Izimbuzane yizilwane eziyingozi futhi ezingathandeki eziqala ukusebenza ngenkathi efudumele. Bangabamele izakhamuzi ezindala kakhulu zeplanethi yethu, ama-dinosaurs asinda. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo akunamthelela kulezi zilwane, zisindile zingashintshi, futhi ziphila ngokumangalisayo ezweni lanamuhla. Kokubili izilwane nabantu bakhethwa njengezisulu zabo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Thikha
Umkhaza ubhekisela ezilwaneni ezingama-arachnid ezondla egazini lezilwane nelabantu. Esikhathini sethu, kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zalezi zinhlobo, kuze kube yizinkulungwane ezingama-40.
Kepha izinhlobo ezimbili zibamba iqhaza elibalulekile le-epidemiological:
- i-taiga tick - indawo yayo yokuhlala iyingxenye yamazwekazi ase-Asia futhi ngokwengxenye yaseYurophu;
- Ihlathi laseYurophu umkhaza - indawo yokuhlala yizwekazi laseYurophu lomhlaba.
Ividiyo: Thikha
Kuze kube namuhla, ososayensi abakafiki esivumelwaneni mayelana nokuthi imikhizane yaqhamuka kuphi futhi yavela kubani. Into esemqoka ukuthi iminyaka eyizigidi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, empeleni ayikashintshi. I-fossil mite ifana kakhulu nomuntu wesimanje wakudala.
Imibono eyinhloko yemvelaphi yemikhaza namuhla yile elandelayo:
- umsuka neotenic. Imikhaza ingavela ezilwaneni ze-chelicerae, ezazinkulu kaningi, kepha zazisekuqaleni kokukhula kwazo;
- imvelaphi yezimpungushe ezintantayo zezidalwa ezazincishwe amandla okuhamba, futhi zazingenayo induku yomgogodla emaphakathi;
- kwenzeka ngokunqamula umjikelezo wempilo wesilwane, owawukhethekile kakhulu.
I-hypothesis yokugcina iye yaqinisekiswa ngqo. Ngakho-ke, kwatholakala isilwane esine-clutch yamaqanda achanyuselwe. Izibungu zala maqanda ziyefana kakhulu nemikhaza, incl. unenani elifanayo lemilenze.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Umkhaza ubukeka kanjani
Usayizi wethiki mncane, kuya ngohlobo lwesilwane, sisuka ku-0.1 mm kuye ku-0.5 mm. Njengoba imikhaza ingama-arachnids, awanazimpiko. Umkhaza omdala unemilenze engu-8, kanti umuntu ongavuthiwe ngokocansi unemilenze eyisithupha.
Izinzipho nama-suckers atholakala emilenzeni, ngosizo lwazo izibungu zinamathele ezitshalweni. Isilwane asinamehlo, ngakho-ke izinto ezithuthukisiwe zezinzwa ziyasisiza ekuqondeni.Uhlobo ngalunye lomkhaza lunombala, indawo yokuhlala kanye nendlela yalo yokuphila.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinsimbi zomzimba zomkhaza, ezitholakala ezithweni, zenza kube lula ukuhogela isisulu ngamamitha ayi-10.
Isakhiwo somzimba se-mite sinesikhumba. Ikhanda nesifuba sakhe kuhlangene, kanti ikhanda lakhe liqondiswe emzimbeni linganyakazi. Izibungu ezihlomile ziphefumula ngomklamo owenzelwe ngokukhethekile.
Imikhaza inamandla kakhulu, kepha ezimweni eziyingozi ingahlala ngaphandle kokudla kuze kube yiminyaka emithathu. Ukudla kakhulu, imikhaza inyuka ngesisindo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-100.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kunzima ukubona umkhaza ngeso lenyama. Isibonelo, faka imikhaza emithathu ngosayizi izohambisana nephuzu lokubhala.
Ngokwesilinganiso, umjikelezo wokukhula komkhaza uhlala kusuka eminyakeni emi-3 kuye kwengu-5. Ngalesi sikhathi eside, imikhaza ivumela ukudla oku-3 kuphela.
Uphi umkhaza?
Isithombe: Thikha eMoscow
Imikhaza ingatholakala noma kuphi emhlabeni. Zonke izingxenye zezulu zikulungele impilo yazo, kungakhathalekile izwekazi, izimo zezulu kanye nemibuso yamazinga okushisa.
Indawo egcwele utshani engabonakali ikhuthaza ukuzethemba ingavikeleka ngokuphelele, futhi okuphambene nalokho, ipaki elilungiswe kahle futhi elinemidwebo enokwakheka kwezwe lingagcwala imikhaza futhi libe yingozi.
Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukuba khona kwamabhentshi notshani obugundiwe akuqinisekisi ukungabikho kwemikhaza futhi akuvikeli ku-encephalitis. Kunenkolelo esabalele kakhulu yokuthi imikhaza ihlala ezihlahleni bese ilinda izisulu zayo khona lapho, ibajahele ngqo ivela emagatsheni.
Kepha lokhu kuyinsumansumane ejwayelekile engahlangene nakancane neqiniso. Imikhaza ihlala otshanini futhi isondele emhlabathini ngangokunokwenzeka. Thika izibungu zisotshanini endaweni ephakeme ngamasentimitha angama-30 kuye kwimitha elilodwa. Izibungu ngokwazo zihlala ezinhlangothini ezingaphakathi zamaqabunga ezitshalo eduze kwendlela yezinyawo nezindlela zezilwane futhi zinamathela kunoma ngubani othinta lesi sitshalo.
Ngokwezibalo umkhaza uvame ukuluma umuntu omdala engxenyeni engezansi yomzimba: imilenze, izinqe, imbilapho. Kepha iningi lezingane lilunywa ekhanda nasentanyeni. Kepha, kokukodwa kokunye, kukhona ukulunywa kokubili ezingalweni nasesigodlweni.
Udliwa yini umkhaza?
Isithombe: Thikha ehlathini
Imikhaza nayo iyahluka ngendlela ezondla ngayo.
Ngalesi sizathu, zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili:
- ama-saprophages;
- izidlakela.
Ama-saprophage asebenzisa izinsalela zemvelo. Yingakho izibungu ezinjalo zibonwa njengeziwusizo kakhulu kwimvelo nakubuntu, ngoba zenza umnikelo othile ekwakheni ama-humus. Kodwa-ke kukhona izibungu ezincibilikisa ezidla ubisi lwesitshalo. Lezi izibungu zezinambuzane. Lolu hlobo lwesilwane ludala ukulimala okukhulu kwezolimo, ngoba lungabhubhisa isivuno sezitshalo zokusanhlamvu.
Kukhona izibungu ezidla izinhlayiya ezikhishwe ngesikhumba somuntu - i-epidermis. Lezi zibungu zibizwa ngokuthi izibungu zothuli noma utwayi. Izibungu ze-Barn zikulungele ukondla izinsalela zezitshalo ezibolayo, kufaka phakathi. ufulawa obolayo nokusanhlamvu.
Ngomuthi ongaphansi kwesikhumba, inketho ekahle ngamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba, awathathayo ezinhlakeni zezinwele zomuntu, nakuma-ear mite, amanoni emisele yezindlebe. Imikhaza edlayo ikhubaza ezinye izilwane nezitshalo. Ngosizo lwemilenze yalo, umkhaza omunca igazi uzinamathela enyameni yawo, bese uhambela ngenhloso endaweni yokondla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umkhaza omunca igazi ungakhetha isizukulwane sawo - umkhaza odla imfuyo njengesisulu saso.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Thikha eRussia
Imikhaza iqala ukusebenza maphakathi nentwasahlobo, okungukuthi ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli nasekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Ngokuvuka kwabo, kuyadingeka ukuthi umhlaba ufudumale kuze kube yiziqu ezintathu kuya kwezihlanu. Futhi lokhu kuyaqhubeka kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Agasti, ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba, kuze kube yilapho izinga lokushisa lomhlaba lehla liye endaweni efanayo. Ubuningi babantu kanye nemikhaza incike ngqo ezimweni zezulu. Uma ihlobo belingashisi futhi kunemvula eningi, kanti ubusika bebuneqhwa futhi bungabi bucayi, ngonyaka olandelayo inani labantu kanye nobuningi bomkhaza kuzokwanda.
Umkhaza wesifazane, ngemuva kokumunca igazi ekuqaleni kwehlobo noma ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, ubeka amaqanda okuzovela kuwo izibungu, kepha zizoluma umuntu ngonyaka olandelayo kuphela. Kepha, isibungu noma i-nymph, ebilokhu iphampa igazi kusuka kumsingathi kulo nyaka, idlulela esigabeni esilandelayo sentuthuko nakulo nyaka. Ngemuva kokuba umkhaza uthathe isisulu futhi wasincela kuso, kungathatha cishe amahora ayishumi nambili ngaphambi kokuba siqale ukumunca igazi. Emzimbeni womuntu, izibungu zithanda izindawo ezinoboya, kanye nangemva kwezindlebe, amadolo nezindololwane.
Ngenxa yokuthi imikhaza inamathe ku-arsenal yawo anomphumela wokubulala izinzwa kanye nama-anticoagulants, ukuluma kwawo akubonakali kumsingathi. Isikhathi esiphezulu segazi elincela umkhaza imizuzu eyishumi nanhlanu. Isikhathi sokuphila semikhaza siyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo. Izibungu zothuli ziphila kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-65 kuya kwezingama-80, kepha izibungu ezihlala emahlathini ziphila cishe iminyaka emine. Futhi ngaphandle kokudla, kuya ngohlobo, imikhaza iphila kusuka enyangeni kuya eminyakeni emithathu.
Manje uyazi ukuthi kungani ukulunywa umkhaza kuyingozi. Ake sibone ukuthi zizalana kanjani endle.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Umkhaza we-Encephalitis
Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhaza kwenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene, kuya ngohlobo lwesilwane. Iningi lemikhaza liyi-oviparous. Abantu abathandekayo abavamile kakhulu. Abantu bahlukaniswe ngokusobala baba ngabesifazane nabesilisa.
Kunezigaba ezinjalo zokukhula kwesilwane:
- amaqanda. Esikhathini esifudumele, insikazi, ngemuva kokugcwala okugcwele ngegazi, izalela amaqanda. I-clutch ejwayelekile inamaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezi-3. Ukuma kwamaqanda kungahluka, kokubili okweqanda nokwendilinga. Ubukhulu beqanda njengephesenti lomzimba wowesifazane abuncane;
- isibungu. Isibungu sichamusela eqandeni ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa. Ngokushesha ifana nomkhaza omdala, umehluko kuphela ngosayizi njengoba mncane. Izibungu ziyasebenza esimweni sezulu esifudumele. Izilwane ezincane zikhethwa njengezisulu zazo. Ukugcwaliswa okugcwele ngegazi kwenzeka ezinsukwini ezingama-3-6, bese isibungu siyanyamalala;
- umabhebhana. Umkhaza uba wakhe ngemuva kokondleka kokuqala okuhle. Inkulu kunesibungu futhi inezitho ezingu-8. Ijubane lokunyakaza kwakhe lenyuka kakhulu, ngakho-ke uyakwazi ukuzikhethela izilwane ezinkulu. Imvamisa njenge-nymph, imikhaza eminingi ibekezelela izikhathi ezibandayo;
- umuntu omdala. Ngemuva konyaka, inhlwathi ikhula ibe umuntu omdala, owesifazane noma owesilisa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuzala komkhaza wesifazane ngamaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyi-17.
Izitha zemvelo zomkhaza
Isithombe: Umkhaza ubukeka kanjani
Ohlangothini lokudla, imikhaza ihlala kwesinye sezikhundla eziphansi kakhulu. Okuthusayo nokuphupha kabi umuntu, kwezinyoni nakwabanye abazidlayo, kuyiholide. Kunezindlela eziningi zokwelapha ezenziwe imikhaza. Kepha imvelo uqobo iphumelele kulokhu. Kunezinambuzane nezilwane eziningi ezidla kuzo noma ezizalela amaqanda kuzo. Izicabucabu, amaxoxo, izibankwa, iminyovu, ojekamanzi, lolu akulona uhlu oluphelele lwalabo, lubona emthini hhayi ingozi, kodwa ukudla.
Futhi, isikhunta sibulala imikhaza, ibenze babe nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezifo nezifo zefungal. Ngokuya ngalolu lwazi, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi ukushushiswa ngobuningi komkhaza noma ukushisa utshani kuyinhlekelele, ngoba ibhalansi yemvelo izophazamiseka, futhi lokhu kuzoholela ekufeni kwemikhaza uqobo kanye nezinhlobo ezizondlayo.
Futhi lapha, ngemuva kokuthi isitha esingokwemvelo sesikhukhulwe yindlala, i-mite entsha ingavela futhi ikhule ibe namandla ngokwengeziwe ezindaweni ezisele zotshani obusaphila. Futhi, ngokushisa utshani, bashisa izinhlamvu zebhokisi lomngcwabo, elithelela umkhaza futhi libavimbele ekuphindaphindaneni nasekubatheleleni ngezifo ezibulalayo. Futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kokusha, kukhula utshani obusha, obuthambile ngisho nobungcono kunobo obudlule, obuba nomthelela omuhle ekukhuleni kwesibalo sabantu abathandayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Umkhaza oyingozi
Imikhaza ayithobeki kakhulu. Izindlela zokusatshalaliswa kwazo zinquma indawo yazo ebanzi emhlabeni. Noma ngabe zinkulu kangakanani, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi imikhaza iyizinambuzane, kwesinye isilwane, zinqoba kalula amabanga amade. Ngenkathi zona ngokwazo zingahambeli ngaphezu kwamamitha ambalwa.
Umkhaza we-ixodid uzinze endaweni efudumele yase-Eurasia. Imikhaza yetaiga nenja ihlala eSiberia. Baphinde bahlala ezindaweni zaseMpumalanga Ekude nasezifundeni zaseBaltic. Njengamanje, izilwane zimelelwa yizinhlobo ezingama-40 zemikhaza. Okudume kakhulu imikhaza ye-ixodid (encephalitis). Kunezinhlobo ezingama-680 zemikhaza ye-ixodid isiyonke, kepha izinhlobo ezimbili zidlala umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wezifo: i-taiga nemikhaza yamahlathi aseYurophu.
Inani lemikhaza emhlabeni wonke liyakhula minyaka yonke. Ukuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka akwaziwa kuze kube namuhla. Ososayensi emhlabeni jikelele abasitholi isizathu sokwanda kokwanda kwenani lemikhaza. Ukushiswa kweziqu nokunciphisa umfutho wezolimo akuthinti ukukhula kwabantu noma ukwehla nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ezingeni elifanele lokushisa nomswakama, izibungu zingaba namandla kakhulu, ngakho-ke kuyinkinga enkulu ukuqothula lolu hlobo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umkhaza omdala ungaphila ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi esingangonyaka.
Izimbuzane kuyisilwane esincela igazi esincela igazi esincanyana esitholakala kuwo wonke amagumbi eplanethi namuhla. Noma yisiphi isilwane sifanelana nabo njengesisulu. Kodwa-ke kukhona izibungu ezidla imifino kuphela. Njalo ngonyaka inani lalezi zilwane liyakhula, okubeka engcupheni enkulu yokwanda kwezifo ezithwalwa imikhaza phakathi kwabantu. Imikhaza iyingozi kakhulu, ngakho-ke isintu sifuna izindlela zokulwa nokusabalala kwazo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08.08.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/28/2019 ngo-23: 06
