Intuthwane Isinambuzane esiqanjwe ngesimo esidlayo sesibungu saso, esibamba izintuthwane nezinye izinambuzane ezincane emigodini embiwa emhlabathini. Izintuthwane zamabhubesi zitholakala emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezomile, ezinesihlabathi. Yizinambuzane ezinkulu, ezinesibindi ezivela ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene ezahlukahlukene, ezinobukhosi obufana ncamashi nobezintuthwane.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ingonyama yezintuthwane
Izintuthwane zamabhubesi ziyiqembu lezinambuzane ngokulandelana kwe-Retinoptera. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlelo, baphinde bahlukaniswe nomndeni webhubesi i-Ant, ongowokudabuka esiGrekini kusuka ku-myrmex, okusho intuthwane, ne-leon, okusho ibhubesi.
Ividiyo: Intuthwane yebhubesi
Ngokobuchwepheshe, igama elithi "intuthwane ingonyama" lisho izigaba ezingavuthiwe noma zebungu lamalungu alo mndeni. Izibungu zamabhubesi ezidla inyama, kuyilapho isigaba somuntu omdala sidla umpe nempova. Izibungu ziyizilwane ezidla izintuthwane nezinye izinambuzane ezincane ezingena emigodini eyindilinga eyakhiwe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izibungu zebhubesi lezintuthwane zaziwa nangokuthi ama-scribbles. Lesi sidlaliso sibonakala sibhekisela ezindleleni ezijikayo ezithathwa yizibungu ezincane esihlabathini, zifuna indawo efanelekayo yokwakha ikhaya lazo eliyizibungu. Izinyathelo zezinyawo zibukeka sengathi kukhona owayezula esihlabathini. Indlu yama-grub esihlabathini nayo ingumgibe omusha wezinambuzane owaziwa njengomgodi.
Izibungu zebhubesi lezintuthwane ziphakathi kwezidliwayo ezithakazelisa kakhulu. Atholakala esifundeni saseGalveston-Houston, kodwa hhayi ngobuningi. Izintuthwane zamabhubesi zivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezinenhlabathi enesihlabathi.
Ngakho-ke, zivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezinjalo.:
- UPiney Woods (eMpumalanga Texas);
- Izwe Lamagquma (maphakathi neTexas);
- endaweni yasogwini oluphakathi neGulf of Texas.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani ibhubesi lezintuthwane
Ingonyama endala ingakwazi ukuhlukaniswa kalula nezimpondo zayo ezinde. Ungumshayeli wendiza ompofu, endiza emoyeni wasebusuku efuna umsizi. Umuntu omdala akayondli inzalo futhi unempilo emfushane yezinsuku ezingama-20-25 noma ngaphezulu (kufika ezinsukwini ezingama-45). Njengazo zonke izilwane, ngaphandle kokubaluleka kokukhwelana, izakhi zofuzo zalesi silwane esimangalisayo zizolahleka unomphela. Ingxenye emangazayo kakhulu yomjikelezo wayo wempilo iqala ngemuva kokuthi owesifazane okhulelwe abekele amaqanda esihlabathini, nangemva kokuba izibungu ezingavuthiwe zichanyuselwa emaqandeni.
Isibungu sebhubesi lezintuthwane siyisilwane esesabekayo, futhi ikhanda laso linezihlathi ezimangazayo nezisabekayo zemihlathi efana nesikela (eyaziwa ngokuthi imihlathi) ehlome ngemicibisholo eminingi ebukhali, engenalutho. Ama-mandibles anomsebenzi wokubhoboza nokumunca. Lapho isibambe inyamazane, isibungu siyayikhubaza ngoshevu owethulwe lapho elunywa okokuqala.
Kufakwa amanye ama-enzyme wokugaya ukudla ukuze kubhubhise izicubu zangaphakathi zesisulu, bese isibungu sikhipha ujusi obalulekile. Ngemuva kokudla okuqukethwe okumanzi emzimbeni wesisulu, isibungu sebhubesi lentuthwane sikhipha isidumbu esingaphili, esikhishwe emgodini ngokungacabangi. Ubuye akhe umgodi futhi ngesisulu esilandelayo esingalindelekile.
Amandla okunqoba inyamazane, enkulu kakhulu kunayo uqobo, ngokwengxenye kungenxa yokuthi umzimba wonke wesibungu umbozwe ngama-bristles aqinile, asiza ukusiqinisa esihlabathini, ngenkathi ngasikhathi sinye simelana nemizamo yesisulu esisebenzayo. Eqinisweni, ama-bristles aqondiswe phambili, okunikeza amandla angeziwe okuqinisa umzimba wabo ngokuqinile emzabalazweni onamandla wesisulu sawo. Izibungu ezithuthukiswe ngokugcwele, ezondlekile zezintuthwane zingakhula zifike ku-1.2 cm ubude. Umuntu omdala u-4 cm ubude.
Ihlala kuphi ibhubesi?
Isithombe: Ingonyama yezintuthwane eRussia
Izintuthwane zamabhubesi zitholakala ezindaweni ezinomkhawulo esifundeni sonke saseGalveston-Houston. Ngokuvamile kutholakala ezindaweni zaseTexas ezinenhlabathi enesihlabathi. Ibhubesi lezintuthwane lingesinye sezidalwa eziningi ezingaziwa ezihlala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States. Lesi yinambuzane encane emangalisayo engabonakala endle.
Yize behlala ezweni elinokuncintisana okukhulu, imvamisa ezindaweni eziphazamisekile, ezinamadolobha, bangamakhosi okusinda ezimweni ezimbi. Uma izingibe zabo ezincane ezinjenge-crater esihlabathini zibhujiswa ngumoya, imvula, izilwane, noma izimoto ezithandwayo ezinamasondo amabili, amathathu, noma amasondo amane, bamane bazakhe kabusha bese belinda ngokuzola inyamazane yabo elandelayo. Eqinisweni, yilobu buhlakani nokubekezela okungangabazeki ukuthi kuchaza ukusinda kwamabhubesi wezintuthwane amakhulu eminyaka.
Izibungu zebhubesi lezintuthwane bezilokhu zisebenzisa le ndlela yokubamba inyamazane izigidi zeminyaka kungabi noshintsho oluncane noma kungabikho nhlobo ushintsho. Njengezinye izidalwa ezimangazayo, isimilo sazo esingokwemvelo sihlelwe ngokofuzo, isizukulwane ngasinye esisha sazi kahle ukuthi singayenza kanjani imisebenzi ebonakala ingenakwenzeka ngobuciko nobuhle bobuciko.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona ibhubesi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idliwa yini ibhubesi?
Isithombe: Ingonyama yezintuthwane esihlabathini
Imigodi yebhubesi lezintuthwane yakhiwe njengesigaxa esiguquliwe. Zitholakala ezindaweni ezomile, zivikelwe emimoyeni enamandla nokukhanya kwelanga okukhanyayo. Imigodi ivame ukwakhiwa ngaphansi komkhakha wezakhiwo ezingaphandle, ngaphansi kwezindlu ezisekelwayo, njll., Futhi imvamisa iba nobubanzi obungu-2.5 kuya ku-5 cm futhi cishe ukujula okufanayo. Ezinye izinhlobo zezintuthwane nazo zicasha ngaphansi kwemfucumfucu noma ezihlahleni bese zihlasela izinambuzane ezidlulayo.
Isibungu sezintuthwane silinde ezansi komgodi waso intuthwane noma esinye isinambuzane ukuze sishelele esihlabathini esixegayo bese siwa. Isisulu esingalindelekile siwela maphakathi nomgodi bese kuqala isikhathi sokudlisa ibhubesi lentuthwane.
Ixhoba lizama kaningi ukukhuphuka ngezindonga zomgodi owehle kakhulu. Imizamo enjalo yokuzikhandla yokugwema izimo ngokuvamile ayiphumeleli. Isibungu sebhubesi lentuthwane siyayekisa ngokushesha imizamo enjalo yokuphunyuka ngokunyakazisa imifudlana yesihlabathi evundlile, eqhubeka yenze udonga lomgodi lube buthaka futhi ngaleyo ndlela idonsele phansi inyamazane.
Izici zokwakhiwa komgodi ezifana nobubanzi, ithambeka, nokujula kuthinta impumelelo ekubambeni inyamazane. Ukuthwebula okuphumelelayo nokusetshenziswa kwezilwane kuxhomeke kokubili ekusebenzeni kokubamba inyamazane (ukushayisana) nasekunciphiseni amathuba okuthi isisulu siphunyuke (okuqukethwe). Lezi zingxenye ezimbili kumele zibe nemithelela yokukhetha ukwakhiwa kwesicupho. Isibonelo, ukukhulisa ububanzi besihibe kwandisa amathuba okuhlangana, kuyilapho imithambeka eyeqile nokujula okujulile kwandisa amathuba okugcina isisulu.
Izibungu zidla kakhulu izintuthwane nezinye izinambuzane ezincane ezingena emgodini ngaphezu kwezicabucabu ezincane. Izinyoni ezindala zidla umpe nempova.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inambuzane yebhubesi
Ama-Antlion aphawuleka kakhulu ngezicupho zawo ezihlakaniphile nendlela yawo ehlakaniphile yokwedlula inyamazane ngokwakha ukukhukhuleka komhlaba okuncane. Izicupho zazo kufanele zisebenze ngoba isidlo sezintuthwane yizinambuzane eziningi futhi besele sikhona izigidi zeminyaka.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngonyaka wokuphila, lesi sibungu siqoqa amakhulu ezingibe bese sibamba amakhulu ezinambuzane. Kodwa-ke, lapho isikhathi silungile, ngokwemvelo uyazi ukuthi angakha kanjani umkhuhlane ovikelayo ngaphansi kwesihlabathi, lapho eyoguquka kancane kancane abe yi-chrysalis futhi ekugcineni abe umuntu omdala onamaphiko. Umfece wesihlabathi, namakristalu awo acwebezelayo e-quartz, mica ne-feldspar, kuwumsebenzi wobuciko weqiniso.
Lapho isibungu siqala ukumba umgodi omusha, sihamba kancane isiyingi, sinyakazisa isihlabathi esisuka emgodini sisebenzisa amazinyo nezidladla eziphakathi, kuyilapho sisebenzisa imilenze yaso yangemuva enamandla ukumba esihlabathini.
Umgodi uya ngokuya ujula ujule kuze kube yilapho i-angle yokuthambekela ifinyelela engxenyeni ebucayi yokuphumula (okungukuthi, i-engela ephakeme kunazo zonke isihlabathi esingamelana nayo, lapho isengozini yokuwa kusukela ekuthinteni okuncane). Lapho umgodi ugcwele, lesi sibungu sihlala phansi, sigqitshwe emhlabathini, bese kuthi emihlathini kuphela kuphume ngaphezu kobuso.
Lapho idlozi elibi lizulazula emgodini futhi lizama ukubaleka, ibhubesi lezintuthwane likhipha inyamazane ngesihlabathi. Ngokujikijela isihlabathi esingezansi komgodi, lesi sibungu sibukela phansi nemiphetho yomgodi, sibangele ukuthi bawe futhi balethe inyamazane. Ngakho-ke, akunandaba ukuthi lesi sibungu singenisa isisulu ngezihlambi zesihlabathi. Ngamanye amagama, noma ngabe intuthwane yenzani, kunqunyelwe ukubuyela emuva emihlathini yokufa.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ibhubesi lentuthwane
Lezi zinambuzane zibhekana nokuguqulwa okuphelele kwezigaba ezilandelayo:
- iqanda;
- isibungu;
- unodoli;
- omdala onamaphiko.
Isibungu ngokuvamile siyisidalwa esesabekayo, esingenamaphiko esinemihlathi emide, efana nesikela. Umdlwane uvame ukwenzeka kumfece osilika, kepha-ke, usilika awukhiqizwa kwizindlala zamathe eziguquliwe, njengakwezinye izinambuzane eziningi, kepha ukhiqizwa yizibhubhu ze-malpighian futhi ujikeleze kusuka endunu.
Izibungu zebhubesi lentuthwane emhlabathini. Abantu abadala bafana nojekamanzi nobuhle, ngaphandle kokuthi ibhubesi lezintuthwane lisonga amaphiko alo lihlehle njengetende ngenkathi liphumule. Kamuva, isibungu sifinyelela usayizi waso omkhulu bese sibhekana nesimo sokuguquguquka, lapho siphenduka sibe ngumuntu omdala onamaphiko.
Isikhathi sonke kusuka eqandeni kuye kumuntu omdala kungathatha iminyaka emibili noma emithathu. Lo mjikelo wempilo omude ngokungavamile ungabangelwa ukungaqiniseki kanye nokungajwayelekile kokuphakelwa kokudla. Lapho siqala ukuchamusela, lesi sibungu esincane sigxila ezinambuzaneni ezincane kakhulu, kodwa lapho sikhula, sakha imigodi emikhulu futhi sibambe inyamazane enkulu.
Lapho sesikhule ngokugcwele, lesi sibungu sakha umfece oyindilinga wezinhlamvu zesihlabathi ezihlanganiswe nosilika. Imifece ejwayelekile eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States ilingana nobukhulu obufana nobulendle abakhulu, futhi ingangcwatshwa ngamasentimitha ambalwa ukujula esihlabathini. Indlela isibungu esikwenza ngayo lokhu ngaphansi kwesihlabathi ngaphandle kokuthola noma yiziphi izinhlamvu zesihlabathi ngaphakathi komkhuhlane iyamangalisa impela.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Akuvamile ukuthi kubonakale abantu abadala endle ngoba basebenza kakhulu kusihlwa. Izintuthwane zamabhubesi ziyaphumula emini, imvamisa azinyakazi futhi zihlanganiswe kahle ngamaphiko asobala nemizimba ensundu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani nojekamanzi, izimpondo zebhubesi lezintuthwane ezindala ziyabonakala impela futhi ekugcineni zinokuma kwebhola.
Izitha zemvelo zezintuthwane zamabhubesi
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani ibhubesi lezintuthwane
Isibungu sezintuthwane asikhululekile ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, noma okungenani kuma-parasites. Kukhona umnyovu oyi-parasitic, i-Lasiochalcida pubescens, esebenzisa izidladla zayo eziqinile ukubamba imihlathi yesibungu sebhubesi lentuthwane bese izalela amaqanda kulesi sibungu. Akuwona ukuphela komnyovu wokukhubaza amabhubesi entuthwane. Izibungu zempukane i-Australia, iScaptia muscula, nazo zingantshontsha inyamazane emigodini yezintuthwane, into eyaziwa ngokuthi i-kleptoparasitism.
Isikhunta singakhula nasemizimbeni yezingonyama zezintuthwane. Leli khowe, elibizwa ngeCordyceps japonensis Hara, likhiqiza izinhlamvu ezinamathela emizimbeni yezinyoni ezibuthakathaka futhi zikhule, zithathe konke ukudla okuvela kubaphathi bezinyoni bakuse emakhowe. Amabhubesi entuthane kancane kancane aba buthakathaka, kuthi lapho isikhunta esiyisinanakazana siphenduka amakhowe, sekufile amabhubesi entuthwane.
Kokunye, izintuthwane ngokwazo ziyizilwane ezingenakuqhathaniswa, ezikwazi ukushaya inyamazane ngaphandle kokushiya nethuba elincane lokusinda. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamabhubesi ezintuthwane nazo ezingazenzi lezi zimbiza, njengeDendroleon pantherinus. Zihlala ekusikeni nasemifantwini yezihlahla ukutshala inyamazane yazo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isibungu sebhubesi
Izintuthwane zamabhubesi zifaka izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-600 ezichazwe. Imikhakha emibili evame kakhulu eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States ingonyama ejwayelekile yezintuthwane kanye ne-brachynemurus. Njengamanye amalungu amaningi eqembu, amabhubesi amadala ngokuvamile abonwa ezungeze imililo nemililo, ikakhulukazi ngasekupheleni kwehlobo nasekwindla. Zinamaphiko amabili wamaphiko amade, amancanyana anemithambo eminingi nesisu eside esizacile. Yize zifana kakhulu nojekamanzi abancane nabangahlobene ababizwa ngokuthi onobuhle, bangamalungu ezinambuzane ezihluke ngokuphelele. Izintuthwane zamabhubesi zisesimweni esingavikelekile.
Ukusatshalaliswa, isimo nesimo semvelo sezingonyama zezintuthwane kwafundwa eSandlings ngo-1997. Ukuqapha kwenziwa ezindaweni eziningana ukuhlola isimo sezinhlobo zezilwane nokubona ushintsho ezindaweni zamanje ngenxa yohlaza noma ukubhujiswa izilwane noma abantu. Inani lemigodi lashicilelwa embikweni waminyaka yonke wephrojekthi yeSandlings Walks, kwathi ngemuva kombiko wango-1997, kwatholakala izindawo ezintsha. Ukuqapha okuningi okuhlelekile kuzoba wusizo ngokuzayo. Ukuqwashisa ngezinhlobo zezilwane kuye kwandiswa ngokushicilelwa okufana ne-Walk of the Sandlings, Proceedings of the Suffolk Naturalists Society kanye newebhusayithi entsha yeSandlings.
Irekhodi lokuqala eliqinisekisiwe lamabhubesi entuthwane kwaba ngo-1931, futhi kuye kwaba nemibiko ngezikhathi ezithile zabantu abadala abangashadile kusukela lapho. Ngo-1997, 1998, nango-2000, ucwaningo lwabika inani elikhulu labantu eSuffolk Sandlings. Le datha ingahunyushwa ukukhombisa ukuthi lesi sinambuzane besineminyaka engu-70 noma ngaphezulu sikule ndawo, kepha ngoba sidinga ulwazi ukuthola nokukhomba izintuthwane zebhubesi kanye nezibungu ezifihliwe ezinganakiwe kakhulu. Ngenye indlela, lesi sifunda besingahle sihlotshiswe ngabesifazane abaningi abakhwelana eNorth Sea kusuka kubantu bezwekazi laseYurophu.
IntuthwaneNjengezicabucabu, ama-mantises akhulekayo namabhungane, buthule banikeza abantu kanye nawo wonke umhlaba ukulawula izinambuzane ezingokwemvelo. Ukuguquka kwabo babe ngabantu abadala kuwushintsho olukhulu ekuziphatheni kwabo - ekubeni yizidlakudla ezinamandla, baphenduka impukane enomusa edla umpe nempova. Kumnandi ukubukwa, futhi ababhali bezinganekwane zesayensi mhlawumbe bathola ugqozi kuzidalwa ezinjalo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/07/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 28.09.2019 ngo-22: 59
