Isilo esinegama elibi kangaka asisekho - impisi ebabazekayo ifile izinkulungwane eziningi ezedlule. Wahlala eNyakatho Melika ngenkathi yokuqala yePleistocene engasekho. Emlandweni wonke woMhlaba, sasingenye yezilwane ezinkulu kakhulu ezazingezakho (ngokwesigaba esamukelwe) se-canine. Futhi izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zomndeni wempisi (Caninae).
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: impisi ebukhali
Yize kukhona ukufana okuthile nale mpisi empunga, kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi "zihlobo" ezimbili - okwenzeka ukuthi zasiza uhlobo olulodwa lwasinda kwaholela ekuqothulweni kwabantu besilwane esesabekayo futhi esinolaka. Isibonelo, izidladla zempisi ezimfushane zazifushane kancane, yize zazinamandla kakhulu. Kepha ugebhezi lwaluluncane - uma kuqhathaniswa nempisi empunga elingana naye. Ubude, impisi ebabazekayo yeqe impisi empunga, yafika, ngokwesilinganiso, i-1.5 m.
Ividiyo: Dire Wolf
Kusuka kukho konke lokhu, isiphetho esinengqondo singadonswa - izimpisi ezesabekayo zifinyelele usayizi wezinkulu futhi ezinkulu kakhulu (ngokuqhathaniswa nezimpisi ezimpunga), ezilinganisiwe (ezilungiselelwe izici zofuzo ngazinye) cishe ngama-55-80 kg. Yebo, morphologically (okungukuthi, ngokwesakhiwo somzimba), izimpisi ezimbi zazifana kakhulu nezimpisi zesimanje ezimpunga, kepha lezi zinhlobo ezimbili, empeleni, azihlobene kakhulu njengoba zazibonakala ekuqaleni. Uma nje kungenxa yokuthi babenendawo ehlukile - ikhaya lokhokho lalaba kwakungu-Eurasia, futhi kwakhiwa isimo sempisi embi eNyakatho Melika.
Ngesisekelo salokhu, isiphetho esilandelayo siyaziphakamisa: izinhlobo zasendulo zofuzo lwempisi ebabazekayo ezihlotsheni zizoba seduze ne-coyote (i-American endemic) kunempisi empunga yase-Europe. Kepha ngakho konke lokhu, umuntu kufanele angakhohlwa ukuthi zonke lezi zilwane zingohlobo olufanayo - iCanis futhi zisondelene ngezindlela eziningi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani impisi ebabazekayo
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwempisi ebabazekayo nokuzalwa kwayo kwanamuhla kwakuyizilinganiso ze-morphometric - umhlaseli wasendulo wayenekhanda elikhudlwana elihlobene nomzimba. Futhi, ama-molars akhe ayemakhulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezimpisi ezimpunga nama-coyotes aseNyakatho Melika. Okusho ukuthi, ugebhezi lwempisi ebabazekayo lubukeka njengogebhezi olukhulu kakhulu lwempisi empunga, kepha umzimba (uma uthathwe ngokulingana) mncane.
Ezinye izazi ze-paleontologists zikholelwa ukuthi izimpisi ezimbi zadla kuphela izidumbu, kepha akusibo bonke ososayensi abahlanganyela nalo mbono. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, yebo, amazinyo abo amakhulu kakhulu ezilwane ezidlayo afakazela ukuvuswa kwesidumbu esicatshangelwayo sezimpisi ezimbi (sibheka ugebhezi, udinga ukunaka izinsobolwana zokugcina zangaphambi kwesikhathi nezama-mandibular). Obunye (noma bungaqondile) ubufakazi bokubulawa kwalezi zilwane kungaba iqiniso ngokulandelana kwezikhathi. Iqiniso ngukuthi ngesikhathi kwakhiwa uhlobo lwempisi ebabazekayo ezwenikazi laseNyakatho Melika, izinja ezivela kuhlobo lweBorophagus ziyanyamalala - abadla izidumbu ezijwayelekile.
Kepha kungaba okunengqondo ngokwengeziwe ukucabanga ukuthi izimpisi eziyingozi zazingabahlaseli bezimo. Mhlawumbe kwakudingeka badle izidumbu zezilwane kaningi kakhulu kunezimpisi ezimpunga, kepha lezi zilwane zazingabophezelekile (ngamanye amagama, ezikhethekile) abahlaseli (ngokwesibonelo, njengezimpisi noma izimpungushe).
Ukufana nempisi empunga ne-coyote kubonakala kuzimpawu zekhanda le-morphometric. Kodwa amazinyo esilo sasendulo ayemakhulu kakhulu, futhi amandla okuluma ayephakeme kunawo wonke aziwayo (kulawo anqunywe izimpisi). Izici zokwakheka kwamazinyo zinikeze izimpisi ezibucayi ngekhono elikhulu lokusika, zingadala amanxeba ajulile kakhulu kuzisulu ezilahliwe kunezilwane ezidla ezinye zanamuhla.
Ihlala kuphi impisi enkulu?
Isithombe: Impisi esabekayo empunga
Indawo yokuhlala kwezimpisi ezimbi kwakuseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika - lezi zilwane zazihlala emazwenikazi amabili cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu BC. Isikhathi "sokuchuma" kwezinhlobo ezimbi kakhulu zempisi saqala ngesikhathi sePleistocene era. Lesi siphetho singathathwa ekuhlaziyweni kwezinsalela zempisi ezimbi ezitholakala ngesikhathi sokumba okwenziwa ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izinsalela zempisi ezimbi ziye zembiwa zombili eningizimu-mpumalanga yezwekazi (emazweni aseFlorida) naseningizimu yeNyakatho Melika (ngokwendawo, lesi yisigodi saseMexico City). Njengohlobo "lwebhonasi" kokutholakele eRancho Labrea, izimpawu zokutholakala kwalezi zilwane eCalifornia zitholakale ezindaweni ezakhiwe ePleistocene eziseLivermore Valley, kanye nasezingxenyeni zobudala obufanayo obuseSan Pedro. Izinhlobo ezitholakale eCalifornia naseMexico City bezincane futhi zinemilenze emifushane kunalezo ezitholakala enkabeni nasempumalanga ye-United States.
Izinhlobo ezimbi kakhulu zempisi ekugcineni zafa kanye nokunyamalala kwe-mammoth megafauna cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi BC. Isizathu sokunyamalala kobubanzi bempisi ebabayo silele ekufeni kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezinkulu ngesikhathi samakhulu eminyaka adlule enkathi yePleistocene, enganelisa isifiso sezilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye. Lokho wukuthi, indlala ye-banal yadlala indima enkulu. Ngaphezu kwalesi sici, abantu abasathuthuka ngenkuthalo bamaHomo sapiens nezimpisi ezivamile, baba nomthelela ekunyamalaleni kwempisi ebabazekayo njengohlobo. Kwaba yibo (futhi ikakhulukazi abokuqala) ababa yizimbangi zokudla ezintsha zomzingeli osenyamalele.
Ngaphandle kwesu lokuzingela eliphumelelayo, amandla, ukufutheka nokukhuthazela, izimpisi ezimbi azange ziphikise lutho kumuntu onengqondo. Ngakho-ke, ukwenqena kwabo ukuhlehla, kanye nokuzethemba kwabo, kudlale ihlaya elinonya - izidlakela ezinolaka ngokwazo zaba yizisulu. Manje izikhumba zabo zazivikela abantu emakhazeni, futhi amazinyo abo aba imihlobiso yabesifazane. Izimpisi ezimpunga zavela zaba nobuchule obukhulu - zaya enkonzweni yabantu, zaphenduka izinja ezifuywayo.
Manje uyazi lapho impisi ebucayi yayihlala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi wadlani.
Yadlani impisi?
Isithombe: Izimpisi ezinamandla
Ukudla okuyisisekelo kwimenyu yempisi ebabazekayo kwakuyizinyathi zasendulo nama-equids aseMelika. Futhi, lezi zilwane zazingadla inyama yama-sloth amakhulu namakamela asentshonalanga. Isilwane esikhulile singamelana ngempumelelo ngisho nephakethe lezimpisi ezimbi, kepha iwundlu, noma inyamazane ebuthakathaka eyaphambuka emhlambini, ingaba kalula ibhulakufesi lezimpisi ezimbi.
Izindlela zokuzingela bezingahlukile kakhulu kulezo ezazisetshenziswa izimpisi ezimpunga ukuthola ukudla. Njengoba kunikezwe iqiniso lokuthi lesi silwane asizange sidelele futhi sawela ekudleni, kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ngendlela yaso yokuphila nokwakheka kokudla, impisi ebabazekayo ibukeka kakhulu njengempisi kunjengempisi efanayo empunga.
Kodwa-ke, impisi yayinomehluko owodwa obucayi kusu layo lokufuna ukudla kuzo zonke ezinye izilwane ezidlayo ezisemndenini wayo. Ngokubheka ukwakheka kwendawo yeNyakatho Melika, nemigodi yayo emincane emincane, okuwela kuyo izilwane ezinkulu ezidla imfuyo, enye yezindlela eziyizintandokazi zokuthola ukudla kwezimpisi ezimbi (njengabahlaseli abaningi) bekungukudla isilwane esibhajwe ogibeni.
Yebo, imifino emikhulu edla imfuyo ivame ukuwela ezingibeni zemvelaphi yemvelo, lapho izidumbu zazidla khona izilwane ezifayo ngaphandle kwezinkinga, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye nazo zazifa kaningi, zibhajwe ngebhitume. Kwaphela isigamu sekhulu leminyaka, umgodi ngamunye ungcwatshwe izidalwa ezingaba ngu-10-15, ushiye abantu besikhathi sethu benempahla enhle kakhulu yokufunda.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Izimpisi ezingasekho
D. guildayi, omunye wemifantu emikhulu yezimpisi eyayihlala eningizimu ye-United States naseMexico, imvamisa izidalwa zonke zazingena emigodini emincane. Ngokuya ngemininingwane enikezwe ososayensi be-paleontologists, izinsalela zezimpisi ezihlasela kakhulu zivame kakhulu kunezinsalela zezimpisi ezimpunga - kubonakala isilinganiso sika-5 kuye ku-1. Ngokuya ngaleli qiniso, iziphetho ezimbili zisikisela zona.
Okokuqala, inani lezimpisi ezesabekayo ngaleso sikhathi lalilidlula kakhulu inani labantu bazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezizingelayo. Okwesibili: kucatshangelwa iqiniso lokuthi izimpisi eziningi ngokwazo zaba izisulu zemigodi emincane, kungacatshangwa ukuthi kwakungokokuzingela lapho babehlangana khona ngemihlambi futhi bangondli kakhulu ngezidumbu, kodwa ezilwaneni ezibanjwe emigodini emincane.
Izazi zebhayoloji zisungule umthetho - zonke izilwane ezidla ezinye zizingela izilwane ezidla inyama yazo isisindo sayo somzimba esingeqi isisindo esiphelele sawo wonke amalungu omhlambi ohlaselayo. Ukulungiswa kwesisindo esilinganisiwe sempisi ebabazekayo, izazi ze-paleontologists zaphetha ngokuthi isisulu sazo esilinganisiwe sasinesisindo esingaba ngu-300-600 kg.
Okungukuthi, izinto ezazithandwa kakhulu (kulesi sigaba sesisindo) kwakuyizinyathi, kodwa-ke, ngokuntuleka okukhona kochungechunge lokudla, izimpisi zandisa kakhulu "imenyu" yazo, zinaka izilwane ezinkulu noma ezincane.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi izimpisi ezimbi eziqoqwe emaphaketheni zifuna imikhomo igeze ogwini futhi izidle njengokudla. Uma ucabangela iqiniso lokuthi iphakethe lezimpisi ezimpunga lihlaba kalula i-moose enesisindo esingama-500 kg, bekungeke kube nzima ukuthi iphakethe lalezi zilwane libulale ngisho nenyathi enempilo eshiye umhlambi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Dire Wolf Cubs
Ucwaningo lwePalaeontologists ngobukhulu bempisi yomzimba nobukhulu bekhakhayi lukhombe ubungqingili bobulili. Lesi siphetho sikhomba eqinisweni lokuthi izimpisi zihlala ngazimbili zodwa. Lapho kuzingelwa, izidumbu zazisebenza ngababili - ezifana nezimpisi ezimpunga nezinja ze-dingo. "Umgogodla" weqembu elihlaselayo bekubhangqwe owesilisa nowesifazane, futhi zonke ezinye izimpisi ebezisephaketheni zingabasizi bazo. Ukuba khona kwezilwane eziningana ngesikhathi sokuzingela kuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kwesilwane esibulewe noma isisulu esibhajwe emgodini webitume kusuka ekungeneleleni kwezinye izidalwa.
Kungenzeka, izimpisi ezimbi, ezihlukaniswa ngamandla azo nobukhulu bazo, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ukubekezela okuncane, zahlasela nezilwane ezinempilo ezazinkulu kunazo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, izimpisi ezimpunga ezisemaphaketheni zizingela izilwane ezinezinyawo ezisheshayo - kungani-ke, izimpisi ezinamandla nezinamandla kakhulu zazingenakukwazi ukuhlasela izilwane ezinkulu futhi ezihamba kancane. Imininingwane yokuzingela nayo yathonywa ubudlelwano bomphakathi - lo mkhuba wezimpisi ezimbi awuzange uvezwe ngendlela efanayo nakwezimpunga.
Cishe, njengama-coyotes aseNyakatho Melika, babehlala emaqenjini amancane emindeni, futhi bengazange bahlele imihlambi emikhulu njengezimpisi ezimpunga. Futhi bahamba ngokuzingela ngamaqembu abantu abangu-4-5. Ipheya elilodwa nezimpisi ezincane ezingama-2-3 "zingabashayeli bezinto". Lokhu kuziphatha kunengqondo impela - kwakwanele ukuqinisekisa umphumela omuhle (ngisho nenyathi enomunyu iyodwa ayikwazanga ukumelana nabazingeli abahlanu ngasikhathi sinye), futhi sasingeke sibe khona isidingo sokuhlukanisa inyamazane ibe miningi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayoNgo-2009, kwaboniswa isimemo esibandayo ezikrinini zamabhayisikobho, umlingiswa oyinhloko wayo kwakuyimpisi ebabayo. Futhi ifilimu yaqanjwa ngegama lesidalwa sangaphambi komlando - kunengqondo impela. Ingqikithi yetulo ibila eqinisweni lokuthi ososayensi baseMelika bakwazile ukuhlanganisa i-DNA yomuntu ne-DNA yempisi ebabazekayo ekhishwe emathanjeni ezinsalela zasendulo - isilwane esidla igazi esidala esasibusa ngesikhathi se-Ice Age. Umphumela wokuhlolwa okunjalo okungajwayelekile wawuyi-hybrid esabekayo. Ngokwemvelo, isilo esinjalo sakuzonda ukuba yigundane laselebhu, ngakho-ke yathola indlela yokuphuma yaqala ukufuna ukudla.
Izitha zemvelo zezimpisi ezi-Dire
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani impisi ebabazekayo
Izimbangi eziyinhloko zenyama yezilwane ezinkulu phakathi nokuba khona kwezimpisi ezinamandla kwakungu-smilodon nengonyama yaseMelika. Lezi zidlakudla ezintathu zabelana ngenqwaba yezinyathi, amakamela asentshonalanga, ama-mammoth kaColumbus, nama-maston. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimo zezulu ezishintsha kakhulu zaholela ekuqiniseni okukhulu komncintiswano phakathi kwalezi zilwane.
Njengomphumela wezinguquko zesimo sezulu ezenzeke ngesikhathi sokugcina seqhwa, amakamela nezinyathi zasuka emadlelweni nasezinkalweni ikakhulukazi zaya ehlane, ukuyodla ama-conifers. Ngokubheka ukuthi amaphesenti aphezulu empisi ebabayo (njengabo bonke abancintisana nayo) ku "imenyu" kwakhiwa ama-equids (amahhashi asendle), futhi ama-sloth, i-bison, ama-mastoni namakamela ayencane kakhulu amathuba okuba phakathi kwalezi zilwane "ngesidlo sasemini", inani lezilwane ezidlayo lalincipha ngokushesha ... Izimila ezidla utshani ezibalwe ngenhla zazinenombolo encane kakhulu ngakho-ke azikwazanga "ukondla" izidalwa ezizalisayo.
Kodwa-ke, ukuzingelwa kwamaphakethe nokuziphatha kwezimpisi ezibucayi kwabavumela ukuba bancintisane ngempumelelo nezitha zemvelo, ezaziphakeme kakhulu kuzo zonke izici zomzimba, kepha zithanda "ukusebenza" zodwa. Isiphetho - AmaSmilodon namabhubesi aseMelika anyamalala ngaphambi kwezimpisi ezimbi. Kodwa yini okukhona - bona uqobo lwabo babevame ukuba yisisulu samaphakethe ezimpisi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Izimpisi ezinamandla
Indawo yokuhlala yabantu kwakuyinsimu yaseMelika cishe eminyakeni eyi-115,000-9340 edlule, ngesikhathi sePleistocene ngasekuqaleni naseHolocene yokuqala. Lenhlobo yavela kukhokho wayo - Canis armbrusteri, owayehlala endaweni efanayo cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.8 - 300 eyedlule. Indawo yezimpisi ezinkulu kunazo zonke inwebeke yaze yafika kuma-degrees angama-42 enyakatho (umngcele wayo wawuyisithiyo semvelo ngesimo seqhwa elikhulu). Ukuphakama okuphezulu okungenhla okutholwe khona izinsalela zempisi ebabayo kungamamitha angama-2255. Abadli bezilwane babehlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene - ezindaweni ezisicaba kanye nezimfunda, ezintabeni ezinamahlathi nasemathafeni aseNingizimu Melika.
Ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zeCanis dirus kwenzeka ngesikhathi se-Ice Age. Kunezici eziningana ezinikele kulokhu. Okokuqala, abantu bokuqala besizwe abahlakaniphile bafika endaweni ehlala abantu bezimpisi ezimbi, isikhumba sempisi ebulewe sasiyizembatho ezifudumele nezinethezekile. Okwesibili, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kudlale ihlaya elinesihluku nezimpisi ezimbi (empeleni, njengazo zonke izilwane zesikhathi sePleistocene).
Eminyakeni yokugcina ye-Ice Age, kwaqala ukufudumala okukhulu, inani lezilwane ezidla izilwane ezinkulu, ezakha ukudla okuyinhloko kwempisi embi, lanyamalala ngokuphelele noma laya enyakatho. Kanye nebhere elinobuso obufushane, lesi silwane sasingajahi futhi sishesha ngokwanele. Umgogodla onamandla nonamaqhubu oqinisekise ukubusa kwalezi zilwane kuze kube manje sekuwumthwalo ongazivumeli ukuthi zivumelane nezimo ezintsha zemvelo. Futhi impisi embi ayikwazanga ukuhlela kabusha "izintandokazi zayo zokudla".
Ukuqothulwa kwempisi ebucayi kwenzeka njengengxenye yokuqothulwa kwezinto eziningi okwenzeka eQuaternary. Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zehlulekile ukuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okunamandla kanye ne-anthropogenic factor engenile enkundleni. Ngakho-ke, akufanelekile ukusho ukuthi abantu abanamandla nabanolaka bavumelana kangcono kunabo bonke - imvamisa ukukhuthazela, amandla okulinda, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, isakhiwo senhlalo, sokuziphatha kubaluleke kakhulu.
Yebo, abantu abakhulu bomzingeli wasendulo bafinyelela ekuphakameni okungaba ngamasentimitha angama-97, ubude bomzimba wabo bube ngamasentimitha angu-180. Ubude begebhezi lalingama-310 mm, kanye namathambo abanzi futhi anamandla ngokwengeziwe anikela ngokubamba okunamandla kwesisulu. Kepha izidladla ezimfushane azivumanga izimpisi ezinesibindi ukuba zisheshe njengezimpisi noma izimpisi ezimpunga. Isiphetho - izinhlobo ezivelele zemillennium zathathelwa indawo izimbangi ezikwazile ukuzivumelanisa kangcono nezimo zemvelo eziguqukayo.
Impisi eqondile - isilwane sasendulo esimangalisayo. Amaphakethe ezimpisi ezimpunga nama-coyotes ayachuma ezweni lanamuhla, futhi imivubukulo yezimpisi ebucayi etholwe odokotela be-paleontologists ingabonakala njengemibukiso ebalulekile eRancho Labrey Museum (etholakala eLos Angeles, eCalifornia).
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/10/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/29/2019 ngo-12: 57
