IGuanaco - isilwane esincelisayo esikhulu kunazo zonke saseNingizimu Melika esivela emndenini wekamela, ukhokho wamaLama, owafuywa eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyisithupha eyedlule ngamaNdiya angamaQuechua. Yizinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zomndeni wamakamela eNingizimu Melika. Bahlale kuleli zwekazi iminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili. Uma ufuna ukwazi kabanzi ngalesi silwane esimangalisayo, hlola lokhu okuthunyelwe.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Guanaco
I-guanaco (i-Lama guanicoe) ("Wanaku" ngeSpanishi) isilwane esincelisayo esise-camelid esihlala eNingizimu Melika esihlobene kakhulu ne-llama. Igama layo livela olimini lwabantu baseNdiya abangamaQuechua. Lawa ngamagama athi huanaco ngesimo sawo sangaphambili, isipelingi sawo samanje sibukeka njenge-wanaku). Ama-guanacos amancane abizwa ngama-gulengos.
IGuanaco inezinhlayiyana ezine ezibhaliswe ngokusemthethweni:
- l. g. i-guanicoe;
- l. i-cacsilensis;
- l. voglii;
- l. huanacus.
Ngo-1553 lesi silwane saqala ukuchazwa ngumnqobi waseSpain uCieza de Leon ku-opus Chronicle yasePeru. Ukutholwa kwekhulu le-19 kunikeze ukuqonda ngezilwane ezinkulu nezase zingasekho zaseNyakatho Melika, ezisize ukuqonda umlando wokuqala womndeni wama-camelid. Umndeni wama-lamas, kufaka phakathi ama-guanacos, wawungahlali ulinganiselwe eNingizimu Melika kuphela. Kutholakale izinsalela zezilwane ezindaweni zokudla zasePleistocene eNyakatho Melika. Abanye okhokho bezinsalela zamaguanacos babebakhulu kakhulu kunezinhlobo zabo zamanje.
Ividiyo: IGuanaco
Izinhlobo eziningi zahlala eNyakatho Melika ngesikhathi se-Ice Ages. Ama-camelids aseNyakatho Melika afaka uhlobo olulodwa olungasekho, iHemiauchenia, efanayo neTanupolama. Luhlobo lwamakamela akhula eNyakatho Melika ngesikhathi seMiocene eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyishumi edlule. Izilwane ezinjalo zazivamile ezilwaneni zaseningizimu yeNyakatho Melika eminyakeni engama-25,000 edlule. Izilwane ezinjengamakamela zilandelwe kusukela ezinhlotsheni zesimanje ngokugcwele emuva ngezinhlobo zakuqala zeMiocene.
Izici zabo zaba yinto ejwayelekile, futhi balahlekelwa yilabo ababebahlukanisa namakamela ngaphambili. Azikho izinsalela zezinhlobo zokuqala ezinjalo ezitholakale e-Old World, okukhombisa ukuthi iNyakatho Melika kwakuyikhaya lokuqala lamakamela nokuthi amakamela e-Old World awela ibhuloho eliwela iBering Isthmus. Ukwakhiwa kwe-Isthmus yasePanama kwavumela amakamela ukuthi asakaze eNingizimu Melika. Amakamela aseNyakatho Melika aqothulwa ekupheleni kwePleistocene.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-guanaco
Njengawo wonke amakamela, ama-guanacos anentamo ende ezacile nemilenze emide. Abantu abadala banobude obungu-90 kuya ku-130 cm emahlombe nesisindo somzimba esingu-90 kuya ku-140 kg, kuthi abantu abancane kunabo bonke batholakale enyakatho yePeru futhi kube ngobukhulu eningizimu yeChile. Ijazi lisuka kokukhanya kuya kokumnyama ngokubomvu ngokugqamile ngombala neziqeshana ezimhlophe esifubeni, esiswini nasemilenzeni futhi mpunga noma mnyama ekhanda. Yize ukubukeka okujwayelekile kwesilwane kufana kubo bonke abantu, umbala ophelele ungahluka kancane ngokuya ngesifunda. Akukho dimorphism yezocansi ngosayizi noma umbala womzimba, yize abesilisa bekhulise kakhulu ama-canine.
Amakamela anamakhanda amancane uma kuqhathaniswa, awanazimpondo, nodebe lwaphezulu oluhlukene phakathi. Ama-camelids aseNingizimu Melika ahlukaniswe kozakwabo be-Old World ngokungabi khona kwe-hump, usayizi wabo omncane nemilenze emincane. IGuanacos inkudlwana kune-alpaca futhi inkulu kakhulu kune-vicuñas, kepha incane futhi icinene kune-llamas. Ku-guanacos nakuma-llamas, ama-incisors aphansi anezimpande ezivaliwe, futhi izindawo ezi-labial nezilimi zomqhele ngamunye ziyahlanganiswa. Ama-vicua nama-alpaca anezinsimbi ezinde ezikhula njalo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: AmaGuanacos anesikhumba esinyene entanyeni yawo. Lokhu kuyivikela ekuhlaselweni yizilwane ezizingelayo. Abantu baseBolivia basebenzisa lesi sikhumba ukwenza izicathulo zezicathulo.
Ukuze babhekane nesimo sezulu esibuhlungu nesishintshashintshayo ababhekene naso ebangeni labo, ama-guanacos athuthukise ukuzivumelanisa nokwakheka komzimba okwenza kube lula ukuphendula ngokuguqukayo kuzinguquko endaweni abakuyo. Isibonelo, ngokulungisa ukuma komzimba wabo, abantu "bangakwazi ukuvula" noma "ukuvala" uhlobo lwamawindi ashisayo - izindawo zoboya obuncane kakhulu obutholakala ezinhlangothini zabo zangaphambili nangasemuva - ukushintsha inani lezindawo ezivulekile zesikhumba ezitholakalayo ukushintshanisa ukushisa nemvelo yangaphandle. Lokhu kunomthelela ekwehliseni okusheshayo ekulahlekelweni ukushisa lapho izinga lokushisa elincane lehla.
Uhlala kuphi uguanaco?
Isithombe: Lama Guanaco
IGuanaco iyinhlobo esabalele enebanga elikhulu, yize linganqamuki, elisuka enyakatho nePeru liye esiqhingini saseNavarino eningizimu yeChile, lisuka ePacific Ocean enyakatho-ntshonalanga lize lifike olwandle i-Atlantic ngaseningizimu-mpumalanga, futhi kusukela olwandle kuye kumamitha ayi-5000 eziNtabeni i-Andes ... Kodwa-ke, ukusabalala kwamaguanacos kwakuthonywe kakhulu ngabantu.
Ukuzingela okungapheli, ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo yokuhlala, ukuncintisana nemfuyo yasepulazini, nokufakwa kocingo kunciphise ukwabiwa kwama-guanacos kuya kuma-26% ohlu lwayo lwangempela. Ngokusobala, inqwaba yabantu bendawo isiqediwe, kwakha uhla olwahlakazeka kakhulu ezifundeni eziningi.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwama-guanacos ngezwe:
- I-Peru. Inani lasenyakatho le-guanaco eNingizimu Melika. Kwenzeka eKalipui National Park emnyangweni weLibertad. Eningizimu, inani labantu lifinyelela eSalinas Aguada Blanca National Reserve eminyangweni ye-Arequipa naseMoquegua;
- IBolivia. Inani labaphindayo lama-guanacos ligcinwa esifundeni saseChaco. Muva nje, izilwane zibonakele engxenyeni eseningizimu yezintaba eziphakathi kwePotosi neChukisaka. Kubikwa nokuba khona kwamaguanacos eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTarija;
- I-Paraguay. isibalo esincane sabantu abasebenza kabusha siye sabhalwa enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChaco;
- I-Chile. AmaGuanacos atholakala edolobhaneni lasePutre emngceleni osenyakatho nePeru kuya esiqhingini saseNavarino endaweni eseningizimu yeFueguana. Inani elikhulu kunawo wonke lama-guanaco eChile ligxile ezifundeni zaseMagallanes nase-Aisen eningizimu ekude;
- I-Argentina. Iningi lama-guanacos asele emhlabeni ahlala. Yize uhla lwayo lumboza cishe yonke iPatagonia yase-Argentina, inani labantu base-guanaco lihlakazeke kakhulu ezifundazweni ezisenyakatho zezwe.
IGuanacos ihlala ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukahlukene. Ejwayelene nezimo ezinzima zonyaka, amakamela ayakwazi ukubhekana nesimo sezulu esiqhathanisa ngokugqamile soGwadule lwase-Atacama eChile kanye nesimo sezulu esihlala sinomswakama saseTierra del Fuego. Izilwane zithanda izindawo ezomile, ezivulekile, ezigwema imithambeka namawa. Ngokuvamile, izindawo zokuhlala zibonakala ngemimoya enamandla nemvula encane.
Manje uyazi lapho i-guanaco ihlala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi isilwane sidlani.
Yini edliwa yi-guanaco?
Isithombe: iGuanaco ngokwemvelo
AmaGuanacos ayizilwane ezidla imifino. Njengabahlali bezindawo ezinezimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene, bangasebenzisa imithombo yokudla ehluke ngokuphelele futhi babonise izindlela zokudla eziguquguqukayo ezihlukahluka ngokwesikhala nesikhathi. Zitholakala ezindaweni ezi-4 kwezingu-10 zaseNingizimu Melika: amasimu ehlane nawomile ama-shrub, amadlelo asezintabeni nawasezindaweni eziphansi, ama-savanna namahlathi ashubile ashubile. Ezansi kwezintaba ze-Andes, izinhlobo ezimbili ze-shrub, iColletia spinosissima neMulinum Spinosum, yakha iningi lokudla kwezinhlobo unyaka wonke.
Kodwa-ke, lapho ukudla abakuthandayo kungatholakali, ama-guanacos azodliwa:
- amakhowe;
- ubulembu;
- izimbali;
- i-cacti;
- izithelo.
Ukwengeza ngale mikhiqizo ukudla kwakho okujwayelekile kwamakhambi nezihlahla. Ukudla okuphumelelayo kwalezi zinhlobo namandla okukhiqiza amandla wamanzi kuzivumela ukuthi zisinde ezimweni ezinzima, kufaka phakathi isimo sezulu esomile kakhulu. Abanye abantu bahlala oGwadule i-Atacama, lapho kungazange line khona ezindaweni ezithile iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50.
Ugu olusentabeni, oluhambisana nogwadule, lubavumela ukuba baphile kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ama-foggy oases". Lapho amanzi abandayo ethinta khona umhlabathi oshisayo futhi umoya uphola phezu kogwadule, kudale inkungu ngakhoke kube umhwamuko wamanzi. Umoya oshisayo uvunguza inkungu ogwadule, futhi i-cacti ibamba amaconsi amanzi. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubulembu obubambelele kwi-cacti bumunca lomswakama njengesipanji. AmaGuanacos adliwa yizimbali nezimbali zomdolofiya.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Guanaco alpaca
IGuanacos inohlelo oluguquguqukayo lwezenhlalo, indlela abaziphatha ngayo ingahlala phansi noma ifuduke, kuya ngokutholakala konyaka kokudla. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, zitholakala ezigabeni ezintathu ezinkulu zenhlalo: amaqembu omndeni, amaqembu abesilisa nabesilisa abangashadile. Amaqembu omndeni aholwa yindoda endala engowesilisa futhi aqukethe izinombolo ezahlukahlukene zabesifazane abadala kanye nezintsha.
Amadoda amadala angazalanisi, angenawo umhlaba akha amaqembu wesilisa abantu abayi-3 kuye kwangama-60 futhi aklaba ezindaweni ezihlukene. Abesilisa abavuthiwe abanensimu kodwa abekho abesifazane abahlukaniswa njengabesilisa bodwa futhi bangakha imiphakathi yabantu abangaba ngu-3. Izimo zemvelo zinquma ukwakheka kweqembu ngemuva kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Ezindaweni ezinobusika obumnandi nokudla okuzinzile, abantu bahlala bodwa, futhi abesilisa bayazala, bavikele izindawo zabo zokudla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: IGuanacos ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, kuze kufike ku-4000 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Ukuze baphile emazingeni aphansi e-oxygen, igazi labo licebile kumaseli abomvu egazi. Isipuni segazi lesilwane sinezingqamuzana ezibomvu zegazi ezingaba yizigidi ezingama-68, okuyizikhathi eziphindwe kane kunabantu.
Abesifazane bangahamba bayokwakha imiphakathi yasebusika yabantu abayishumi kuya kwabangama-95. Ezindaweni lapho isomiso noma ikhava leqhwa linciphisa ukutholakala kokudla, ama-guanacos akha imihlambi exubile efinyelela kuma-500 bese uthuthela ezindaweni ezivikelekile noma ezicebile ngokudla. Lokhu kufuduka kungaba okuma mpo noma okususelwa eceleni, kuya ngesimo sezulu kanye nejografi. Kunokwehlukahluka okukhulu ngosayizi wendawo yendawo. EMpumalanga yePatagonia, ubukhulu busuka ku-4 kuye ku-9 km², nasentshonalanga yePatagonia, bukhulu ngokuphindwe kabili.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Guanaco Cub
Abesilisa bavikela izindawo ezidla ukudla ekuhlaselweni ngabesilisa abangaziwa. Lezi zindawo, ezihlinzeka ngokuvikelwa ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye futhi ezisebenza njengezinsizakusebenza zokudla zokukhiqiza abesifazane, imvamisa ziphakathi kuka-0.07 no-0.13 km². Bamatasa unyaka wonke noma isikhathi sonyaka namaqembu emindeni.
Ngaphandle kwegama, amalungu eqembu elithile lomndeni awahlobene neze. Iqembu ngalinye lomndeni liqukethe owesilisa oyedwa wendawo kanye nenani elihlukile labesifazane nabancane. Isibalo sabantu abadala sisuka ku-5 kuye ku-13. Abesilisa baba yisifunda esiphakathi kweminyaka emi-4 nengu-6 ubudala. Amazinyo akhulisiwe abesilisa asetshenziswa ngama-duels.
Ukuziphatha okuhlukumezayo kuma-guanacos wesilisa kufaka:
- ukukhafula (kuze kufike ku-2 m);
- ukuma okusongelayo;
- ukuphishekela nokubaleka;
- ukuluma emilenzeni, imilenze yangemuva nentamo yabaphikisi;
- ukushaya komzimba;
- ukubambana kwentamo.
Izinhlobo zeGuanacos kanye ngesizini. Ukukhwelana kwenzeka emaqenjini emindeni phakathi ekuqaleni kukaDisemba nasekuqaleni kukaJanuwari. Inzalo izalwa ngoNovemba noma ngoDisemba. Isikhathi sokumitha siyizinyanga eziyi-11.5, insikazi izala ithole elilodwa ngonyaka, enesisindo esilinganiselwa ku-10% wesisindo sikamama. Amawele ayivelakancane ngokweqile. Ngenxa yokukhulelwa isikhathi eside, amawundlu ayakwazi ukuma imizuzu engu-5-76 ngemuva kokubeletha. Inhlanyelo iqala kudla emavikini lambalwa ngemuva kwekutalwa, bese ngetinyanga letisiphohlongo iyondla yodwa. Abesifazane baseGuanaco bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi beneminyaka emibili ubudala. Abesilisa baneminyaka engu-2-6 ubudala. Unyaka ngamunye, ama-75% abesifazane abadala kanye no-15 kuya ku-20% wabesilisa abadala bayazala.
E-guanacos, izingane zabo bobabili ubulili ziyakhishwa emaqenjini emindeni ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo noma ekuqaleni kwehlobo, lapho ziphakathi kwezinyanga eziyi-11 nezili-15 ubudala. Izinsikazi zonyaka zivame ukuhamba zodwa noma zihlangane phakathi kwendoda yendawo enesizungu. Ngenye indlela, bangajoyina amaqembu abesifazane noma omndeni. Abesilisa abanonyaka owodwa bajoyina amaqembu abesilisa lapho bahlala khona unyaka owodwa kuya kwemithathu, bekhulisa amakhono abo okulwa ngokudlala ngolaka.
Izitha zemvelo zeguanaco
Isithombe: Umndeni waseGuanaco
Izidlakudla eziyinhloko zama-guanacos ngama-cougars, ahlala nawo kulo lonke uhla lwawo, ngaphandle kwesiqhingi saseNavarino nezinye iziqhingi zaseTierra del Fuego. Kwabanye abantu, i-cougar predation ilinganiselwa ku-80% wokufa kwethole. Yize ama-cougars kube ukuphela kwezilwane ezidliwayo eziqinisekisiwe iminyaka eminingi, abacwaningi muva nje babike ngokuhlaselwa kwamaguanacos ezingane yizimpungushe zase-Andean, ezikhona eTierra del Fuego kanye nakwezinye izingxenye zohlu lwe-guanaco.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Omama baseGuanaco badlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni izingane zabo ezilwaneni eziyingozi. Ukuhlukumeza komama kubantu abangaba yizisulu kubandakanya ukusongela, ukukhafula, ukuhlasela nokukhahlela. Lokhu kuthuthukisa kakhulu izinga lokusinda kwamaguanacos amancane.
Kuma-guanacos, impilo yeqembu isu elibalulekile lokulwa nezilwane ezidlayo. Ngenxa yokuthola kusenesikhathi izindawo eziyingozi, labo abahlala ngamaqembu bangachitha isikhathi esincane beqaphile nesikhathi esiningi befuna ukudla kunabantu abahlala bodwa. Ku-guanacos, ukusabela kokuqala kubantu abangaba yizilwane ezindizayo. Isifanekiso sigcina ukuxhumana okubonakalayo nesilwane size sisondele, bese kuzwakala i-alamu ukwazisa lonke iqembu bese libaleka.
Lelisu lisebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene nezinkumba ezingazijahi inyamazane yazo amabanga amade. Ngokuphikisana nendlela enolaka kakhulu yezilwane ezincane ezifana nezimpungushe zase-Andes. Icala laqoshwa lapho ama-guanacos amadala ebambe iqhaza ekuvikeleni ngokuhlanganyela ekuhlaselweni impungushe. Amkhiye ekhoneni, amkhahlela, agcina emxoshile, ngaleyo ndlela avimba ukuthi i-guanaco encane ingajahwa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-guanaco
Njengoba ama-guanacos esasakazeke kakhulu eNingizimu Melika, ahlukaniswa eRed Book njengezilwane ezisengozini encane kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukuphathwa ngokucophelela kwabantu bendawo kuyadingeka ukuvimbela ukwehla kwamanani. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ekukhanyeni kwesidingo esikhulayo sokubamba nokugunda esenziwe kwamanye ama-guanacos asendle, angaba nemiphumela emibi eminye ngenani elikhulayo labantu abathintekayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: AmaGuanacos ayaziswa ngokuzizwa kwawo okuthambile nokufudumele lapho uthinta. Isendaweni yesibili ngemuva kwengubo ye-vicuna. Izikhumba, ikakhulukazi amawundlu alezi zinhlobo, kwesinye isikhathi zisetshenziswa esikhundleni sezikhumba ezibomvu ze-fox ngoba kunzima ukuhlukanisa ekubunjweni. Njengama-llamas, ama-guanacos anengubo ephindwe kabili enezinwele zangaphandle ezigqamile nengubo yangaphansi ethambile.
Abantu guanaco futhi ngaphansi kosongo lokudluliselwa kwezifo ezivela emfuyweni, ukuzingelwa ngokweqile, ikakhulukazi kwizikhumba zama-gulengos amancane. Ukusinda kwabo kuthinteka ukucekelwa phansi komhlaba ngenxa yezolimo ezinamandla nokudliswa ngokweqile kwezimvu. Izicingo ezakhiwe ngababhekeli bezolimo ziphazamisa imizila yokufuduka kwe-guanaco futhi zibulale izingane zazo, ezibambeka ezintanjeni. Njengomphumela wokuchayeka kwabantu, ama-guanacos namuhla ahlala ngaphansi kuka-40% webanga lawo langempela, futhi abantu abakhona bavame ukuba bancane futhi bahlukaniswe kakhulu. Ohulumeni base-Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, nasePeru balawula ukusetshenziswa kwama-guanacos asendle ngaphakathi kwemingcele yabo, kepha abomthetho abalawulwa kahle futhi izindawo eziningi ze-guanaco azivikelwe kahle.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/12/2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 08/14/2019 ngo-22: 10
