Intethe ye-pygmy (umndeni weTetrigidae) kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi yipartridge, noma intethe ye-pygmy. Izintethe ezinamagqabi (umndeni iGryllacrididae) imvamisa ayinazimpiko futhi ayinazo izitho zokuzwa.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Indlela intethe ebukeka ngayo
Izinkumbi ziyizinambuzane eziphakathi nezikhulu. Ubude bomuntu omdala bungamasentimitha ayi-1 kuye kwayi-7, kuya ngohlobo. Njengabazala babo, ama-cathidid kanye nekhilikithi, izintethe zinemilomo ehlafunwayo, amapheya amabili amaphiko, elinye lincane futhi liqinile, elinye libanzi futhi liguquguqukayo, nemilenze yangemuva emide yokugxuma. Ayahluka kula maqembu ngoba anezimpondo ezimfushane ezingadluli zibuyele emuva kakhulu emizimbeni yazo.
Isifunda sobufazi semilenze ephezulu yangemuva yentethe sikhuliswe kakhulu futhi siqukethe imisipha emikhulu eyenza imilenze ikwazi ukujwayela kahle. Eyeduna ingakhipha umsindo odumayo, kungaba ngokuhlikihla amaphiko angaphambili (iTettigoniidae) noma ngokuhlikihla izilinganiso ezinamazinyo emathangeni asemuva emthanjeni ophakanyisiwe ephikweni ngalinye langaphambili elivalekile (i-Acrididae).
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Intethe yizinambuzane ezimangalisayo ezingagxuma ziphindwe ka-20 ubude bomzimba wayo. Eqinisweni, intethe ayi "gxumi". Usebenzisa izidladla zakhe njenge-catapult. Izintethe zingagxuma futhi zindize, zingafinyelela isivinini se-13 km / h lapho zihamba.
Izintethe ngokuvamile zinamehlo amakhulu futhi zinemibala efanelekile yokuhlangana nendawo ezungezile, imvamisa inhlanganisela yombala onsundu, ompunga, noma oluhlaza okotshani. Ezinye izinhlobo zabesilisa zinemibala egqamile ezimpikweni zazo, abazisebenzisela ukuheha abesifazane. Izinhlobo eziningana zondla izitshalo ezinobuthi futhi zigcina ubuthi emizimbeni yazo ukuze zivikeleke. Anemibala egqamile ukuxwayisa izilwane ezidlayo ukuthi azinambitheki kahle.
Izintethe zezinsikazi zinkulu kunezeduna futhi zinamaphuzu abukhali ekugcineni kwezisu zazo ezizisizayo zibekele amaqanda ngaphansi komhlaba. Izinzwa zentethe zithinta izitho ezitholakala ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zomzimba wayo, kufaka phakathi izimpondo nezindlebe ekhanda, i-cerci esiswini, nama-receptors kwizidladla. Izitho zokunambitha zitholakala emlonyeni, kanti izitho zephunga zitholakala ezimpondweni. Intethe lezwa ngomgodi we-tympanic otholakala ezansi kwesisu (i-Acrididae) noma ezansi kwe-tibia ngayinye ye-fore (Tettigoniidae). Umbono wakhe wenziwa ngamehlo ayinkimbinkimbi, kanti ushintsho lokuqina kokukhanya lubonwa ngamehlo alula.
Ihlala kuphi intethe?
Isithombe: Intethe eluhlaza okotshani
Iningi le-Orthoptera, kufaka phakathi izintethe, lihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-18,000. Cishe i-700 yalezi zitholakala eYurophu - ikakhulukazi eningizimu - futhi izinhlobo ezingama-30 kuphela ezihlala e-UK. Kunezinhlobo eziyishumi nanye zentethe eBrithani, futhi zonke ngaphandle kweyodwa ziyakwazi ukundiza. Ukuthanda kwabo isimo sezulu esifudumele kubonakala futhi ekutheni zingu-6 kuphela izinhlobo ezitholakala enyakatho yeScotland.
Ama-grasshopper atholakala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zokuhlala, iningi kakhulu emahlathini emvula asezindaweni eziphansi, ezifundeni ezinesomiso esincane nasendaweni enotshani. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zentethe zinendawo ezihlukene. I-marsh grasshopper enkulu (iStethophyma grossum), ngokwesibonelo, itholakala kuphela ezindaweni eziphithizelayo. Intethe yasemadlelweni, nokho, incane kakhulu futhi ithanda noma yiliphi idlelo elingomile kakhulu; iyintethe eyejwayelekile.
Ezinye izintethe zijwayele ukuhlala ezindaweni ezikhethekile. Izinkumbi zaseNingizimu Melika zasePaulidaidae zichitha iningi lempilo yazo ezimileni ezintantayo, zibhukuda ngenkuthalo futhi zizalela amaqanda ezitshalweni zasemanzini. Izintethe zivame ukuba zinkulu, zingaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-11 ubude (ngokwesibonelo, iTropidacris yaseNingizimu Melika).
Manje uyazi lapho intethe itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Udla ini intethe?
Isithombe: Intethe eRussia
Zonke izintethe ziyizitshalo ezidla utshani, zidla kakhulu otshanini. Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-100 zezintethe zitholakala eColorado futhi imikhuba yazo yokudla iyahlukahluka. Ezinye zondla kakhulu ngotshani noma nge-sedge, kanti ezinye zikhetha izitshalo ezibanzi. Ezinye izintethe zikhawulela ekudleni kwazo izitshalo ezinenani elincane lezomnotho, kanti ezinye zondla kakhulu ngohlobo lokhula. Kodwa-ke, ezinye zidla kalula ezitshalweni nasezitshalweni zezwe.
Phakathi kwezitshalo zemifino, ezinye izitshalo ziyathandwa, njenge:
- isaladi;
- isaqathe;
- ubhontshisi;
- umbila;
- u-anyanini.
Izintethe akuvamile ukuthi zidle amaqabunga ezihlahla nezihlahlana. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yokuqubuka, noma kungonakaliswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izintethe zingalimaza ngengozi ukutshalwa kwamabhande lapho zincika emagatsheni futhi zidla amagxolo, kwesinye isikhathi kubangele ukuthi kufe amagatsha amancane.
Ezinhlotsheni ezingaba ngu-600 zezintethe e-United States, ezingaba ngu-30 zidala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni zezwe futhi zibhekwa njengezilokazane zasengadini. Iqembu elikhulu lezintethe, elingelase-Caelifera elingaphansi, liyizilwane ezidla imifino, zidla izinambuzane ezingadala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni, ikakhulukazi izitshalo nemifino. Ngobuningi, izintethe ziyinkinga enkulu kubalimi kanye nokucasula okukhulu kwabalimi basemakhaya.
Yize izintethe zingadla izitshalo eziningi ezahlukahlukene, zivame ukukhetha okusanhlamvu okuncane, ummbila, i-alfalfa, ubhontshisi, ukotini, ilayisi, i-clover, utshani nogwayi. Bangadla no ulethisi, izaqathe, ubhontshisi, ummbila omnandi no-anyanisi. Izinkumbi mancane amathuba okuthi zondle izitshalo ezinjengethanga, uphizi namaqabunga katamatisi. Lapho izintethe zikhona ngokwengeziwe, maningi amathuba okuthi zondle ngezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphandle kweqembu ezilithandayo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Intethe enkulu
Izintethe zisebenza kakhulu emini, kepha zondla ebusuku. Azinazo izidleke noma izindawo, kanti ezinye izinhlobo ziyahamba isikhathi eside ukuze zithole ukudla okusha. Izinhlobo eziningi zihlala zodwa futhi zihlangana kuphela ukuze zikhwelwe, kepha izinhlobo ezifudukayo kwesinye isikhathi zihlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu ezigidi noma ngisho nezigidigidi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lapho kucoshwa intethe, "ikhafula" uketshezi olunsundu olwaziwa ngokuthi "ujusi kagwayi." Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lolu ketshezi lungavikela izintethe ekuhlaselweni yizinambuzane ezinjengezintuthwane nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye - "ziyazikhafulela" uketshezi kuzo, bese zibamba futhi zindiza ngokushesha.
Izintethe nazo zizama ukweqa ezitheni zazo ezicashe otshanini noma phakathi kwamaqabunga. Uma uke wazama ukubamba izintethe endle, uyazi ukuthi zinganyamalala ngokushesha kangakanani lapho ziwela otshanini obude.
Isikhonyane siwuhlobo lwentethe. Bangabashayeli bezindiza abakhulu futhi abanamandla. Kwesinye isikhathi inani labo liyaqhuma, futhi bahamba ngezixuku ezinkulu befuna ukudla, okudala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni abantu abazilimile. EMpumalanga Ephakathi, kunezinhlobo zezinkumbi ezimbalwa ezingena eYurophu, intethe efudukayo (i-Locusta migratoria) itholakala enyakatho yeYurophu, yize kuvame ukuthi zingabi ziningi kakhulu eziqoqeka lapho.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Intethe endalweni
Imijikelezo yokuphila kwentethe iyehluka ngezinhlobo. Amaqanda abekwa lapho insikazi iphusha i-ovipositor yayo otshanini noma esihlabathini. Zonke izintethe zibekela amaqanda enhlabathini emigqonyeni eminyene ehlangene. Kukhethwa inhlabathi eyomile, engathintwanga ngokulima noma ngenkasa.
Ukubeka amaqanda kungagxila ezindaweni ezithile ngokuthungwa okuhle kwenhlabathi, ithambeka nokuma. Intethe yensikazi imboza amaqanda ngento ebandayo esheshe iqine ibe yisembozo esivikelayo bese iyawavikela ebusika.
Isigaba samaqanda yisigaba sasebusika sabaningi, kepha hhayi bonke, izintethe. Amaqanda angaphezu kobusika enhlabathini futhi aqala ukuqandula entwasahlobo. Izinkumbi ezisencane zingabonakala zigxuma ngoMeyi nangoJuni. Isizukulwane esisodwa sentethe sizalwa kanye ngonyaka.
Lapho zichanyuselwa, izibungu ezincane zesigaba sokuqala ziza phezulu bese zifuna amahlamvu amathenda ukuze zidle. Izinsuku ezimbalwa zokuqala zibalulekile ekusindeni. Isimo sezulu esingesihle noma ukuntuleka kokudla okufanele kungaholela ekufeni okuphezulu. Ukusinda kwezintethe kuyaqhubeka nokukhula emasontweni ambalwa alandelayo, imvamisa i-molting ngezigaba ezinhlanu noma eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokugcina ifinyelele kubantu abadala.
Izinkumbi zabantu abadala zingaphila izinyanga zishintshana phakathi kokukhwelana nokubekelana ngamaqanda. Izinhlobo ezisezingeni lamaqanda ebusika ziyafa ngasekupheleni kwehlobo nasekwindla. Izinhlobo eziningana, njengentethe enamaphiko evelele kunazo zonke, zichitha ubusika njengeziphungumangathi, zihlala zisebenza ngezikhathi ezifudumele, futhi zingakhula zibe isimo sabantu abadala ngasekupheleni kobusika.
Izitha zemvelo zentethe
Isithombe: Indlela intethe ebukeka ngayo
Izitha ezinkulu kakhulu zezintethe yizinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimpukane ezizalela amaqanda kumaqanda entethe noma eduze nawo. Ngemuva kokuthi amaqanda empukane achanyuselwe, izimpukane ezisanda kuzalwa zidla amaqanda entethe. Ezinye izimpukane zibekela amaqanda emzimbeni wentethe, noma intethe indiza. Izimpukane ezisanda kuzalwa zidla intethe.
Ezinye izitha zezintethe yilezi:
- amabhungane;
- izinyoni;
- amagundane;
- izinyoka;
- izicabucabu.
Ezinye izinambuzane zivame ukuzondla ngezintethe. Izinhlobo eziningi zamabhungane e-blister zikhula kuma-pods amaqanda entethe nasesikhathini semijikelezo yabantu be-blister beetle kanye nabaphethe izintethe zabo. Izimpukane ezindala zabaphangi ziyizilwane ezivamile zezintethe ehlobo, kuyilapho ezinye izimpukane zikhula njengamagciwane entethe yangaphakathi. Izinyoni eziningi, ikakhulukazi i-lark enezimpondo, nazo zidla izintethe. Izintethe nazo zivame ukudliwa ama-coyotes.
Izintethe zijwayele izifo ezithile ezingajwayelekile. Isikhunta i-Entomophthora grylli sithinta izintethe ngokubangela ukuthi zikhuphukele phezulu futhi zinamathele ezitshalweni ngaphambi nje kokuba zibulale izinambuzane ezizibambile. Izinkumbi eziqinile, ezifile ezitholwe zinamathele esihlangeni sotshani noma egatsheni zikhomba ukuthi sinesifo. Izintethe nazo kwesinye isikhathi zakha i-nematode enkulu kakhulu (i-Mermis nigriscens). Kokubili izifo zefungal kanye ne-nematode parasite kuyasiza esimweni sezulu esimanzi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abantu badle izinkumbi nezintethe amakhulu eminyaka. NgokweBhayibheli, uJohane uMbhapathizi wayedla izinkumbi noju ehlane. Izinkumbi nezintethe kuyisithako sokudla esijwayelekile ekudleni kwasendaweni ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-Afrika, e-Asia naseMelika, futhi ngoba zinamaprotheni amaningi, nazo ziyinto ebalulekile yokudla.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Intethe
Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezi-20 000 zezintethe sezihlonziwe emhlabeni jikelele, kanti zingaphezu kwenkulungwane ezikhona e-United States. Inani lentethe alikho engcupheni yokuncipha noma yokuqothulwa. Izinhlobo eziningi zezintethe ziyizinkumbi ezidla imifino, zidla izitshalo ezahlukahlukene, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zondla utshani kuphela. Izinhlobo ezithile, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, zingaba nesibalo sabantu futhi zibangele ukulimala kwezigidigidi zokudla minyaka yonke.
Intethe eyodwa ayikwazi ukwenza okubi kakhulu, yize idla cishe isigamu sesisindo sayo sezitshalo nsuku zonke, kepha lapho isikhonyane sibuthana, imikhuba yazo yokudla ehlangene ingonakalisa indawo, ishiye abalimi bengenazitshalo nabantu bengenakudla. E-United States kuphela, izintethe zidala umonakalo ongama- $ 1.5 billion minyaka yonke.
Izintethe zingaba izinambuzane ezibonakala kakhulu futhi eziyingozi emagcekeni nasemasimini. Futhi ngezinye zezinambuzane ezinzima kakhulu ukuzilawula njengoba zihamba kakhulu. Ngezizathu eziningi, inani lentethe liguquka kakhulu unyaka nonyaka futhi lingadala umonakalo omkhulu ngesikhathi sokuqubuka ngezikhathi ezithile. Izinkinga zivame ukuqala ekuqaleni kwehlobo futhi zingahlala kuze kufike isithwathwa esibi.
Ngenkathi izintethe zingadala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni, ngaphandle kwalezi zinambuzane, i-ecosystem ingaba yindawo ehluke kakhulu. Zidlala indima ebalulekile emvelweni, ziyenza indawo ephephile futhi esebenza kahle kakhudlwana ukuze izitshalo nezinye izilwane zikhule. Eqinisweni, ngisho nokushintsha kwesimo sentethe kungashintsha izindlela ezizuzisa ngayo imvelo, kukhombisa ukuthi imvelo yethu incike kangakanani ezinambuzaneni ezigxumayo.
Intethe Isinambuzane esithokozisayo esingabangeli umonakalo kuphela, kodwa futhi esizuzisa abantu kanye ne-ecosystem iyonke, okukhuthaza ukubola nokubuyiselwa kwezitshalo, okwenza ibhalansi phakathi kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezikhulayo. Yize zincane kangako, izintethe zidla ukudla okwanele ukuthonya izinhlobo zezitshalo ezizokhula kamuva.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/13/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 14.08.2019 ngo-23: 43
