Ibhungane lomswani, ongowomndeni wakwaScarabaceous nomndeni omncane wama-scarab, obizwa nangokuthi ibhungane lomswani, yisinambuzane esakha umquba ebholeni sisebenzisa ikhanda laso eliyisigaxa nezimpondo ezimise okokugwedla. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ibhola lingalingana ne-apula. Ekuqaleni kwehlobo, leli bhungane lizifihla esitsheni bese lizidlela lona. Kamuva ngenkathi, insikazi izalela amaqanda emabhokisini omswani, okuyizibungu ezondla ngawo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ibhungane lobulongwe
Amabhungane obulongwe aguquke okungenani eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-65 edlule njengoba ama-dinosaurs ayencipha futhi izilwane ezincelisayo (kanye nobulongwe bazo) zakhula zaba nkulu. Emhlabeni jikelele, kunezinhlobo ezibalelwa ku-6,000, ezigxile ezindaweni ezishisayo, lapho zondla khona kakhulu ubulongwe bama-vertebrate asemhlabeni.
Isikhafu esingcwele saseGibhithe lasendulo (iScarabaeus sacer), esitholakala kwimidwebo eminingi nasekuhlobiseni, ibhungane lomswani. E-cosmogony yaseGibhithe, kukhona ibhungane le-scarab eligingqa ibhola lomswani nebhola elimele umhlaba nelanga. Amagatsha ayisithupha, ngalinye linezigaba ezinhlanu (ezingama-30 esewonke), amelela izinsuku ezingama-30 zenyanga ngayinye (empeleni, lolu hlobo lunezigaba ezine kuphela emilenzeni yalo, kepha izinhlobo ezihlobene kakhulu zinezigaba ezinhlanu).
Ividiyo: Ibhungane lomswani
Ilungu elithakazelisayo lalo mndeni omncane ngu-Aulacopris maximus, okungenye yezinhlobo zebhungane ezinkulu kakhulu ezitholakala e-Australia, ezifinyelela ku-28 mm ubude.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ama-scarab aseNdiya i-Heliocopris nezinye izinhlobo ze-Catharsius zenza amabhola amakhulu kakhulu omswani futhi awamboze ngongqimba lobumba oluba lomile; kwake kwacatshangwa ukuthi kwakungamabhola amadala angamadimoni.
Amalungu eminye imindeni engezansi ye-scarabs (Aphodiinae neGeotrupinae) abizwa nangokuthi amabhungane omswani. Kodwa-ke, esikhundleni sokwenza amabhola, bamba ikamelo ngaphansi kwenqwaba yomquba, esetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokudla noma ukugcina amaqanda. Izinduku zebhungane lase-Aphodian zincane (4 kuye ku-6 mm) futhi zivame ukuba mnyama ngamachashazi aphuzi.
Ibhungane lobulongwe iGeotrupes cishe liyi-14 kuye kuma-20 mm ubude futhi linombala onsundu noma omnyama. I-Geotrupes stercorarius, eyaziwa njenge-beetle ejwayelekile yobulongwe, ibhungane elivamile laseYurophu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani ibhungane lobulongwe
Amabhungane obulongwe ngokuvamile azungeza ngamaphiko amafushane (i-elytra) adalula ukuphela kwesisu sawo. Zihluka ngosayizi kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-30 mm futhi zivame ukuba mnyama ngombala, yize ezinye zinesheen yensimbi. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, abesilisa banophondo olude olugobile emakhanda abo. Amabhungane obulongwe angadla isisindo sawo esiningi emahoreni angama-24 futhi abhekwa njengawusizo kubantu njengoba esheshisa inqubo yokuguqula umquba ube yizinto ezisetshenziswa ezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Amabhungane obulongwe “anezikhali” ezihlaba umxhwele, anezakhiwo ezinkulu ezinjengophondo emakhanda noma esifubeni amadoda azisebenzisayo ukulwa. Banamahlumela emilenzeni yabo yangemuva ebasiza ukugoqa amabhola omswani, futhi imilenze yabo eqinile yangaphambili ilungele kokubili ukulwa nokumba.
Iningi lamabhungane ayizimpukane eziqinile, ezinamaphiko amade ezindizayo asongwe ngaphansi kwamaphiko angaphandle aqinile (i-elytra) futhi angahamba amakhilomitha ambalwa efuna ubulongwe obuhle. Ngosizo lwe-antenna ekhethekile, bayakwazi ukuhogela umquba emoyeni.
Ungadudula ngisho nebhola elincane lomswani omusha osisindo esiphindwe ka-50 isisindo sebhungane elithile. Amabhungane obulongwe adinga amandla angajwayelekile, hhayi kuphela ukusunduza amabhola obulongwe, kepha futhi nokuvikela izimbangi zabesilisa.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Irekhodi lamandla ngalinye liya kubhungane lobulongwe i-Onthphagus taurus, olumela umthwalo olingana nezikhathi eziyi-1141 isisindo somzimba walo. Lokhu kuqhathaniswa kanjani nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kwabantu? Kungafana nendoda edonsa amathani angama-80.
Uhlala kuphi ubhungane?
Isithombe: Ibhungane lobulongwe eRussia
Umndeni osabalele webhungane lobulongwe (Geotrupidae) unezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-250 ezahlukahlukene ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-59 zihlala eYurophu. Amabhungane obulongwe ikakhulukazi ahlala emahlathini, emasimini nasemadlelweni. Zigwema izimo zezulu ezomile kakhulu noma ezinomswakama kakhulu, ngakho-ke zingatholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishubile.
Amabhungane obulongwe atholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica.
Futhi hlala ezindaweni ezilandelayo:
- indawo yokulima;
- amahlathi;
- izimfunda;
- amathafa;
- ezindaweni ezigwadule.
Zitholakala kakhulu emihumeni ejulile, zondla inani elikhulu lomswani welulwane, bese ziphanga ezinye izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla ezizulazula ezindleleni nasezindongeni ezimnyama.
Iningi lamabhungane asebenzisa ubulongwe bemithi edla utshani, obungakugayi kahle ukudla. Umquba wabo uqukethe utshani obuncane obugaywe noketshezi olunukayo. Yilolu ketshezi lapho kudla khona amabhungane amadala. Ezinye zazo zinemilomo ekhethekile eyenzelwe ukumunca lesi sobho esinomsoco, esigcwele ama-microorganism amabhungane akwazi ukugaya.
Ezinye izinhlobo zondla ubulongwe be-carnivore, kanti ezinye ziyaweqa futhi esikhundleni salokho zidle amakhowe, isidumbu, namaqabunga abolayo nezithelo. Impilo yomquba ibaluleke kakhulu kubhungane lobulongwe. Uma umquba ulele isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuba wome, amabhungane awakwazi ukumunca ukudla abakudingayo. Ucwaningo olulodwa eNingizimu Afrika lwathola ukuthi amabhungane obulongwe abeka amaqanda amaningi ngesikhathi semvula lapho aqukethe umswakama omningi.
Udliwa yini ubhungane?
Isithombe: Izinambuzane zebhungane
Amabhungane obulongwe ayizinambuzane ezithandanayo, okusho ukuthi adla indle yezinye izinto eziphilayo. Yize kungezona zonke izigaxa zobulongwe ezondla ubulongwe kuphela, zonke zenza kanjalo ngesikhathi esithile ezimpilweni zazo.
Iningi lithanda ukondla ubulongwe botshani, obuyisisekelo sezitshalo esingadliwe, hhayi udoti we-carnivore, onenani elincane kakhulu lokudla okunomsoco ezinambuzaneni.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva eNyuvesi yaseNebraska lukhombisa ukuthi indle ebabazekayo iheha amabhungane kakhulu ngoba ihlinzeka ngokudla okunomsoco kanye nephunga elifanele elitholakala kalula. Bangabadli bokuxokozela, bathatha iziqu ezinkulu zomquba bese bezihlukanisa zibe izinhlayiya ezincane, 2-70 microns ngosayizi (1 micron = 1/1000 millimeter).
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Zonke izinto eziphilayo zidinga i-nitrogen ukwakha amaprotheni anjengemisipha. Amabhungane obulongwe abathola ngobulongwe. Ngokulidla, amabhungane obulongwe angakhetha amaseli odongeni lwamathumbu lwesihlahla esidlisayo. Ingumthombo ocebile wamaprotheni we-nitrogen.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva luphakamisa ukuthi ukukhuluphala nesifo sikashukela ebantwini kungaxhunyaniswa nama-microbiomes ethu esiswini. Amabhungane obulongwe angasebenzisa i-gut microbiome yawo ukubasiza ukugaya izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi zomswani.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ball of beetle
Ososayensi baqoqa amabhungane ngobulongwe ngokuthi baziphilisa kanjani:
- ama-roller enza umquba omncane abe yisigaxa, awugingqe awugqibe. Amabhola abawenzayo asetshenziswa ngowesifazane ekubekeni amaqanda (abizwa ngebhola le-fuzz) noma njengokudla kwabantu abadala;
- imigudu iwela esiqeshini somquba bese umane umbe esiqeshini, ungcwabe ingxenye yomquba;
- izakhamizi zenelise ukuhlala phezu komquba wokubeka amaqanda lokukhulisa amazinyane azo.
Izimpi eziphakathi kwama-rollers, ezenzeka ngaphezulu futhi ezivame ukubandakanya amabhungane angaphezu kwamabili, izimpi ezinesiphithiphithi ezinemiphumela engalindelekile. Ukuwina okukhulu akuhlali njalo. Ngakho-ke, ukutshala amandla ekukhuliseni izikhali zomzimba ezinjengezimpondo bekungeke kube yinzuzo ezindaweni eziqhwaqhwa.
Iqiniso elithandekayoAma-90% amabhungane obulongwe abamba imigudu ngqo ngaphansi kobulongwe bese enza isidleke esingaphansi komhlaba ngamabhola ezinyosi lapho abeka khona amaqanda awo. Awusoze wazibona ngaphandle kokuthi usukulungele ukumba ubulongwe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-roller ahambisa umklomelo wawo ebusweni benhlabathi. Basebenzisa amasiginali asezulwini njengelanga noma inyanga ukuhlala kude nezimbangi ezingantshontsha ibhaluni labo. Ngosuku olushisayo eKalahari, umhlaba ungafinyelela kuma-60 ° C, okuwukufa kwanoma yisiphi isilwane esingakwazi ukulawula ukushisa komzimba waso.
Amabhungane obulongwe mancane, kanjalo nomfutho wawo oshisayo. Ngenxa yalokho, bashisa ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukugwema ukushisa kakhulu, njengoba begingqa amabhaluni abo ngaphansi kwelanga lasemini elihangulayo, bakhuphukela phezulu ebhaluni ukuze bazipholele isikhashana ngaphambi kokuwela isihlabathi ngemigwaqo eshisayo befuna umthunzi. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukugingqika phambili ngaphambi kokubuyela ebholeni.
Manje usuyazi ukuthi ubhungane uligingqa kanjani ibhola. Ake sibone ukuthi lesi sinambuzane sikhiqiza kanjani.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Dung beetle scarab
Izinhlobo eziningi zamabhungane zizala phakathi nezinyanga ezifudumele zasentwasahlobo, ehlobo nasekwindla. Lapho amabhungane ebuya noma ebuyisa ubulongwe, enza lokho ikakhulukazi ukondla amaphuphu awo. Izidleke zebhungane lobulongwe zinikezwa ukudla, kanti owesifazane uvame ukubeka iqanda ngalinye kusoseji lakhe elincane lobulongwe. Lapho izibungu zivela, zinikezwa kahle ukudla, okuzivumela ukuthi ziqedele ukukhula kwazo endaweni ephephile.
Izibungu zizobhekana nezinguquko ezintathu ezisikiwe ukufinyelela esigabeni semidlwane. Izibungu zesilisa zikhula zibe ngamadoda amakhulu noma amancane ngokuya ngokuthi utholakala kangakanani umquba phakathi nezigaba zawo zesibungu.
Ezinye izibungu zebhungane ziyakwazi ukuphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, njengesomiso, ukuqimba nokuhlala zingasebenzi izinyanga ezimbalwa. Iziphungumangathi zikhula zibe amabhungane amadala amadala, aqhamuka ebholeni lomswani bese ezimba phezulu. Abantu abadala abasanda kwakhiwa bazondizela emshinini omusha wobulongwe bese yonke inqubo iqala kabusha.
Amabhungane obulongwe angelinye lamaqembu ezinambuzane ambalwa ahlinzeka ukunakekelwa kwabazali ngamazinyane awo. Ezimweni eziningi, izibopho zobuzali zihlala kumama, owakha isidleke futhi onikeze izingane zakhe ukudla. Kepha kwezinye izinhlobo, bobabili abazali babelana ngezinga elithile lezibopho zobuzali. Ezimbungwini zobulongwe zaseCopris nase-Ontophagus, owesilisa nowesifazane basebenza ndawonye ukumba izidleke zabo. Amabhungane athile aze ahlangane kanye impilo yabo yonke.
Izitha zemvelo zamabhungane obulongwe
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani ibhungane lobulongwe
Ukubuyekezwa okuningana kokuziphatha nesimo semvelo sebhungane (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), kanye nemibiko eminingi yocwaningo, kungaba ngokungaqondile noma ngokusobala ikhombisa ukuthi ukudliwa ngamabhungane obulongwe akuvamile noma akukho ngakho-ke akunakubaluleka okuncane noma akubalulekile kubhayoloji yeqembu ...
Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuveza amarekhodi angama-610 okudliwa ngamabhungane obulongwe ezinhlobo ezingama-409 zezinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo nezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemhlabeni wonke. Kubhaliwe nokubandakanyeka kwezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla njengezilwane ezidla izinkumbi zobulongwe. Kuyaphethwa ukuthi le datha isungula ukuzidela njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ekuziphendukeleni nasekuziphatheni kwanamuhla kanye nemvelo yamabhungane obulongwe. Imininingwane ethunyelwe nayo imele ukubukelwa phansi okubalulekile kokuqokwa kweqembu.
Amabhungane obulongwe nawo alwa nabazala bawo ngenxa yamabhola obulongwe, abenza ukondla kanye / noma ukukhonza njengezinto zocansi. Ukushisa kwesifuba okuphakeme kudlala indima ebalulekile kule mincintiswano. Lapho ibhungane lithuthumela kakhudlwana ukuze lifudumale, izinga lokushisa kwemisipha yezidladla eliseduze nemisipha endizayo esifubeni, futhi lapho izidladla zalo zikwazi ukunyakaza ngokushesha, ziqoqele udoti zibe ngamabhola bese uzigoqa emuva.
Ngakho-ke i-Endothermia isiza ekuxabaneni kokudla futhi inciphise isikhathi sokuxhumana nezilwane ezidlayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhungane ashisayo anomphetho emncintiswaneni wamabhola obulongwe owenziwe ngamanye amabhungane; Ezimpini zamabhola obulongwe, amabhungane ashisayo cishe ahlala enqoba, imvamisa naphezu kokuntuleka kwawo okukhulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ibhungane lobulongwe ligingqa ibhola
Inani lamabhungane ayizinkulungwane ezingaba ngu-6 000. I-ecosystem iqukethe izinhlobo eziningi ezikhona zobhungane bobulongwe, ngakho-ke ukuncintisana ngobulongwe kungaphakama kanti amabhungane obulongwe akhombisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuziphatha ukuze kugcinwe ubulongwe buphephile bokudla nokuzala. Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, inani lamabhungane obulongwe alikho engcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Amabhungane obulongwe angamaprosesa anamandla. Ngokumbela ubulongwe bezilwane, amabhungane ayaxegisa futhi ondle umhlabathi futhi asize ukulawula inani lezimpukane. Isilinganiso senkomo yasekhaya ilahla izingcezu zomquba eziyi-10 kuye kwezingu-12 ngosuku, futhi ucezu ngalunye lungaveza izimpukane ezifika ku-3 000 emasontweni amabili. Ezingxenyeni ezithile zeTexas, amabhungane obulongwe angcwaba cishe u-80% wobulongwe bezinkomo. Uma kungenjalo, umquba ubuyoqina, izitshalo zife, idlelo libe yindawo engenalutho, enephunga eligcwele izimpukane.
E-Australia, amabhungane endle awakwazanga ukuhambisana nobulongwe obufakwa yimfuyo emadlelweni, okwaholela ekwandeni okukhulu kwezimpukane. Izinkumbi zobulongwe zase-Afrika, ezikhula kahle emasimini avulekile, zilethwe e-Australia zizosiza ngezinqwaba zobulongwe ezikhulayo kanti namuhla izinkangala ziyachuma ngezimpukane ezilawulwa.
Ibhungane lomswani wenza khona kanye okushiwo igama lakhe ngaye: usebenzisa ubulongwe bakhe noma obezinye izilwane ngezindlela ezithile ezihlukile. La mabhungane athakazelisayo andiza eyofuna ubulongwe bezilwane ezidla izilwane ezinjengezinkomo nezindlovu. AbaseGibhithe lasendulo babeyazisa kakhulu ibhungane lobulongwe, elaziwa nangokuthi i-scarab (elivela esibongweni sabo se-taxonomic iScarabaeidae). Babekholelwa ukuthi ibhungane lobulongwe lenza umhlaba ujikeleze.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08.08.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/29/2019 ngo-10: 42
